Arms 2010 2

DSA 2010: LIVE UP TO EXPECTATIONS
he upcoming event in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, which takes place on 19th of April, will be conducted in thewake of Defense Service Asia Exhibition 2008, that is considered to be one of theworld's top 5 Defense andSecurity exhibitions and firmly remains the Asia Pacific region's most vital procurement hub for Defense and Security. 712 companies from 49 countries participated atthe11th Defense Services Asia Exhibition andConference DSA 2008 in Kuala Lumpur, showcasing their products andtechnology for theArmy, Navy, Air Force as well as thesecurity andhomeland enforcement agencies. The Malaysian government signed atotal of US $360 million of contracts with local andforeign companies andagencies. The Russian Federation traditionally has wide participation in the DSA exhibitions. Last DSA 2008 Russian defense products of more than 490 types were put on display as a common exhibition representing 17 enterprises, among them such worldknown arms manufacturers as the Almaz-Antei missile developer, the Oboronnye Sistemy (Defence Systems), Uralvagonzavod, andIzhmash. TheRussian delegation was led by Mikhail Petukhov, Deputy Director of the Federal Service for Military and Technical Cooperation. The Russian Federation put on view a broad spectrum of products of military purpose for all arms andservices, including thelatest products of development studies in the field of land military vehicles: the missile and gun tank T-90S, the armored repair and recovery vehicle BREM-1M and highly mobile versatile GAZ39371 Vodnik designed to install functional modules for the transportation ofpeople andloads in heavy-going areas. The hosters expect over 700 companies from more than 40 countries to be exhibited their products. More than 25,000 trade visitors from over 60 countries/nations are forecasted to be present. According to the Russian plans in the light of arms export, Moscow plans to export $9$10 billion worth of arms annually over thecoming years. Russia's combat aircraft accounted for some 50% of exports followed by anti-aircraft systems and navy weaponry andequipment. Malaysia remains Russia's main customer. It is among thetargets of a marketing blitz aimed at winning new friends as well as to restore defense industries. Already equipped with Russian fighter jets, Kuala Lumpur is believed to be considering other acquisitions from Russia, ranging from battlefield tanks to submarines andmissile batteries.
Anton CHERNOV Editor-in-Chief of ARMS Magazine
Salamat Datang, Russia!
2(52).2010
C O N T E N T S
EXHIBITIONS
4 Russian-Malaysian Military Cooperation Promises Bright Future p. 10
EDITORIAL STAFF Editor-in-Chief of Arms Magazine Anton Chernov Editor-in-Chief of Arsenal Magazine Eduard Voitenko Editor-in-Chief of Airfleet Magazine Alexander Gudko Editor-in-Chief of World Airshows Magazine Svetlana Komagorova Editors Alexander Velovich, Viktor Murakhovskiy, Yaroslav Parkhomenko DESIGN AND LAYOUT Art-Director Al'vina Kirillova Designers Alexander Strelyaev, Alexander Cheredaiko Layout Designer Elena Shishova GRAPHIC ARTS Photo V. Kuzmin, V. Belogrud PUBLISHING HOUSE Director General Evgeny Osipov Deputy Director General Alexander Kiryanov, Vyacheslav Schesnovich Marketing Director of Arsenal and Arms Magazines Valery Parshin Deputy Marketing Director Dmitriy Semenov Projects Manager Yana Zhvirbo IT Support Pavel Chernyak OFFICE IN ST PETERSBURG Deputy Director General, Head of Office Oleg Perevoschikov Deputy Director General Viktor Mozgovoy Deputy Head of Office Mikhail Kybalny Commercial Director Sergey Baydak Development Director Stanislav Zhigimont Circulation: 8000 The magazine is registered in the Committee for Press of the Russian Federation. Certificate 016692 as of 20.10.1997. Certificate 77-15450 as of 19.05.2003. Any material in this publication may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. The editorial staffs opinion does not necessarily coincide with that of the authors. Advertisers bear responsibility for the content of provided materials.
MEDICAL SUPPORT
6 Tactical Level Battlefield Medicine
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10 Russian Fleet Submarine Forces' Challenging Tasks 14 From Peter the Great's epoch of cannons made of bronze up to cutting-edge space technology
p. 24
WEAPONS
p. 32 20 Unified Fire Control System for Armoured Vehicles 24 Night Vision Equipment: From Generation to Generation
AIR DEFENSE
32 Upgraded ZU-23 Anti-Aircraft Mount 36 Buk Air Defense Missile System: Old Friends are Best p. 42
ARMS, 2010 ADDRESS P.O. Box 77, Moscow, 125057, Russia Tel.: + 7 495 626-52-11 Fax.: + 7 499 151-61-50 E-mail: af@airfleet.ru Office 1V, 2/6, Moskovsky prospect, Saint Petersburg, 190031, Russia Tel./fax: +7 812 310-61-46 E-mail: arsenal@msk2.da.ru
LAND FORCES
42 Russian light multirole Armored Vehicles
www.interarms.ru
EXHIBITIONS
RUSSIAN-MALAYSIAN MILITARY COOPERATION PROMISES BRIGHT FUTURE

he history of the bilateral relations between Russia and Malaysia starts in 1966 when the first direct contacts between representatives of the Soviet Union and Malaysia took place inMoscow inSeptember. Later on, in the wake of the contacts in Moscow, Malaysia hosted a meeting in March 1967. As far as thefirst agreements are concerned, an intergovernmental agreement on air communications was signed in 1969, after that Aeroflot, then Soviet Union Airlines, established a direct link between Moscow and Kuala Lumpur. The same year saw the first Soviet trade and industrial exhibition held in Malaysia. Animportant event inbilateral relations happened in1972, when Prime Minister Abdul Razak of Malaysia paid his first official visit to theUSSR to sign economic-and-technical and cultural-and-scientific cooperation agreements. The nowadays history is marked by the visits of Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad to Russia in1987 and 2002, as well as his working visits to Khabarovsk and Ulan-Ude in 1999. In 2007 Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi hold negotiations with Russian Federation
President Vladimir Putin concerning (six ofthem were delivered inOctober space and defense cooperation, en- 2008). The Su-30MKM fighter is very ergy partnership andbilateral trade. similar to a Su-30MKI version which Regarding the visits of some is delivered to India. However thedifRussian high ranking officials, ferences are that theSu-30MKM fightthe visit of the Russian President er is not equipped with Israeli avionVladimir Putin in July 2003 became ics, has thrust vectoring nozzle, caa landmark event in bilateral rela- nard surfaces and a phased array antions where their effectiveness was tenna radar. concerned. Noteworthy that the visThe chose ofSu-30MKM Flanker-C it was postponed one time. Due fighters does not mean that Malaysia to the terrorist attack in Tushino has not considered MiG-29 as a up(Moscow district) in June of 2003, to-date fighter. The decision to purthevisit was canceled. The Malaysian chase 18 Sukhoi jets shows theintenauthorities fully understood the de- tion to increase the sector of its decision of then President V. Putin. fense as the Fulcrums well provide Itonce again proves theimportance closer sector. The task ofthe Flankers of the development of cooperation to enhance Malaysia's strategic capabetween two countries. bilities to defend. The most dynamic component The Russia-Malaysia project is alof Russian-Malaysian economic rela- so a unique one, as all Russian govtions is cooperation inthe aerospace ernmental bodies, such as Ministry sphere. It is no wonder that thefirst of Defense, Defense Export State breakthrough took place in 1994 Corporation Rosoboronexport, when the first 18 MiG-29 fighters Joint- Stock Com pany Sukhoi were delivered. That deal marked Design Bureau etc. were involved the breakthrough of Russia to into the fulfillment of the project. theSouth-Asian market andshowed A very important role of it belongs that not all countries would follow to the Russian President. So huge the United States after the collapse participation ofthe state bodies proofthe Soviet Union. ceeded from thecompetitors, who alCurrently the two countries have so took part inthe tender. First ofall it been developing the $900 million was anAmerican fighter, F/A18E/D. The success of the Russian comworth project onacquiring 18 Russian serial Su-30MKM Flanker-C fighters panies on the Malaysian market is
ARMS Defence Technologies Review
EXHIBITIONS
also stipulated by the verity of military hardware, some Russian enterprises are able to offer, andcreation of some service centers, in particular for Su-30MKM Flanker-C. The bilateral cooperation can be assessed as good and the tendency of the future development offers great opportunities. In 2001 Malaysia bought the Metisantitank system and in 2002 the Igla air-defense system. As far as future-oriented projects are concern, it is necessary to mention the interest of purchasing the Be-200 and multipurpose amphibious aircraft and Be-103, a seaplane. Both designed by the Beriev Aircraft Company and manufactured by Irkut. The high performances of these planes were tested by Indonesia in 2006, when the authorities decided to rent theBe-200 aircraft for one year, by Azerbaijan EMERCOM, that purchased one Be-200 andby Greece. The latter ordered five planes ofthis type. Besides, Malaysia is interested inthe Russian combat ships andpurchasing ofsome modern tanks T-90. Rosoboronexport actively participates in tenders for the supply of BTR-90 APC, the Vodnik andVystrel 4-wheel drive armored vehicles and the Avtobaza-M radio-electronic surveillance system. Malaysia expresses interest in the Russian transport helicopters, Mi26MT, Mi-171 and Mi-17, as well as in some anti-aircraft systems, such as BUK-M2E andIgla. In conclusion I'd like to mention that apart of pure military cooperation, Russia and Malaysia actively seek collaboration in commercial space reclamation, development of scientific and technical cooperation in the sphere of advanced technologies, aircraft and shipping development as well as realization ofinvestment projects in Malaysia oriented to local markets and Third Word countries, first ofall theASEAN countries, realization of investment projects in Russia and cooperated promotion in markets of Third World countries.
