Human Histology with Cytogenetics Take Home Test 4. Instructions: The following questions are about blood tissues.

Answer the following questions specifically. Write your answers in red ink after each question. Choose only 10 questions. The assignment is equivalent to 5 points. Your assignment will be graded using this rubric. Completeness 40% Compliance to instruction 20% Correctness 40% 100% Questions: 1. What is an immunocompetent cell? Give an example. Immunocompetent cells are cells that have developed the capacity to recognize and respond to antigens and are in transit from one lymphatic tissue to another. One example of immunocompetent cells is the lymphocytes. 2. What is a myeloblast? The myeloblast is the earliest microscopically recognizable neutrophil precursor cell in the bone marrow. It has a large euchromic, spherical nucleus with three to five nucleoli. It measures 14 to 20 m in diameter and has a large nuclear to cytoplasmic volume. The myeloblast matures into a promyelocyte. 3. What kind of cell is responsible for antibody production? B lymphocyte / B cells 4. Differentiate plasma from a serum. Plasma is the clear, yellowish fluid portion of blood, lymph, or intramuscular fluid in which cells are suspended. It differs from serum in that it contains fibrin and other soluble clotting elements while serum is the clear yellowish fluid obtained upon separating whole blood into its solid and liquid components after it has been allowed to clot. Serum and plasma differs in one protein fibrin which is present in plasma and not in serum as it is used when we keep blood to clot during preparation of serum. All other protein content is same. 5. What are the different formed elements of blood? The three formed elements of blood are white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes) and platelets (thrombocytes). 6. What is a sick cell anemia? A chronic, usually fatal anemia marked by sickle-shaped red blood cells, characterized by episodic pain in the joints, fever, leg ulcers, and jaundice. The disease occurs in individuals who are homozygous for a mutant hemoglobin gene, also called sickle cell disease. 7. What is leukemia? Differentiate an acute leukemia from a chronic type. Leukemia is a type of cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal increase of immature white blood cells called "blasts". In chronic leukemia, the leukemia cells come from mature, abnormal cells. The cells thrive for too long and accumulate. The cells grow slowly. Acute leukemia, on the other hand, develops from early cells, called "blasts". Blasts are young cells that divide frequently. In acute leukemia cells, they don't stop dividing like their normal counterparts do.

8. What are the 2 pathways involved in blood coagulation? The two pathways are extrinsic and intrinsic pathway. The extrinsic pathway is activated by external trauma that causes blood to escape from the vascular system. This pathway is quicker than the intrinsic pathway. The intrinsic pathway is activated by trauma inside the vascular system, and is activated by platelets, exposed endothelium, chemicals, or collagen. This pathway is slower than the extrinsic pathway, but more important. 9. Give an example of coagulation disorders. Hemophilia or hemophilia A is an inherited coagulation disorder. This genetic disorder is carried by females but most often affects male offspring. It is characterized by spontaneous musculoskeletal bleeding. Christmas disease or hemophilia B is less common than hemophilia A with similar symptoms. Deficiency in the vitamin can affect the clotting factor's performance as well as deficiency in the factor itself. 10. Differentiate a yellow marrow from a red marrow. Red marrow is found mainly in flat bones such as the hip. It is the cancellous or "spongy" material at the epiphyseal ends of the long bones such as the femur. Yellow is found in hollow of the interior middle portion of long bones.