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SUCESIONES
1) Demostrar que los nmeros 7, 4, 1, 2, 5, ......, son trminos de una progresin aritmtica. Hallar el trmino general a n y la suma S 300 de sus trescientos primeros trminos.
Solucin.
a 2 a 1 = 4 7 = 3; a 3 a 2 = 1 4 = 3; a 4 a 3 = 2 1 = 3; a 5 a 4 = 5 (2) = 3 Por tanto, se trata de una progresin aritmtica don diferencia d = 3 Trmino general: a n = a 1 + (n 1)d = 7 + (n 1).(3) = 3n + 10 Suma de sus trescientos primeros trminos: S 300 =
(a 1 +a 300 )300 2
(7890)300 2
= 133950
2) Demostrar que los nmeros 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, ......, son trminos de una progresin geomtrica. Hallar el trmino general a n , la suma S 250 y la suma S de todos sus infinitos trminos
Solucin.
a2 a1
8 16
1 2
a3 a2
4 8
1 2
a4 a3
2 4
1 2
a5 a4
1 2 1 2
Por tanto, se trata de una progresin geomtrica de razn r = Trmino general: a n = a 1 .r n1 = 16.
1 2 n1
= 2 n+5 =
a 1 r.a 250 1r
1 2 n5
16 1 . 2 1
1 2 245 1 2
16
1 2 246 1 2
2. 2 250 1 2 246
2 250 1 2 245
3) Demostrar que si para una funcin exponencial y = a x , con a > 0 y a 1, los valores del exponente x = x n (n = 1, 2, 3, ...) forman una progresin aritmtica, entonces los valores correspondientes a x n (n = 1, 2, 3, ...) de la funcin forman una progresin geomtrica
Solucin.
Los valores del exponente x = x n (n = 1, 2, 3, ...) forman una progresin aritmtica: x 2 = x 1 + d, x 3 = x 2 + d, x 4 = x 3 + d, x 5 = x 4 + d, ........ Veamos que los valores y = a x n (n = 1, 2, 3, ...) forman una progresin geomtrica:
y 1 = a x 1 , y 2 = a x 2 = a x 1 +d = a x 1 .a d = y 1 .a d , y 3 = a x 3 = a x 2 +d = a x 2 .a d = y 2 .a d , y 4 = a x 4 = a x 3 +d = a x 3 .a d = y 3 .a d , y 5 = a x 5 = a x 4 +d = a x 4 .a d = y 4 .a d , ...... Se trata de una progresin geomtrica de razn a d . 4) Siendo a n = 1, si n es impar 1, si n es par y bn = 1, si n es impar 1, si n es par . Comprobar que
Solucin.
(a n + b n ) nN = (a n ) nN + (b n ) nN = {0} lm (a n + b n ) nN = 0
n+
(a n .b n ) nN = (a n ) nN .(b n ) nN = {1} lm (a n .b n ) nN = 1
n+
Solucin.
n+2 n+1
= 1+
1 n+1
Cota superior: 1+
1 n+1
grande
1 n+1
grande n + 1 pequeo n = 1
3 2
pequeo
1 n+1
pequeo n + 1 grande n +
Solucin.
n 2 1 n2
= 1
1 n2
Cota superior: 1
1 n2
grande
1 n2
pequeo n 2 grande n +
1 n2
pequeo
1 n2
grande n 2 pequeo n = 1
sen(n)
Solucin.
(1) n
2n n+1
sen(n) =
2n n+1
2n n+1
sen(n)
2 n+1
2n n+1
2n n+1
Cota superior de 2
2 n+1
= 2
grande
2 n+1
pequeo n + 1 grande n +
sen(n) =
2n n+1
2n n+1
sen(n)
2n n+1
2n n+1
sen(n) 2
Solucin.
Por definicin, la arcotangente de cualquier valor es un nmero comprendido entre
2 2
. Por tanto:
2
arctg(n)
e) a n = n. cos(n)
Solucin.
Como el coseno de cualquier valor es un nmero que est comprendido entre 1 y 1: 1 cos(n) 1 n cos(n) n Como n es un nmero natural cualquiera se concluye que la sucesin a n = n. cos(n) no est acotada. 6) Estudiar la monotona de las siguientes sucesiones: a) a n =
2n 2n+1
Solucin.
a n+1 a n = creciente b) a n =
n2 n 2 +1 2n+2 2n+3
2n 2n+1
(2n+2)(2n+1)2n(2n+3) (2n+3)(2n+1)
2 (2n+3)(2n+1)
> 0, n N Montona
Solucin.
a n+1 a n = creciente c) a n =
2n+5 3n1 n 2 +2n+1 n 2 +2n+2
n2 n 2 +1
n 2 +2n+1
n 2 +1 n 2 n 2 +2n+2 n 2 +1
n 2 +2n+2
2n+1 n 2 +2n+2 n 2 +1
> 0, n N Montona
Solucin.