Anton Chernov
2(52).2010
MEDICAL SUPPORT
TACTICAL LEVEL BATTLEFIELD MEDICINE I

n modern hi-tech wars, soldiers die and are getting wounded just as at the time of the Roman legions. There is a continuous competition for soldier lives between lethal weaponry and survival kits on the battlefield. The key role is played by military medicine. Progress in military medicine is obvious. During World War II, the lethal outcome among wounded men in the Red Army was 5.7%. 40 years later, during the Afghan war, it decreased to 3.4%. 10 more years later, during the counter terrorist operations in Chechnya, the lethal outcomes compounded 1.2%. Such results were achieved owing to the development ofmedical technologies as a whole and closer attention to tactical level medical support ofthe troops. For awounded soldier the first 30 minutes are known to be crucial. This is the time when most ofthe wounded men die. That is why the improvement inmedical support atthe tactical level is akey element for the soldiers survival onthe battlefield. There are three major aspects here. First: how soon the wounded are found on the battlefield and evacuThe armored first-aid medical vehicle is designed and equipped for setting up mobile dressing posts and rendering first aid in the combat zone. The MT-LBu multipurpose tracked armored personnel carrier, used as the baseline chassis, provides cross-country mobility, river crossing and protection of its crew against bullets and shell fragments. Medical equipment and instruments, a stock of medicines and dressing materials are housed by the compartment of 8 m in the front part of the vehicle. Fold-back seats for the transportation of the lightly
wounded are fixed in it. Three layers of stretchers with the critically wounded can be fixed there. A special tent is set up opposite the rear door at the stern of the vehicle at the halt and is used as awound-dressing compartment in the field conditions. When mobile the tent is transported in the baskets arranged on both sides of the vehicle. The vehicle is equipped with the air filtration and climate control units and a potable water tank. The portable 5kW AC diesel generator is used to maintain self-contained power supply of the vehicle.
MEDICAL SUPPORT
ated to the place where medical assistance is rendered. Second: immediate rendering ofbasic medical assistance when the person is wounded inorder to stabilize him or her andprevent the lethal outcome. Third: getting qualified medical assistance to the battlefield and its organization onthe battalion level. SEARCH ANDEVACUATION OFWOUNDED PERSONNEL Nowadays search and detection of the wounded have not changed for the last several hundred years: visual observation and terrain combing. However, those methods are getting ineffective as a theater of modern warfare is enlarged in scale, increased in pace of combat and rival armies are saturated with cutting edge equipment. It is extremely difficult to search for the unconscious wounded in combat vehicles, urbanized areas and cross-country terrain, etc. Due to the entered-in-service advanced outfit kits as well as personal radio sets the acuteness ofthe search and rescue problem has slightly dissolved. However, in case of a sharp pain shock, contusion conjugated with loop ofspeech andhearing, as well as unconscious condition a soldier is not able to report onhis or her being wounded. That is why experts suggest every soldier be equipped with an emergency button. When pushed, it brings into action a GPS beacon which transmits the coordinates ofawounded soldier. Nowadays some outfit-in-built systems, that are able automatically register physiological parameters ofasoldier, are under research. Such systems are able to detect that asoldier has been hit and transmit a signal to arelevant combat andcombat support network. The detection of a wounded soldier is only the first stage of casualty evacuation (casevac). It is necessary to whisk the casualty away from the enemy fire to the nearest shelter where a soldier can receive first aid. Based on the Chechen Counter Terrorist War experience, ad-hoc riflemen/medics were commissioned to a platoon level to search for and evacuate casualties from the as the BigDog quadruped robot debattlefield. When necessary, special veloped by Boston Dynamics. B and GAZ-59039 specialsearch groups headed by a medic or paramedic were organized. When ized armored medical vehicles, GTS first aid had been rendered, the ca- and MTLB tracked carriers, APCs sualties were transfered to the shel- andIFVs are equipped andused for ters where they could be protected casevac from nests of the woundagainst direct fire ofthe enemy (the ed to the places where the first aid so-called nests of the wounded. It would be rendered in the immecould be atrench, awall, abasement diate rear area (regimental or brietc.), and then they were casevaced gade level). At further stages ofcasevac, Mi-8 by acombat or amedical vehicle to helicopters and An-72 and Il-76 the next stage ofcasevac. Stretchers of various types were Scalpel airborne hospitals would be used for foot evacuation. The wound- widely used. ed were often dragged under enemy FIRST AID EQUIPMENT fire. The special SH-4 stretches were As was mentioned above, it is exdesigned to evacuate the wounded tremely important to render medical from combat vehicles. In the future, it will be possible to aid within the first 30 minutes after use remote control or self-contained asoldier was got wounded to reduce vehicles for casevac under fire such the possibility ofthe lethal outcome.
The GAZ-59039 (BMM) armored multipurpose amphibious medical vehicle is used for search, collection and evacuation ofthewounded on a battlefield and rendering them first aid during their transportation. It operates under various weather conditions on inaccessible terrain during day and night. The vehicle is equipped with a special set of the medical equipment. It consists of the
racks designed for fixation of the stretchers and medical equipment, safe, a tank for potable water, a washstand (a tap is controlled by elbows), a water tank with a bleed valve, a six-man seat with fastened belts. The fully loaded BMM weights 13.6 tons, is manned by three men, seven men can be placed in the medical compartment and two on the stretchers on the roof of a vehicle.
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MEDICAL SUPPORT
4% ofexplosive wounds. onthe forward edge ofthe battle
If we could make some minor changes in our common soldier medical skills training, we could improve the survival rate of 1520 percent of all battlefield deaths. Based on the experience in the Chechen War on Terrorism, it is obvious that wounds of extremities (63.1%) and head (24.4%) dominate among all the wounds due to the peculiarities of operations in urbanized areas, numerous snipers used by the enemy anduse ofbody armor by personnel. Heavy wounds totaled 25%. In accordance with the type ofprojectile they are subdivided as follows: 38% ofgunshot wounds; 58% ofshell fragment wounds;
Most of the deaths on the battlefield are caused by: fatal trauma 56%; fatal hemorrhage 28%; Damage ofvitals 16%. Statistical analysis of battlefield deaths during the US Army operations inIraq andAfghanistan showed that soldiers die from the following wounds: penetrating head trauma 31%; uncorrectable torso trauma 25%; potentially correctable torso trauma 10%; hemorrhage from extremity wounds 9%; mutilating blast trauma 7%; tension pneumothorax (collapsed lung under pressure) 5%. Modern conflicts show that it is necessary to improve medical training oftroops andbeef up individual medical kits (for example, AI1 first-aid individual medical kit andAV troops first-aid kit) and group medical sets (for example, Tactical Medical Kit). In particular, self-tightening bandages, new sets ofstemming ofthe flow ofblood, etc are needed. It is necessary to develop remote diagnostics aids integrated into automated command andcontrol systems. THE GROWING IMPORTANCE OFMEDICAL ASSISTANCE During the Chechen War on Terrorism, medical assistance came nearer to combat units. The following medical assistance was determined:
area (FEBA) first aid andbuddy aid done by asoldier himself or by ad-hoc combat lifesavers or medical instructors or paramedics; inthe company advanced first aid with the elements offirst medical assistance inurgent situations. To exercise the task a company paramedic shall be equipped with an Airborne Medical Kit, an aid man shall be equipped with the PF Field Medical Kit and a combat lifesaver with aTactical Medical Kit; in the battalion first medical assistance infull; in the regiment/brigade medical aid station the first medical assistance in full with elements ofqualified medical assistance; inspecial medical groups qualified medical assistance in full with elements of specialized medical assistance. Medical personnel and special medical equipment can be increasingly vulnerable to enemy fire when they get closer to the FEBA. This is a main problem of medical assistance onthe battlefield. That is why the necessity to equip battalions with armored first-aid medical vehicles was put on the agenda. Such vehicles were designed by several companies and can be batch-produced (for example, the PPMP mobile medical assistance post developed by Minotor-Service in Minsk, Belarus).
