Waves

Waves transfer energy without transferring ma3er Two categories of waves: Mechanical waves: require a medium for their transfer
e.g. water waves or sound waves (air)

Electromagne8c waves: consist of electric and magne:c elds oscilla:ng at right angles to each other
e.g. radia:on, light

Two forms of waves: Transverse waves: oscilla:ons are perpendicular to the direc:on of the wave Longitudinal waves: oscilla:ons are parallel to the direc:on of the wave

Waves
crest Transverse Wave

trough Longitudinal Wave

2 compression rarefac:on

De(initions
Frequency f: the number of crests or compressions passing through a given posi:on per second (Hz)

De(initions
Frequency f: the number of crests or compressions passing through a given posi:on per second (Hz) Period T=1/f: the :me taken between between two successive wave crests (or compressions) arriving at a par:cular posi:on (seconds)

De(initions
Frequency f: the number of crests or compressions passing through a given posi:on per second (Hz) Period T=1/f: the :me taken between between two successive wave crests (or compressions) arriving at a par:cular posi:on (seconds) Amplitude A: the maximum displacement from the mean posi:on

De(initions
Frequency f: the number of crests or compressions passing through a given posi:on per second (Hz) Period T=1/f: the :me taken between between two successive wave crests (or compressions) arriving at a par:cular posi:on (seconds) Amplitude A: the maximum displacement from the mean posi:on (is a measure of the energy carried by the wave) Wavelength : the distance between two successive crests or troughs (meters)

De(initions
Frequency f: the number of crests or compressions passing through a given posi:on per second (Hz) Period T=1/f: the :me taken between between two successive wave crests (or compressions) arriving at a par:cular posi:on (seconds) Amplitude A: the maximum displacement from the mean posi:on (is a measure of the energy carried by the wave) Wavelength : the distance between two successive crests or troughs (meters) Phase : describes a loca:on within a single wavelength
A C D B 7

Phase difference
0 180 360

The phase dierence between two points along a wave is the frac:on of a cycle by which one lags behind the other

Phase difference
We can also talk about the phase dierence between two waves

Phase difference and wavelength

One cycle corresponds to 2 radians = one full wavelength
A x B

Phase dierence =2x/ Both transverse and longitudinal waves are progressive waves: the wave prole moves along with the speed of the wave, and the wave repeats itself at equal distances Wave speed c = /T = f

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Progressive Wave equation

Angular frequency of oscilla:on: =2/T=2f Displacement
where is the amplitude
displacement A y O x wave direc:on

y = sin t = sin(2 ft)

Phase dierence between O and A: =2x/ Displacement at distance x:

" t x% t x y = sin( t ) = sin(2 2 ) = sin 2 $ ' #T & T

For a wave travelling in the opposite direc:on:

(the ve sign is because the wave is moving from le\ to right so A lags behind O)

! t x$ y = sin 2 # + & "T %

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Principle of Superposition
When two waves are travelling through the same medium, the displacement at any point can be found by adding up the separate displacements due to the two waves

y = y1 + y2 = sin( t) + sin( t )

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Stationary waves
A sta8onary (or standing) wave is a wave that appears to remain in a constant posi:on

node

an:-node 13

Nodes: posi:ons of zero displacement An8-nodes: posi:ons of maximum displacement

Stationary waves
Principle of superposi:on applies Displacement at distance x
Wave travelling to the right Wave travelling to the le\ Resultant wave

y 1 = sin( t ) = sin( t

2 x )

2 x y 2 = sin( t + ) = sin( t + )

2 x 2 x y = y1 + y 2 = sin( t ) + sin( t + )= where 2 x = 2 sin( t)cos( ) = Asin( t) 2 x A = 2 cos( )

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Example
Two waves whose displacement equa:ons are y1 = 8sin 2 " t 5x % and y2 = 8sin 2 ! t + 5x $ # & $ ' " 0.3 % # 0.3 & are propaga:ng through the same elas:c material in opposite direc:ons. The distances x and y are in cm, and the :me t in seconds. a) What is the equa:on of the resul:ng sta:onary wave? b) What is the amplitude of the vibra:on of the wave at the point x=3.025cm?

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Harmonics and Overtones

=2L

=L

Etc

=?

nth harmonic:

2 = L n

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Example
The string shown is 6.0 meters long and is vibra:ng as the third harmonic. The string vibrates up and down with 45 complete vibra:onal cycles in 10 seconds. Determine the frequency, period, wavelength and speed for this wave.

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Properties of waves
Reec8on: waves change direc:on
when they bounce o a barrier. angle of incidence = angle of reec:on

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Properties of waves
Reec8on: waves change direc:on
when they bounce o a barrier. angle of incidence = angle of reec:on as they pass from one medium to another (the speed of the wave also changes)

Angle of incidence Air Water r Refracted ray Angle of refrac:on

Incident ray i

Refrac8on: waves change direc:on

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Properties of waves
Reec8on: waves change direc:on
when they bounce o a barrier. angle of incidence = angle of reec:on as they pass from one medium to another (the speed of the wave also changes)

Refrac8on: waves change direc:on

sini = sin r

Snells Law. is called the refrac8ve index

= Wave speed in substance A Wave speed in substance B 20

Properties of waves
Reec8on: waves change direc:on
when they bounce o a barrier. angle of incidence = angle of reec:on as they pass from one medium to another (the speed of the wave also changes) component frequencies (through refrac:on)

Refrac8on: waves change direc:on

Dispersion: wave spreads out into

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Properties of waves
Reec8on: waves change direc:on
when they bounce o a barrier. angle of incidence = angle of reec:on as they pass from one medium to another (the speed of the wave also changes) component frequencies (through refrac:on)

Refrac8on: waves change direc:on

Dispersion: wave spreads out into Dirac8on: wave bends when

passing through a gap or around an obstacle 22

Properties of waves
Reec8on: waves change direc:on
when they bounce o a barrier. angle of incidence = angle of reec:on as they pass from one medium to another (the speed of the wave also changes) component frequencies (through refrac:on) Resultant wave Wave 1 Wave 2 Construc:ve interference Resultant wave Wave 1 Wave 2 Destruc:ve interference 23

Refrac8on: waves change direc:on

Dispersion: wave spreads out into Dirac8on: wave bends when

passing through a gap or around an obstacle superimpose

Interference: coherent waves

Properties of waves
Reec8on: waves change direc:on Polariza8on: waves that are
when they bounce o a barrier. angle of incidence = angle of reec:on as they pass from one medium to another (the speed of the wave also changes) component frequencies (through refrac:on) allowed to oscillate in a single direc:on are called polarized

Refrac8on: waves change direc:on

Dispersion: wave spreads out into Dirac8on: wave bends when

passing through a gap or around an obstacle 24 superimpose

Interference: coherent waves

Properties of waves
Reec8on: waves change direc:on Polariza8on: waves that are
when they bounce o a barrier. angle of incidence = angle of reec:on as they pass from one medium to another (the speed of the wave also changes) component frequencies (through refrac:on) allowed to oscillate in a single direc:on are called polarized

Refrac8on: waves change direc:on

Dispersion: wave spreads out into Dirac8on: wave bends when

passing through a gap or around an obstacle 25 superimpose

Interference: coherent waves

To Do
Read sec:on 16 from the book [p.304-p.318 Wave mo:on] Homework Assignment wk6: ques:ons 16.2, 16.3,16.5, 16.6, 16.11 Hand it in no later than 4:00pm on the Wednesday aVer the reading week - LATE WORK WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED

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