a n+1 a n = decreciente d) a n =
3n+1 n 2 +1 2n+7 3n+2
2n+5 3n1
(2n+7)(3n1)(3n+2)(2n+5) (3n+2)(3n1)
17 (3n+2)(3n1)
< 0, n N Montona
Solucin.
a n+1 a n = decreciente 7) Demostrar que la sucesin de trmino general a n = n 10
10 n n! 3n+4 n 2 +2n+2
3n+1 n 2 +1
3n 2 5n+2 n 2 +2n+2 n 2 +1
< 0, n N Montona
es decreciente para
Solucin.
a n+1 a n =
10 n+1 (n+1)!
10 n n!
10 n .n!.[10(n+1)] (n+1)!.n!
10 n .[10(n+1)] (n+1)!
Se tiene que 10 (n + 1) = 10 n 1 0 para n 10 y, por tanto, es decreciente para n 10 8) Calcular el lmite de las siguientes sucesiones: a) a n =
3n 3 2n
Solucin.
3n 2n n+ 3
lm
= lm
n+ 3n 2 n+5
3 32
= lm
n+
1 3
= 0, porque
1 3
<1
b) a n =
Solucin.
n lm 3 n+5 n+ 2
= lm
3n n 5 n+ 2 .2
1 25
. lm
n+
3 2
= +, porque
3 2
>1
9) Siendo a n = 2 n , b n = n, c n = ln(n), Calcular el lmite de las siguientes sucesiones: ln(n) < n < 2 n , n N
a)
an bn
Solucin.
lm
n+ 2n n
= +
b)
bn an
Solucin.
lm
n+ n 2n
=0
c)
an cn
Solucin.
lm
n+ 2n ln(n)
= +
d)
cn an
Solucin.
lm
n+ ln(n) 2n
=0
e)
bn cn
Solucin.
lm
n+ n ln(n)
= +
f)
cn bn
Solucin.
lm
n+ ln(n) n
=0
10) Siendo a n = n 2 1, b n = 2 n , c n = (n + 1)! y d n = n n , y sabiendo que n 2 1 2 n (n + 1)! n n , encontrar el lmite de los distintos cocientes que se pueden formar con dichas sucesiones.
Solucin.
2n n 2 1 n+
lm lm
= lm
(n+1)! 2 n+ n 1 nn 2n
= lm
nn n 2 1 n+
= +
n+
(n+1)! 2n nn (n+1)!
= lm
n+
= +
lm
n+
= +
lm
n+
n 2 1 nn 2n (n+1)! n 2 1 2n
= lm
n+
2n nn
= lm
n+
(n+1)! nn
=0
lm
n+
= lm
n+
n 2 1 (n+1)!
=0
lm
n+
=0
Solucin.
lm
n+ (1) n . n 2 +6n +2n 3 n 3 +6n 2 +1 arctg(n) n+1
= lm
n+
(1) n .
n 2 +6n n 3 +6n 2 +1
+ lm
2n 3 3 2 n+ n +6n +1
= 0+2 = 2
b) lm
n+
Solucin.
lm
n+ arctg(n) n+1 (1) n n
= lm
n+
=0
c) lm
n+
.sen
Solucin.
lm
n+ (1) n n
.sen
n 3 +3n 2 +log(n) n!
= lm (1) n .sen
n+
n 3 +3n 2 +log(n) n!
.1 = 0 n
n 2 +5 n+1
Solucin.
lm
n+ 2n 2 5n+7 n+3 n1 n 2 +3
n 2 +5 n+1 n 2 +5 n1
= + + = +
b) lm
n+
Solucin.
lm
n+ n1 n 2 +3
n 2 +5 n1
= 0 =
c) lm
3n.(2n+1) 2
2 n+ (n1).(n3)
Solucin.
lm
n+ 3n.(2n+1) 2 (n1).(n3) 2
= lm
= 12
d) lm
Solucin.
(n+1) 2 (n1) 2 2 2 n+ (n+1) +(n1)
lm
= lm
4n 2 n+ 2n +2
=0
e) lm
n+
n 2 +2 . n 2 2 (n+2) 2 .(2n1) 2
Solucin.
lm
n+ n 2 +2 . n 2 2 (n+2) 2 .(2n1) 2
= lm
n 4 4 4n 4 +12n 3 +n 2 12n+4 n+
1 4
f) lm
(3n+1) 3 (3n1) 3 3n 2 +1 n+
Solucin.