Viktor Murakhovskiy
MEDICAL SUPPORT
2(52).2010
NAVY
Anton Chernov
RUSSIAN FLEET SUBMARINE FORCES' CHALLENGING TASKS

n the 5th of February, 2010 Russian President D. Medvedev signed a Decree that approves the Military Doctrine. It stipulates that Russia was, is and will remain as a great power with its own national interests. It means that these interests shall be respected by other states. This is the imperative reality ofthe 21st century. Russia has not only thebiggest territory but also the biggest sea border. The appearance of some cutting edge under water technologies stipulates the expansion of the economic and military activities at the inner space. Moreover, the rapidly depleting reserves ofoil and gas put onanagenda the developing of under sea gas and oil reserves as well as other ma-
terials not only atthe shelf zones but also atthe abyssal planes. Therefore the partition of areas of economic influence in the World's oceans and Seas is getting inevitable. It stands to reason that these activities are fraught with grave consequences which can lead to therise ofmilitary tensions. The history of international relations has been showing that approaches and leverages to settle the tensions are characterized by thereal potential level and readiness of the Navy of the conflicting parties. Theessence ofthe national policy of the sea-power states has not been changed since the last centuries and Russia will expect an inevitable contest onthis field inthenear future. That's why the threats from the seas and oceans will have a ten-
dency to be increased. In order to neutralize military threats Russia will need thepowerful Navy and its integral part Fleet Submarine Forces. Today Russian specialists have restored and renewed technologies ofbuilding nuclear submarines, have embarked on the process of deep modernization of the fleet as well as launched new battle ship projects, which are planned to be the face of the new generation fleet, Fleet of the 21st century. Today scientific facilities and industrial enterprises are undergone the complex process oftransformation towards thenew realities ofthe 21st century. TheMilitary Doctrine is expected to push theprocess ofmodernization and transformation. However to achieve the desire hight some important disposal, con-
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Today Yuri Dolgorukiy-class submarines are one of the best in the world. In the nearest decade they will be the main Russias strategic nuclear weapon in the Navy. Having relatively low cost, these vessels are powerful, well-equipped and controlled and possess an extremely high stealthiness.
Yuriy Dolgorukiy is the first SSBN submarine of the Borei class
struction and upgrading activities are to be completed. It's clear that theuse of old infrastructure, scientific and industrial facilities as well as engineering capabilities give no chance for upto-date submarine forces. Currently Russian engineers are working on a New Look of the Russian Navy ataquick pace. Russian President D. Medvedev In a speech, addressed to the high ranking militaries and politicians, heralds that Russia needs thepowerful Navy and all efforts are done to achieve this goal. He underlines that the time when Russia patched the holes has already past for good and theRussian Federation has started the creation of the new Armed Forces lest athought to threaten Russia or its allies should cross somebody's mind. In accordance with the Naval Doctrine, scheduled up to 2020, themain task ofthe Russian Navy is to provide the strategic deterrence
Laid down Launched Displacement Length Beam Draught Propulsion Speed Complement Armament
2 November 1996 13 February 2008

14,720 t (14,488 long tons) surfaced 24,000 t (23,621 long tons) submerged
170 m (557' 9'') 13.5 m (44' 3'') 10 m (32' 10'')

1 OK-650B nuclear reactor 1 AEU steam turbine 1 shaft
25 knots (29 mph; 46 km/h) 130 officers and men

16 Bulava SLBMs 6 SS-N-15 cruise missiles (21'' (533 mm) torpedo
tubes) of initiation of a war against Russia and its allies. In this vain, the submarine forces are considered to be the most effective element of the Naval presence in the important areas ofthe oceans as well as inpeace and war time. Today submarine forces are posed as a backbone of the Russian Naval Strength. At war possessing much more combat stability in comparison with other forces of the Navy, the Russian Submarine Forces such as missile cruisers of general-purpose naval forces and nuclear-deterrent naval forces are the most credible element to ensure retaliation. In future operational flexibility and offensive firepower of the Submarine Forces are going to be improved due to the phase-in operation command and control systems, including thewide usage ofmulti-purpose and multi-role robots and unmanned vehicles, strike radio-electronic warfare systems, navigation systems, communications systems and up-to-date facilities ofcoastal infrastructure. It is worth to mention that the Navy, and the Submarine Forces in particular, will be the first to face thecruise missiles and aircraft ofafoe incase awar breaks out. As all missiles and aircraft should cross the Russian sea border first. Taking into account the experience of the Cold War, the deterrence is possible in case if 2(52).2010
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unavoidable and unacceptable losses be inflicted by All-Arms Naval Forces. In this context the real combat readiness ofthe Submarine Forces will play theutmost important role. One cannot slough off a role of the Navy in the Sixth Generation Wars, network centric warfare, with great use ofverity ofrobots and unmanned vehicles in the air, on the land and of course in the sea. For sure, theRussia's activities intheseas and oceans should be enough to provide security and stable economic development ofthe country. In accordance with theInternational Law, Russia has 12 million square meters of sea-bed economic area. However, some areas are disputable and mootDisplacement Length Beam Draught ed by theneighboring states. If one remembers the history of the past wars, mostly they emerge from some territorial disputes. Nowadays a new territorial dispute can appear. It is Arctic. The question about the Arctic territories is considered as a milestone in the international relations of the 21st century. Thequestion is getting tougher due to oil and gas reserves got depleted as well as due to thesituation intheMiddle East and North African Countries which remains unpredictable and volatile. Today the intentions of groups of the countries, which are aimed at some territorial changes in Arctic, have been determined. The first group is composed of USA, Canada, Norway and Denmark. These countries united and consolidated their position in the framework of NATO and stand for a solution by force. They have already embarked on creation of a fleet armed with ice class battle vessels, deployment of military infrastructure and increase of fishery and scientific-research activities. The second group is characterized by some countries, for instance China and Japan, which call for fair partition of common heritage ofmankind located intheArctic Region. Taking into account the last developments over Arctic and position ofsome countries Russia needs thepowerful Northern Fleet inorder to secure its own Northern border. To face thechallenging task theRussian leadership has already done some steps and propelled counter measures, inparticular, Arctic troops were created. Speaking about the usage of robots and unmanned vessels its worth to mention their big role and successful implementation onthe battlefield based on the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars on Terrorism. In many eyes reconnaissance-and-attack robots are going to become the main weapon of the 21st century. Their main combat feature is a high level of operational security and as aconsequence ofthis fluidity, surprise and unavoidably of a strike. The vanishing-man concept in the Armed Forces has been launched and cannot be halted also due to the fact that a robot does not take into account its own life, so theonly one thing can matter is selection of a target and the way the target has to be destroyed. It seems that military multi-robot systems will play the main role on matters of the victory or devastated defeat during a network centric warfare. Unmanned underwater vehicles, which are able to submerge at a depth of more than 200 meters and sail without refilling and recharging up to 400 nautical miles, are considered today as a momentous weapon. Their cheaper price less tonnage than asubmarine make them far more attractive.
23,20024,500 t (22,83024,110 long tons) surfaced 33,80048,000 t (33,27047,240 long tons) submerged
175 m (574' 2'') 23 m (75' 6'') 12 m (39' 4'') 2 OK-650 pressurized-water nuclear reactors, 90MW (120,700 hp) ea. 2 VV-type steam turbines, 37 MW (49,600 hp) ea. 2 shafts 7 bladed shrouded screws 22.22 knots (41.15 km/h; 25.57 mph) surfaced 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph) submerged 180 days submerged 400 m (1,300') 163 1 9K38 Igla SAM 2 650 mm (26'') torpedo tubes RPK-7 Vodopad AShMs Type 65K torpedoes 4 533 mm (21'') torpedo tubes RPK-2 Viyuga cruise missiles Type 53 torpedoes D-19 launch system 20 RSM-52 SLBMs
Propulsion
Speed
The project 941 or Akula class submarine (NATO reporting name: Typhoon) is a type of nuclearpowered ballistic missile submarine deployed by the Soviet Navy in the 1980s
Endurance Test depth Complement
Armament
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The Ocean Engineering is a complicated, hard and complex work that could be compared with the Space engineering, thus the work needs much concentration by the government to mobilize the manufacturing, financial resources and facilities as well as combined research and scientific activities not only of naval specialists but also other fields specialists. Every step on the path towards thebottom line ofthe Ocean requires up-to-date and breakthrough sci-tech technologies and bushels ofmoney. But efforts and money are worth to be spent on if Russia does not want to be hedged and isolated within its land borders and finally be destroyed. These active steps should be done in the nearest future even regardless ofthe financial, technical and organizational burden housed on the shoulders of modern Russia. The Ocean Engineering stems from thenecessity to accelerate theprocess ofthe Russian industry of the Undersea Fleet. This topic is put onthe agenda ofsome national oriented authorities as well as militaries and politicians. The unification of efforts of a wide range of specialists, thinktanks and manufacturing facilities inorder to create underwater weaponry, military and special equipment of new generation should be done intheframework ofaFocused Government Program calculated on a five, ten, fifteen, twenty and
Class and type Displacement Length Beam Draught Propulsion Speed Test depth Complement
attack submarine 2,300 tons surfaced, 3,200 tons submerged 81.4 metres 9.5 metres 7.6 metres
OK-550 or BM-40A, 155-MWt Lead-bismuth cooled
fast reactor
40000 shp steam turbine, one shaft
The Soviet Union/Russian Navy Project 705 (/Lira) was a submarine class of hunter/killer nuclear powered vessels
12 knots surfaced, 41 knots submerged 350 m test 31 (all officers) Six 533-mm (21-inch) torpedo tubes: 18 SET-65 or 53-65K torpedoes 20 VA-111 Shkval torpedoes 21 SS-N-15 cruise missiles 12 SS-N-16 cruise missiles 24 mines Only the successful implementation of the Government Programs will lead to the creation of the cutting-edge underwater weapon systems which provide themilitary and economic security of the Russian Federation onits sea borders. The Russian border of the Arctic Region is planned to be secured by the FSB Boarder Guards by 2016. Combined troops are also expected to be deployed in the region.
Armament
more year period. The Government Program should have top-priority as these weaponry military and special equipment will provide the security ofthe national interests ofRussia and assist to react towards challenging threats.
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FROM PETER THE GREAT'S EPOCH OF CANNONS MADE OF BRONZE UP TO CUTTING-EDGE SPACE TECHNOLOGY
factory. However, not only the modern artillery pieces were produced here. The famous Peter-on-Horse monument by B. Rastrelli, which is situated closer to the Engineer Castle, and world wide known the Bronze Horseman, monument to Peter the Great by A. Falcone, were produced by the molders of the plant. The first missile launchers were developed and manufactured in the 20s of the 19th century under the leadership of a new chief of the plant, famous artillery general, Alexander Dmitrievich Zasyadko, the creator of the first solid fuel rockets. However the main output of the factory was naval artillery for the Russian Navy. A part of the factory was relocated in the rear. The engineers, designers and workers who left at the Arsenal plant managed to develop and produce an anti-tank gun based on the 45mm casemate artillery piece within 24 days. By means of hundreds of these guns an enemy tank assault was stopped. At the same time mortars were also manufactured at the plant and were delivered to the front line. Since 1944 for war effort Arsenal embarked on the producing of the BS-3 100 mm antitank gun the danger for the fascist Tiger heavy tanks. After the war the Russian Navy demanded recovering and new up-todate military hardware. For that purpose Central Design Bureau-7 (nowadays Design Bureau Arsenal) was founded at Arsenal in 1949, which possessed experiment production capacities for developing naval anti-aircraft artillery automatic weapon. Arsenal has created more than 20 models of one-, two- and fourgun artillery systems with the caliber from 45 to 130 mm. The Arsenal specialists also developed antiaircraft naval missile systems and jamming systems. The AK-130 multipurpose artillery system, which was put into service in 1985, ranks second
Old building of Arsenal

he St. Petersburg Arsenal Enterprise is the oldest Russian defense factory, which was built under the Peter the First' s decree in 1711 to produce more advanced naval and army artillery ammunition. At that time it was called Nowadays Liteiny Dvor (Mold Yard) and sitArsenal uated closer to the Niva at an ave-
nue which was called Liteiny (Mold). The Arsenal factory was relocated out of the city to the opposite bank oftheriver in the middle of 19th century. Afterwards the Arsenal quay and the Arsenal avenue appeared at the new place. Unique up-to-date army and naval artillery guns have been produced along the all history of the
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AK 130 artillery piece
to none in the world for fire power. The vast majority of the Russian battle ships have military hardware produced by the Arsenal enterprise. The Design Bureau and factory manufactured strategic combat missile systems armed with solid fuel ballistic missiles. The following missiles were designed and handed over for trial performance: the first in the world mobile combat missile system armed with the RT-15 middle range missile was created for the Strategic Missile Forces; the D-11 combat missile system armed with the R-31 medium range missile, which was the first Russian solid-fuel ballistic missile, was created for the Submarine Fleet. Acting as a head contractor, the Arsenal Design Bureau in 1972 modernized, completed and delivered to the Strategic Missile Forces inventory the RT-2P silo-based intercontinental ballistic missile, which was equipped with a suppression of antimissile defense system. The missile had been in the combat duty during 20 years since. Taking into the account the technical level of Arsenal, it was ordered to develop high-accuracy and high-
AK 130 KEY SPECIFICATIONS Number of guns Caliber, mm Range of fire, km Preset limits of pointing: elevation, deg traverse, deg Rate of fire, rounds/min Personnel
2 130 up to 23 8... +80 180 up to 60 6
ZIF-122 launcher
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Self-propelled launcher with RT-15 missile
power actuators with digital control system for a swiveling chamber of the liquid-fuel missile engines of the Energiya (Energy) booster of the Energiya-Buran expendable launch system. Later on, after modernization, an actuator was installed on the RD-180 engine, which is used by the United States of America at the Atlas-III and Atlas-V expendable launch systems. Since 1969 Arsenal has been embarked on space-based technology. In 1981 the Arsenal Design Bureau was awarded a head contractor status for some space complexes of a naval space reconnaissance and target designation system. Since that times space-based technology has become a general guidance. Arsenal produced two types of spacecraft: radar surveillance and communications surveillance craft. The radar surveillance craft were equipped with the Buk and Topaz nuclear propulsion units. Around 30 craft of this type were launched into space. World space technology had no experience in use of the spacecraft equipped with nuclear propulsion units. The spacecraft of this type have a specially designed system which allows to shift a radiation hazard part of a craft to a higher orbit after the term of usage. Experience gained by Arsenal, both Design Bureau and Machine Engineering Plant, could be used to develop some advanced spacecraft equipped with much more powerful nuclear propulsion units. In 1980-s Arsenal exercised modernization of the spacecraft of the space complexes of a naval
Loading the RT-2P missile to silo
R-31 ballistic missile
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The Arsenal Design Bureau is engaged into the diversification of the space topics in order to provide the economic stability under the market relations which the Design Bureau is involved in. The most rational decision of the diversification for the Design Bureau is to design some space systems for scientific and social-economic purposes. For instance, the Design Bureau created a pilot scheme of the Neva Unified Small Space Platform, as well as an integrated working-out and several projects of space systems were done which are used on the basis of the Unified Small Space Platform. For example the Zvezdny Patrul (Star Patrol) development activities were furnished. The aim of the activities is to develop a space station to control over the circumterrestrial space and create optical transients to use them in outerspace. The Arsenal Design Bureau space reconnaissance and target designation system and improved much their functional and performance characteristics. The spacecraft equipped with radar surveillance systems had been provided Russian Navy with needed information 24 hours a day under different weather conditions for a long time. The 300-year-anniversary of the Arsenal foundation is getting closer (it will be celebrated on October 15, 2011). During last decades the main creative efforts of Arsenal and the co-enterprises were aimed at the development and ground-completionmethods of a new space system designed for radiophysical research of the land surface (different terrain and sea areas) in order to enlarge broad spectrum of manifold challenges on behalf of different customers. The being created space complex uses cutting-edge researchand-engineering achievements in the industry sector. Particularly, the latest radio-technical and radar equipment is used in the complex. Nowadays the Arsenal enterprise has embarked on flight tests and full-scale development test of the new generation spacecraft which is integrated into the mentioned space complex.