(3n+1) 3 (3n1) 3 3n 2 +1 n+
lm
= lm
n+
54n 2 +2 3n 2 +1
= 18
n 2 +5 3n 2 +6
Solucin.
lm
n+
3
n 2 +5 3n 2 +6
n 2 +5 3n 2 +6 n+
lm
1 3
1. 3 3 2
3
3.3
32
32 3
b) lm
n+
4n 3 2n 3n 3 +6n 2
Solucin.
lm
n+ 4n 3 2n 3n 3 +6n 2
4n 3 2n 3n 3 +6n 2 n+
lm
4 3
2 3
2. 3 3. 3
2. 3 3
c) lm
n+
n+ 4n 3 1 5n+3
Solucin.
lm
n+ n+ 4n 3 1 5n+3 n 3 +2 n 2 1
+ +
= lm
n+
n n
4n 3 n2 5n n
1 n2
+3 n
= +
d) lm
n+
Solucin.
lm
n+
n 3 +2 n 2 1
+ +
= lm
n+
n3 + 2 n4 n2 n2 1 n2 n2
=0
e) lm
n+
n2 + n 2 n
Solucin.
lm
n+
n2 + n 2 n
5+n n + n+5
= =
f) lm
n+
Solucin.
lm
n+ 5+n n + n+5
+ +
= lm
n+
5 n n n2
+n n
n n2
5 n2
= +
3n 2 7n+3 3n+1
Solucin.
lm
n+ 3n 2 +4n4 3n+1
3n 2 7n+3 3n+1
= lm
n+
11n7 3n+1
11 3
b) lm
n+
2n 2 5n+7 n+3
2n
Solucin.
lm
n+ 2n 2 5n+7 n+3
2n
= lm
n+
2n 2 5n+72n.(n+3) n+3
= lm
n+
11n+7 n+3
= 11
c) lm
n+
2n 2 5n+7 n+3
n 2 +5 n+1
Solucin.
lm
n+ 2n 2 5n+7 n+3
n 2 +5 n+1
= lm
n+
= lm
n+
n 3 6n 2 3n8 n 2 +4n+3
= +
d) lm
n+
n2 + 1 n
Solucin.
lm
n+
n +1 n
2 1 n 2 +1 +n
= lm
n+
n 2 +1 n
n 2 +1 +n
n 2 +1 +n
= lm
n+
n 2 +1
(n) 2
n 2 +1 +n
= lm
n+
=0
e) lm
n+
n2 + n + 4 n2 n
Solucin.
lm
n+
n2 + n + 4 n2 n
n 2 +n+4
2
= lm
n+ 2n+4
n 2 +n+4 n 2 n
n 2 +n+4 + n 2 n
n 2 +n+4 + n 2 n
+ +
= =1
= lm
n+
n 2 n
n 2 +n+4 + n 2 n
= lm
n+
n 2 +n+4 + n 2 n
= lm
n+
2n n n2 n2
+4 n +
n2 n2
n n2
4 n2
n n2
f) lm n 2 (n n 2 + 1 )
n+
Solucin.
lm n 2 (n n 2 + 1 ) = lm (n 3 n 6 + n 4 ) = lm
n+ n+ (n 3 ) 2 ( n 6 +n 4 ) 2 n 3 + n 6 +n 4 n+ n 4
+ +
(n 3 n 6 +n 4 )(n 3 + n 6 +n 4 ) n 3 + n 6 +n 4
4 4
= lm
n+
= lm
n+ n 3 + n 6 +n 4
= lm
n+
n3
n n3 n3
n6 n6
+ n6
n
Solucin.
lm
n+ 2n+1 3n5 n2
= 0, porque 1 <
n
2 3
<1
b) lm
n+
n 2n+2
Solucin.
lm
n+ n 2n+2 n
= 0, porque 1 <
n 2
1 2
<1
c) lm
n+
2n+1 3n5
Solucin.
lm
n+ 2n+1 3n5 n 2
= lm
n+ 2n+3
3n5 2n+1
n2
= +, porque
3 2
>1
d) lm
n+
5n2 3n+7
Solucin.
lm
n+ 5n2 3n+7 3 n +1 3n 2n+3
= +, porque
5 3
>1
e) lm
n+
Solucin.
9
lm
n+
3 n +1 3n
+ +
= lm
n+
3n 3n
+
3n 3n
1 3n
=1
f) lm
n+
2 n +n 3 n n
Solucin.
lm
n+ 2 n +n 3 n n
+ +
= lm
n+
2n 3n 3n 3n
n 3n n 3n
= lm
n+
2 3 3n 3n
n 3n
n 3n
=0
g) lm
n+
3 n+1 +2 n+1 6n
Solucin.
lm
n+ 3 n+1 +2 n+1 6n
+ +
= lm
n+
3.
3n 6n
+2.
6n 6n
2n 6n
= lm
n+
3.
3 6
+2.