R-31 missile salvo
Submarine firing the R-31 missile
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Zvezdny Patrul development activities should be done before 2020. At the same time some activities are in progress on the foreign markets to forward the projects where they could find a use. For this purpose an agreement with Kosmoexport was inked. It should be noted that the Arsenal Design Bureau has been involved in further research activities to use spacecraft equipped with nuclear propulsion units to meet socialeconomic and scientific challenges including national and global security tasks. Coming closer to the 300 anniversary St. Petersburg Arsenal does not forget its traditional assignment, which was given by Peter the First, to work out the A-192 new-generation multipurpose gun mount.
US-AM spacecraft
US-PU spacecraft
in cooperation with Institute for Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INASAN, Moscow) in accordance with design specification by Central Research Institute for Engineering Technology conducted scientific research of the possible layout of a future space complex designed to control the circumterrestrial space as well as to solve the problems with asteroidal threat. The implementation of Zvezdny Patrul can be done with use of
spacecraft which are built on the basis of low earth orbit and high earth orbit variants of the Neva Unified Small Space Platform. Roskosmos, the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Ministry of Defense and Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Management and Natural Disasters Response show their interest in this development. Bearing in mind the urgency of an issue, the Arsenal Design Bureau suggested that the
Arsenal Design Bureau Arsenal Federal State Unitary Enterprise, Press Service Advertising and Public Relations Department of OJSC MZ Arsenal
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BTR-90 armed with unified FCS and Berezhok fighting compartment
UNIFIED FIRE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR ARMOURED VEHICLES

ne of the main factors leading to increase ofcombat effectiveness of existing armoured vehicles is the use of more advanced fire control system (FCS). Therefore more and more often increase in combat effectiveness is reached by means of upgrading FCS of combat vehicles (CV) weapon systems. For decades development of fire control systems for light armoured vehicles (IFV, AAV and APC) lagged behind the development of tankmounted fire control systems. For firing BMP-1 IFVs 73 mm gun coupled with a machine gun and for firing the Malyutka ATGM system the vehicle is equipped with acombined periscopic gunners sight with dependent (on the gun) LOS and non-stabilized electric drive motor. Hence, BMP-1 IFV is capable offiring all weapon systems only in stationary position. FCS for the BMP-2 IFV is the first fire control system for light combat vehicles featuring weapon system stabilizer which enables firing 30 mm gun andcoupled machine gun both in stationary position and on the
move, while firing ATGM only in stationary position. While tanks were already equipped with laser rangefinders and ballistic computers with fire conditions sensors, combat vehicles, like BMP-2 IFV for example, were not. Adopting BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicle by theRussian Armed Forces in 1987 was a qualitative leap for lightly armoured vehicles. the BMP3 weapon system was created atKBP Instrument Design Bureau. In terms of its composition and fire power it was aunique system, excelling both existing series production systems and future IFVs from all countries of the world. the system includes a100 mm gun, a30 mm gun, guided weapon with a tube-launched missile and FCS, whose specifications were not inferior to tank FCS being even superior in some aspects. For the first time BMP-3 FCS, as opposed to BMP-2 FCS, used analogue ballistic computer and gunners sighting unit with independent line ofsight (LOS), thelatter ensuring firing on the move both unguided andguided weapons. Some oftheparameters were fed from sensors automatically, e.g. vehicle speed and az-
imuth, angular speed of the target in azimuth channel, vehicle roll, distance to target. Range was measured by laser rangefinder mounted onthe barrel. theparameters which change slowly, like ambient air and charge temperature, atmospheric pressure and muzzle velocity deviation could be fed manually. Hence, development of BMP1>BMP2>BMP3 FCS demonstrates convergence oftrends oftank FCS andlightly armoured vehicles (IFV in particular) FCS development. At the same time the BMP-3 adopted more than 20 years ago possessed a sufficient reserve for enhancement of performance characteristics. anew step in development of IFV FCS was the KBP-developed fire control system for BMD-4 airborne assault vehicle which in many aspects excelled tank FCS. The FCS consisted of the following major components: combined gunners day/night sight, commanders panoramic sight, accuracy armament stabilizer, digital ballistic computer with sensor package andIR automatic target tracker. The combined gunners sight (GS) combines range-finding, thermal
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imaging, sighting and missile guid- LOS field stabilization, with frequenance channels in one module featur- cy laser range-finder and TV guiding one head mirror which ensures ance channel ensures quick and relihigh accuracy LOS stabilization in able search anddetection ofground two axes. This allows detecting tar- and aerial targets, all-round surveilgets at large distances while mov- lance independent of the gunners ing, reliable target tracking in au- sight, accurate target designation tomatic and semiautomatic modes (up to 0.1 mrad) in azimuth and elwith stabilization accuracy of 0.005 evation and efficient firing all types 0.10 mrad. Incorporation of ther- ofarmament. FCS features full back-up of commal imaging sight allowed firing all types of ammunition both by day manders actions during theprocess and at night and under limited visi- of firing all types of armament inbility (haze, smoke) conditions at all cluding guided missiles both by day andatnight. weapon operating ranges. Mirror pointing angles increased Limitation in number of ATGM launch cycles typical of BMP-3 was to 60 in elevation and LOS angular removed. Unified design ofthemod- velocities increased to 20 deg/s in ule ensures that misalignment ofop- aerial target mode, as well as high tical axes ofrange-finding andsight- frequency (up to 5 Hz) range-finding ing channels in the course of life-cy- ensure highly efficient firing against cle with no adjustment carried out aerial targets especially in automatic does not exceed 0.1 mrad, this en- tracking mode. Ballistic computer with sensor hancing performance characteristics package. Adoption of digital ballisofthesight. Range-finding channel of the tic computers instead of analogue sight ensures measuring distance ones makes it possible to process into target with a frequency of 45 creased data flow with higher speed Hz, this increasing efficiency of fire and accuracy and to use advanced against ground and especially aeri- fire algorithms. FCS of the BMD-4 and upgradal targets. Commanders panoramic TV sight ed BMP-2 vehicles take account (CPS) with independent two-axis of the following factors: CV speed, roll and trim difference, target relative angular speed, distance to target, type ofammunition, CV bearing angle, air temperature and pressure, charge temperature, angle of target position, changing distance to target during CV motion, projectile exit angle, number of shots made by thegun. FCS of the adopted BMD-4 more accurately than the 1V539 ballistic computer (that of BMP-3) considers parameters of target movement relative to the platform: LOS angular speed in horizontal andvertical axes, speed oftarget approach to platform. Considering the following parameters also adds significantly to the increase of fire accuracy: angle of target position when determining aiming angles, projectile flight time, firing range limits, non-linear dependence of range corrections on meteoballistic factors air pressure and temperature and their non-linearity and cross-effect in particular, ballistic wind. Moreover a newly developed fire permission algorithm allows considering limiting characteristics of CV subsystems during firing, e.g. it features automatic prohibition of firing beyond maximum aimed and aim-
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off fire distances, when exceeding permissible LOS angular speed, etc. However tank FCS considers only limitation in permissible drive motor error. The new 1V539M digital ballistic computer in contrast to BMP-3 analogue ballistic computer ensures easy programming for use of virtually unlimited number ofammunitions with new ballistic characteristics and its use as a component of FCS of various CVs. This combination resulted in increase of firing accuracy. the maximum errors of aiming angle and lateral lead calculation in 1V539M ballistic computer do not exceed tenths ofmrad. Armament stabilizer along with thegunners andcommanders sights performs stabilization and laying ofthesystems weapons when firing all types ofammunition in stationary position, onthe move andafloat. The operation speed of the stabilizer is enhanced owing to the configuration of the stabilizer control unit in the form of an electronic device based on a minicomputer as well as thanks to application of a DC electric motor with commutatorless electronic switching. As aresult, armament stabilization accuracy is enhanced and dynamic errors are reduced. the new stabilizer enables optimal operation oftheturret and armament laying drives in various modes, as well as adjustment of the drives in case of wide spread of mechanical parameters of different objects ofcontrol. TV/IR automatic target tracker automatically tracks the LOS of theTV (commanders panoramic sight) or thermal (thermal module ofthegunners sight) sight to the target assigned by thegunner or commander. It also enables high-precision laying oftheaiming mark atthe target in real combat conditions, which is particularly important when firing a guided missile. The TV/IR automatic target tracker implements the fire-and-forget principle. the hit probability of the missile becomes technically guaranteed because the man is excluded from the guidance loop. This enables to reduce theworkload onthe operator, to have stable tracking in stress situations of the battle, as well as to restore tracking after its loss owing to theinertial tracking mode in case of temporal interruption (up to 5 seconds) ofthesignal in respect ofthetarget. The installation of the new FCS onthe BMD-4 imposed additional requirements onthe automatic loading, and this issue was solved by a common automatic loader of unguided andguided projectiles. Automatic target tracking significantly increases fire accuracy, especially when firing at moving targets and when moving with high speed. the TV/IR automatic target tracker enables to reduce errors ofLOS stabilization by afactor of1.52.5. The proposed FCS features modular design: various types ofRussian and foreign thermal imagers can be installed; anti-tank missile guidance modules can be replaced; various ballistics ofunguided projectiles can be input; layout of the modules on the CV can be varied. According to customers request any FCS composition version can be installed, including areduced one. The FCS modular design allowed to use theprevailing part (up to 90%) of the FCS of the BMD-4 fighting compartment in the fighting compartment of the upgraded BMP-2: the missile guidance channel is replaced in the BMP-2 FCS; the commanders sight is installed behind the turret due to the lack of space. In addition, the new FCS installed onthe BMP-2 has enabled to conduct missile salvo firing to engage hardlyarmoured targets, to fire anautomatic grenade-launcher while stationary, onthe move andafloat, as well as to fire other weapons. Furthermore, in order to upgrade lighter vehicles, e. g. BMD-2, theFCS was installed in thereduced version: only a part of the FCS and a part ofthearmament (one launcher). The FCS was tested on the T-72 tank in the course of its upgrade according to one oftheoptions. The FCS has imparted the following new features to weapon systems ofcombat vehicles: enhancement of gun fire accuracy; the effective range of fire of30mm projectiles has increased from 11001400 m up to 1800 2000 m; the maximum range
BMD-4 armed with unified FCS and Bakhcha fighting compartment
BMP-3 armed with unified FCS and Bakhcha fighting compartment
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afactor of47 for theupgraded BMP2 as compared to theBMP-2. The KBP-designed BMD-4 andthe fighting compartment of the upgraded BMP-2 with the unified FCS currently have the performances, which are superior to those of the best foreign counterparts: Bradley (US), Marder (Germany). This FCS can be used (totally or partially) as apart ofweapon systems in theBMD-2, BMD-3, BTR-90, BMP-3, in theT-72, T-80, T-90 tanks as well as in weapon systems installed onriver andsea vessels. KBP has studied anopportunity to install weapon systems with thenew FCS oftheBMD-4 onforeign customers vehicles: Patria (Finland), ASCOD (Austria) and FAHD (Egypt), and the FCS oftheupgraded BMP-2 onvehicles oftheItalian company IVECO. Thus, the proposed FCS is currently in quantity production at KBP Instrument Design Bureau and can be installed on various vehicles according to customers request.
BMD-3 armed with unified FCS and Berezhok fighting compartment
offire of100mm projectiles has increased from 4 up to 7 km; theeffective range of tank guns has increased by afactor of1.31.8; increase of target hit probability by ananti-tank guided missile; enhancement of target search and detection capabilities, full backup offiring all types ofweapons by thecommander; capability to kill a wide range of targets (stationary, maneuvering, small-size, high-speed targets, including aerial targets) under adverse weather and survey conditions while stationary, on the move and afloat, day and night, by all weapons installed on the combat vehicle; increase ofair target kill probability by more than anorder ofmagnitude while reducing ammunition expenditure; the effectiveness of air-defence fire of combat vehicles approximates to that ofspecialized close-in air-defence missile-gun systems; capability of firing from indirect positions; fire-and-forget missile fire; engagement of current and advanced tanks due to salvo fire of two anti-tank missiles in one beam and due to elevated missile fire; ease of usage, opportunities to promptly increase the number oftypes ofweapons andammunition being used andto orient oneself in the combat situation; improvement of ergonomic characteristics ofthecombat vehicle.
Thus, introduction of the unified automatic round-the-clock FCS has enabled to significantly increase the effectiveness of armoured vehicles armament under all conditions of combat operation: typical target kill probability of the BMD-4 is increased by a factor of 34 as compared to that of the BMP-3, and by
BMP-2 armed with unified FCS and Berezhok fighting compartment
BMP-3 armed with unified FCS and Berezhok fighting compartment
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NIGHT VISION
FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION

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EQUIPMENT:
H
ungary, to the south and south-east of Lake Balaton Soviet Union troops were repelling an assault of the large infantry and cavalry German forces. The Sovinformbjuro broadcasting agency reported it on March 6, 1945 and repeated it without any changes on March 7 and 8. One day later it was announced Soviet Union troops were repelling an assault of the large infantry and cavalry enemy forces directed towards the Danube to the south-east and south of Lake Balaton in Hungary. Having suffered heavy losses the enemy managed to buckle in our defense line in several sectors. 72German tanks and selfpropelled guns were destroyed on March 9 in the region. The unimportant buckling in a line was as many as 30 kilometers! That was the first time during the war the Germans had conducted an offensive at night. They forced to the Danube and were stopped at a great cost of life. 33 thousand men were killed, wounded or missed in action. But the Germans also lost 40 thousand men and half of the 900 tanks. The Balaton only disappeared from the reports on March 16. Short on a time, but exclusive on its dynamics and slogging battles the Balaton defensive operation of the 3rd Ukrainian Front could be compared with the battle of Kursk. Anyone who knows the history of World War II even a little will pay attention to an unusual combination the Germans and night battles, moreover offensive operations. No doubt the German tank troopers saw in darkness like cats! THE BEGINNING That was almost in that way: theimage intensifier tube was developed in1934. Theelectrons knocked off thephotocathode by theIR radiation are accelerated andfocalized by 2(52).2010
Mikhail Timoshenko
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anelectric magnetic field onthe an- Unfortunately, well never find out ode drawing image visible inaneye- the truth. But what a brilliant examglass on a luminescent screen. By ple of successful electronic warfare the end of the war Germany pro- it could be! Those image intensifier tubes beduced up to thousand IR-devices amonth. They were mounted onthe came night vision device of generPzKpfw V Panther tanks. It allowed ation zero. Disadvantages: necessiSS-troops to buckle in the Soviet ty ofanactive auxiliary illumination defense line during the first days provided by theIR-floodlight which ofthebattle ofBalaton Lake though is also asignature; lack ofprotection the Soviet units had superiority against bright light (flash out protection) andlow sensitivity. intanks andartillery. Active IR devices with an auxThose devices had low sensitivity for their usage (they al- iliary illumination were improved lowed engaging our tanks andguns in the first post-war decade. By at the range of 400 m at night) the end of 1950s the march speed the auxiliary illumination was nec- ofAmerican military convoys atnight essary. It was provided by theflood- was almost the same as in daytime. lights covered with ebonite sheets But at night an IR-floodlight mountandmounted onthe Sd. Kfz. II51/II0 ed on the APC or tank was actually Valke APCs. And they had their own screaming: I am thetarget! And acheel ofAchilles bright direct light tive devices ofgeneration zero were burnt the photocathode out put- replaced by thepassive or image inting the image intensifier tube out tensifying ones. ofaction. Wasnt that thereason why GENERATION BY GENERATION our antiaircraft floodlights floodPassive night vision device teched the Germans when attacking at the Battle of the Seelow Heights? nology is based on the image intensifier tubes (photomultipliers) located between the photocathode andtheeyeglass. It allows thedevice to intensify visible and an IR ranges anddraw theimage. In other words an electron knocked off the photocathode by light is transmuted into the whole stream of electrons because of the secondary emission in several stages. And this stream can be focalized to draw the visual image. The principle ofoperation ofsuch devices is based onthe fact thebattlefield is not dark; it is always illuminated either by fires, moonlight or stellar light. The human eye is capable to fix even a separate quantum, but it is better to see the enemy and image intensifiers transmute separate quantum into bright image. There were several generations of image intensifying night vision devices. Gen I, tested in Vietnam, produced a light amplification of around 1000x and allowed to fight at the light of the quarter moon. Gen II (the Falkland War, 1982 and the Desert Storm, 1991) produced alight amplification ofaround 20000x and worked at the starlight. GOES 34210M Then the researchers managed to resist the whiteout at the expense ofapplication ofmicro channel technology. Improved image-intensifier tubes utilizing micro-channel plate (MCP) accelerate electrons inalarge number of bypass channels of diameter about micrometer. If any of them is blinded there will be no problem: a micron size bright point will not spoil the image. Generation III uses a photocathode made with gallium arsenide, which further improves image resolution and amplifies to around 3000050000x. They are inuse nowadays. And Generation IV has an automatic gated power supply andendless MCP system regulates the photocathode voltage allowing the NVD to instantaneously adapt to changing light conditions andincrease its range. Photomultipliers are compact, keep the platform camouflaged and have the high-resolution capability ensuring confident target identification and exact sniper shooting. But they are only effective against darkness and ineffective against aerosols (fog, smoke) andrain. As ill luck would have it war always takes place inbad weather! YOU HAVE TEMPERATURE! That is why thermo vision technologies were also being developed along with image intensification, thelong-wave one which does not need any celestial light. As all the military science interesting objects radiate electromagnetic waves inthe infra-red spectrum. Even kids know about an IR-homing head of air-to-air missiles. And there are also tank engines, radars, etc. If we consider ourselves, body temperature ofhuman being is 36.6. First, this radiation was captured by thermo resistances ruler, then sub matrix (both of them had mechanical scanning), and later matrix. The devices were to be cooled to liquid nitrogen temperature inorder to suppress thermal interference. That is why, for example, very powerful compact cooler body was one ofthecritical technologies used intank infra-red thermal imagers. Finally, matrix on uncooled silicon microbolometers appeared. They require neither cooling nor me-
Restored PzKpfw V Panther tank with night vision device mounted on its turret