2 6
6n 6n
=0
Solucin.
lm
n+ n 2 +n3 n 2 n+1
n 2 5n+2 n+7
1 +
e lm
n+
n 2 5n+2 n+7
n 2 +n3 n 2 n+1
e lm
n+
n 2 5n+2 n+7
2n4 n 2 n+1
e lm
n
n+
b) lm
n+1 n5
6n+2
Solucin.
lm
n n+1 n5 6n+2 1 +
e lm (6n+2).
n
n+1 n5
e lm (6n+2).
n
6 n5
e lm
36n+12 n5
e 36
c) lm
n+
1+
1 n
1 n2
Solucin.
lm
n+
1+
n 2 +n n+ n 2
1 n
+ =
1 n2
= lm
n+
n 2 +n+1 n2
n 1 +
e lm n.
n+
n 2 +n+1 n2
e lm n.
n+
n+1 n2
e lm
e
n 2 +1 n 2 1 n 2 +3
d) lm
n+
2n+5
Solucin.
lm
n+
2n+5
n 2 +1 n 2 1
n 2 +3
= lm
n+
n 2 +1 n 2 1
n 2 +3 2n+5
1 +
e lm
n 2 +3 n+ 2n+5
n 2 +1 n 2 1
e lm
n 2 +3 n+ 2n+5
2 n 2 1
10
e lm
2n 2 +6 n+ 2n 3 +5n 2 2n5
e0
=1
e) lm
n+
n+4
n 2 2n+1 n 2 +7
2n 2
Solucin.
lm
n+
n+4
n 2 2n+1 n 2 +7
2n 2
= lm
n+ 1 = e4
n 2 2n+1 n 2 +7
2n 2 n+4
1 +
2 lm 2n n+ n+4
n 2 2n+1 n 2 +7
2 lm 2n n+ n+4
2n6 n 2 +7
e lm
n+
e 4
f) lm
n+1
2n3 2n+4
n 2 2n
Solucin.
lm
n+
n+1
2n3 2n+4
n 2 2n
= lm
n+
2n3 2n+4
n 2 2n n+1
1 +
e lm
=
n 2 2n n+ n+1
2n3 2n+4
=
e
e lm
n 2 2n n+ n+1
7 2n+4
e lm
n
7n 2 +14n n+ 2n 2 +6n+4
e 7/2
6n 2 +2
= e1 = 7/2
1 e7
1 e3. e
1. e e3. e . e
e4
g) lm
n+1
n+3 n5
Solucin.
lm
n
n+1
n+3 n5
6n 2 +2
= lm
n+3 n5
6n 2 +2 n+1
1 +
e lm
6n 2 +2 n n+1
n+3 n5
e lm
6n 2 +2 n n+1
8 n5
e lm
e 48
, (con a 0), calcular lm a n
n+
17) Si a n =
2a+3a+4a+...+(n+1)a (n+a) 2
Solucin.
2a, 3a, 4a, ..., (n + 1)a Es una progresin aritmtica de razn a. Vamos a calcular la suma de esos n trminos: Sn =
(2n+(n+1)a).n 2
(2+a).n 2 +a.n 2
lm a n = lm
n+
= lm
n+
= lm
2+a 2
18) Si a n =
, calcular lm a n
n+
Solucin.
2, 4, 6, ..., 2n Es una progresin aritmtica de razn 2.
11
lm a n = lm
n+ n+
= lm
n+
2n 2 +2n 2
2n+1
= lm
n+
2n 2 +2n 4n+2
= +
n+a n+1 2n+3
= lm
n+
n+3 n+2
bn+4
Solucin.
lm
n+ n+a n+1 2n+3 1 +
= =
e lm (2n+3).
n+
n+a n+1
= =
e lm (2n+3).
n+
a1 n+1
= =
e lm e lm
n+
(2a2)n+3a3 n+1
e 2a2
lm
n+
n+3 n+2
bn+4 1 +
e lm (bn+4).
n+
n+3 n+2
e lm (bn+4).
n+
1 n+2
bn+4 n+ n+2
eb
Entonces:
e 2a2
eb
2a 2 = b
20) Hallar la relacin que debe existir entre los nmeros a y b para que se verifique la igualdad siguiente lm
n+ n+4 n+1 an+1
= lm
n+
n+b n+2
n+2
Solucin.
lm
n+ n+4 n+1 an+1 1 +
e e
lm (an+1).
n+
n+4 n+1
= =
lm (an+1).
n+
3 n+1
= =
lm 3an+3 n+ n+1
e 3a e b2
lm
n+
n+b n+2
n+2 1 +
lm (n+2).
n+
n+b n+2
lm (n+2).
n+
b2 n+2
lm
n+
(b2).n+2b4 n+2
Entonces:
e 3a
e b2
3a = b 2
12