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chanical scanning. However, such a matrix usually uses the Peltier device which can both cool and heat up and serves as a method of thermal stabilization. In the Englishspeaking literature such devices are referred to as TEC (Thermoelectric Cooler). Thermoelectric cooling uses thePeltier effect to create aheat flux between the junction of two different types of materials (normally bismuth telluride and silicon germinades) which transfer heat from one side of the device to the other side against the temperature gradient (from cold to hot), with consumption ofelectrical energy. If cooling the heating part of a Peltier device, for example by aradiator or fan, thetemperature ofthecold one will become lower. In different equipment these devices are often used as thesecond or third stage ofcooling. It allows attaining the temperatures of 80 for one-stage refrigerators and120 for thetwo-stage ones. Quality of an image drawn by thermal imagers does not depend on the targets illumination. And its range does depend on the air condition as it operates in a long-wave spectrum. Effective range probability of thermal imagers is about 9092%. They have better interference immunity, but both thermal imagers andnight vision devices do not provide necessary range at unfavorable weather conditions. Thermal imagers are more complicated, expensive andlarger than photomultipliers. They have lower resolution and do not seem to like wet, covered with dirt or snow targets. That is why real weapons systems combine both light amplification and thermo vision channels. THE MISSION MATTERS Modern night vision devices are manufactured in several basic versions. Night monocular is the simplest variant It is normally a telescope oflow magnification degree handed by theoperator. Night vision binoculars have two image intensifier tubes andproduce magnified stereoscopic picture. Night vision goggles are fixed onahead, provide wide field ofview andnormally do not magnify theimage or have variable magnification of 1 and more which allows using them as a binocular. Night vision goggles use pseudo-binocular (Cyclops) image intensifier tubes when one image intensifier tube sends picture to both eyeglasses. Night sight is fixed on the small arms and, as arule, magnifies theimage andhas areticule. These devices should stand thekick andit restricts their application onhigh-power small arms. Thealternative for thenight vision device laying is the IR laser target director which is an invisible laser beam being watched through thenight vision goggles. The night vision devices mounted oncombat vehicles are integrated into their targeting systems. WHAT IS THERE INSIDE NVD? So, image intensifier tube is the basis of any night vision device. Image intensifier tubes develop in a close co-operation generation development ofnight vision devices. Gen I of night vision devices are based on one- and multistage image intensifier tubes using a multislot photocathode of 220 A/lm made primarily ofglass to accelerate the electrons, input and output fiber-optical elements. Gen II ofnight vision devices are also based on image intensifier tubes. They had input and output fiber-optical elements, micro-channel plate (MCP) and multislot photocathode which had asensitivity of around 300 A/lm. This generation is subdivided into inverter and biplanar image intensifier tubes. These are two gaps with parallel electric field: photocathode- micro-channel plate and micro-channel plate -screen. Depending onsensitivity ofthemultislot photocathode night vision devices are subdivided into Gen II, Gen II+ and Gen II++ andbased onthe biplanar image intensifier tubes. Gen III night vision device is abiplanar image intensifier tube using photocathode made with gallium arsenide. Gen II+, II++ and III are being developed within the last 25 years. However, Generation IV image intensifier tube has become a real achievement for the last few years.
This is animage intensifier tube with the A3V5 photocathode with an ionbarrier film onamicro-channel plate. It has anautomatic gated power supply. Such image intensifier tube has increased impulse/noise ratio (above 33) and extended to 1000 lx operative illumination range. It increases its effective range in extreme low light conditions and allows conducting effective observation in the dynamic lightning including urbanized areas. As far as the other trends are concerned it is necessary to note
Agava-II Thermal sight
Tank Thermal Vision "ESSA"
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interest and progress in the field partially mastered. In particular, such of hybrid-module intensifiers (HMI) night vision devices as Naglaznik where there is an electron-raised pseudo-binocular goggles, Leader charge-coupled matrix built-in pseudo-binocular night vision field the image intensifier tube. In such glasses, Skosok flying night vision HMI there are no losses caused goggles, etc. Despite thementioned by the conversion of an electronic night vision devices a great number stream to the image drawn on the ofunusual ones based onthe image screen, losses ofemanation andres- intensifier tube technology was deolution in the optical devices. And signed. Such as low-profile night vithere are no screen luminophor sion goggles, wide-field goggles with noises. Thepossibility ofconverting the user's field of view to around theimage to theanalogue or digital 60degrees, etc. The US companies mastered signal allows theoperator to receive theimage onthe monitor removed the production of biplanar image from thesensor block andconduct intensifier tubes ofGen III with rotational image displacement andwithvideo processing. Quality ofimage intensifier tubes out it; theEuropean andIsraeli prois expressed in a calculated factor duce biplanar image intensifier called Figure ofMerit (FOM) which is tubes of Gen II+ and II++ for night an abstract measure of image tube vision devices. The USA run a fullperformance, derived from thenum- scale production of night vision deber ofline pairs per millimeter (reso- vices based on Gen III image intenlution limit) multiplied by thetube's sifier tubes, the NATO countries resignal-to-noise ratio. High quality im- search is based on II++ ones. Key age intensifier tubes are known to characteristics of foreign night vihave a FOM of 12001500. Active sion devices are comparable with growth of Gen II + and III image in- ours. In fact, night vision device tensifier tube parameters decreased based on Gen III image intensifier inthe last decade oftheXX century. tubes are only implemented inpoor It should be mentioned that Russian visibility ( <110-3 lx). At this visiimage intensifier tubes of Gen II+ bility effective range of Gen III imandIII have increased their FOM dur- age intensifier tubes excel Gen II++ ones. Gen III night vision devices are ing thelast years. A number ofdesign projects have ~1.52 times more expensive than been completed in Russia recent- generation II++. The image intensifier tubes ofGen ly. Biplanar image intensifier tubes ofGen II, II+, II++ with multislot pho- IV should have 1.5 micron spectral tocathode and Gen III tubes with sensitivity, resolution of 64 lp/mm, AIIIB5 photocathode for night vision wave length sensitivity of 1.0 midevices have been developed. Next crons S> 100 A/W, a signal/noise generation of night vision devices ratio of more than 63. Night vision based on biplanar image intensifi- devices based on the biplanar imer tubes has been successfully de- age intensifier tube with the 1.1 misigned andtheir production has been cron photocathode sensitivity, mi-
Thermal Vision "Sosna"
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cro-channel and fiber-optical plates with the 54 lp/mm resolution have been designed. It is possible to research new generation of night vision devices based on the new sensitive elements andincrease their effectiveness in1.52 times. Such night vision devices also ensure higher interference immunity. AND WHAT IS THERE INSIDE ATHERMAL IMAGER? Thermo imaging development is divided into four generations:
Gen I: thermal imagers on single rulers ofoptical detectors onthe basis of a MCT (mercury cadmium telluride) liquid melt with two-dimensional scanning. It should be mentioned that a MCT bulk crystal is much more expensive than gold; Gen II: thermal imagers on submatrix on the basis of a MCT with signal summation of more than 2 elements and one-dimensional scanning; Gen III: thermal imagers on CdHgTe matrix with 20-micron
sensitive elements. Hyper sensitivity of such optical detectors allows gaining temperature sensitivity ofT<0,07; Gen IV: thermal imagers on uncooled thermal matrix on the basis of silicon microbolometers or pyroelectric matrix and other VO materials. There is no detector and deep cooling system in Gen IV thermal imager. In Russia there is a concept of thermal imagers based on rulers with small number of elements
The military man is equipped with the Alfa-9022 monocular and Alfa-7115 laser target pointer fixed on the assault rifle
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(1032). Though the concept of production of such optical detectors is very attractive they yield to foreign on 60-element optical detectors. Within thelimits oftheFederal Night Vision Developments Program Ministry of Defense and civil companies have designed the module construction of thermal imagers. Some modules as separate elements were made for all the4 generations ofthermal imagers. Production of MCT bulk crystals has been mastered in the USSR in the 1980s, and thermal imagers for some military equipment could be produced inlots. That means that USSR could have had tank and helicopter thermal imagers even at the Afghan War. But then other times have come, and capitalism building in Russia ruined militaryindustrial complex. The main tasks of the Russian Ministry of Defense were personnel reduction and logistic support ofthose inservice. Russia produces Gen 0 Posobie-1 and Gen I Posobie-2 and Agava-2 thermal imagers. Posobie-1 is an IRcamera based ona50-element JnSb optical detector for the reconnaissance post. Pokolenie-2, modification of Posobie-1, uses Nevesomost-64 photo-receiving device which consists of64-element ruler ofMCT crystals. We also produce Agava-2 thermo vision sight onthe basis ofArcha photo-receiving device which is based onthe 128-element photo resistor made from MCP. Orion R&D designed thermal imagers with good system of a signal processing. They are based on 128-element 4-column matrix with staggered ordering of plots andMCT matrix. The US and NATO troops are equipped with thermal imagers of all generations. All the imagers have module construction. Texas Instrumemts, Hughes (USA) has developed gamma thermal imager on the basis of microbolometric and pyroelectric matrixes. There are gamma thermal imagers such as small arms sight inmass of1.77 kg and800 m range, and some other infra-red imagers with excellent performances, for example, the Sophie binocular of French CSF Company on the basis of a 4288-element submatrix, 2 kg in weight. It detects a human being at therange of12001300m. On thebasis ofthis type ofoptical detectors adriving thermal imager was developed for driving of various military vehicles andsome other infra-red imagers.
The military man is equipped with the PNV-10T night vision device Alfa7115 laser target pointer fixed on the assault rifle
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AIR DEFENSE
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O
ANTI-AIRCRAFT MOUNT
pen Joint Stock mount was considered to be a basis Company Podolsky for a much more cutting-edge weapElectromechanical Plant on system. Embarked on modernization OJSC of Special Engineering PEMZ Spetsmash and PEMZ Spetsmash and CJSK NTC Closed Joint Stock Company NTC ELINS set a goal to update by far the Elins have introduced to the world aiming and guiding systems of ZU-23. market the up-to-date ZU-23M1-4 Besides, the goal of modernization Anti-Aircraft Mount, that was built was to provide day and night operaon the basis of ZU-23 anti-aircraft tional use capabilities of the system. To achieve the goal the enterprisgun and modernization equipment es, which were involved in the crepackage. The 23 mm twinned gun AA ation of ZU-23/30M1-4, fulfilled remount has been soldiering for 50 search and development activities years in different countries all over as well as big number of actual firthe world, particularly in Army Air ing exercises at real air targets were Defense units and Airborne units of executed. After the modernization the the Russian Armed Forces. 14000 ZU-23 AA guns were produced dur- 23mm ZU-23M1-4 twin anti-aircraft ing Soviet Union time, Bulgaria and gun mount was created to provide China obtained a license to produce protection of sites and non-mobile and manufactured several thousand objects against tactical and assault mounts more. ZU-23 was exported aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles, intensively to the Warsaw Pact coun- as well as to inflict damage on UAVs tries, as well as Africa, Middle East and light armored combat vehicles during day and night under condiand other regions. The outstanding AA mount capa- tions of limited visibility. Modernization equipment packbilities were proved and tested in different conditions and always demon- age of ZU-23 consists of: strated its outstanding combat char- Vertical and Horizontal Homing acteristics. As a corollary the ZU-23 Electrical Drives;
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Optoelectronic Unit; Tracking Automatic Unit; Digital Computing System; Display; Control and Display Panel; Operator Control Panel; Electric Power Supply Unit; Autonomous 27V DC Generating Set; Installation Kit. The 2A14 anti-aircraft guns, loading mechanisms and towed chassis remain unchanged in ZU-23/30M1-4 Target search, finding the target, tracking the target (automatic or semiautomatic), engaging the target are exercised at ZU-23/30M1-4 by one operator instead of two at ZU-23. The modernization of ZU-23 can take place either in Russia or in another place where a customer resides.

The modernization at the customer's place is done at an enterprise, designated by the customer, in cooperation with teams of Russian specialists and customer's specialists using a modernization equipment package as well as adjusting and alignment equipment and tools, delivered from Russia to update in-inventory ZU-23 mounts. As far as customer's specialists master the modernization process of ZU-23, the upgrading can be handed over to them fully or partially. At the customer's discretion ZU23/30M1-4 can be equipped with a target designation system, which receives the coordinates and commands via digital coded wire links and radio links from the automated command and control post of a unit. Units with the in-service up-
graded Anti-Aircraft Mounts can be equipped with spear parts tools and accessories for the modernization equipment package. In addition a maintenance workshop can be commissioned. The workshop provides maintenance and first line repairs of ZU-23/30M1-4 in the field. The delivery package can also have simulators which allow to train operators without using the AA mounts and flying targets. Generally, the upgrade of ZU-23 to ZU-23/30M1-4 has provided: Improvement of the effectiveness while engaging air or ground targets; Day and Night fighting capabilities; Automated process of aiming a target and its tracking;
MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS Type Armament Platform Guidance System Targeting System Effective Area of Engagement, km Altitude Range of Fire Velocity of Effectively Engagement ofa Target, m/s Target Engagement Probability Ability to engage ground targets Horizontally Vertically 24-Hour Fighting Performance Crew Combat Load, kg ZU-23 Two 2A14 23-mm guns Two-wheeled towed chassis Manual optical with mechanical sight Manual using flywheels Up to 1.5 Up to 2.0 Up to 50 Not more than 0.023 Yes Velocity of targeting, degrees./second 30 40 Not provided 2 970 60 50 Provided 1 1100 ZU-23/30M1 Two 2A14 23-mm guns Igla (Igla-S) short range guided missiles Two-wheeled towed chassis ofZU-23 Optoelectronic automatic, semiautomatic and manual (as a backup) Electro drive Up to 3.5 Up to 5.0 Up to 400 (200 for guns) Not more than 0.7 (up to 0.2 for guns) Yes
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No-live operator estimation of col-
lision;
The wide range of effective en-
gagement of fast moving targets;

Downsize of the crew.
Hereafter ZU-23/30M1-4 can be armed with man portable SAM weapon Igla-S using the Strelets equipment and module set. The Igla-S surface-to-air missile can be launched from a module that consists of the ZU-23 chassis and Strelets. The launch is controlled and commanded via ZU-23/30M1-4. DIRECTOR GENERAL OPEN JOINT STOCK COMPANY PODOLSKY ELECTROMECHANICAL PLANT OF Elins under the leadership of its SPECIAL ENGINEERING PEMZ Director General TIKMENOV Vasily. SPETSMASH CHICH SVYATOSLAV: Our enterprise in cooperation The upgraded ZU-23M1-4 AA mount was created by a group of with Closed Joint Stock Company leading Russian specialists head- NTC Elins totally finished the needed by Head Designer V. Kokurin, ed work-out of the AA mount and is who unfortunately passed away in ready to deliver it both Russian and 2008. His work was continued by O. foreign customers. ZU-23 M1-4's characteristics and Avdakov. Both were able to create autonomous and high performance terms of delivery cause interest in complex, which has optimum struc- many countries and regions all over the world: Latin America, Africa, ture, combat capabilities and price. The backbone of the ZU-23 mod- South-East Asia. The mount is needernization was the integration of a ed to be examined and for sure it modern fire control system produced takes time. However we already by Closed Joint Stock Company NTC managed to ink a deal with a foreign
Upgraded ZU-23
customer on delivery of several hundreds of the AA mount. Preliminary agreements have been reached with other customers aswell. In cooperation with our counteragents and Rosoboronexport the after-sale service of upgraded AA mounts is provided in the customer's place. The fulfillment of the aftersale service in the customer's place is facilitated due to the well engineered modular structure of the system as well as simplicity and maintenance of the guns. I am sure that a client will receive comprehensive highgrade and high quality service.
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BUK AIR DEFENSE MISSILE SYSTEM:
OLD FRIENDS ARE BEST
arious modifications to be areliable system working in seof the Buk air defense vere conditions without any probmissile system have lems. Third, theBuk can be easily inbeen in service in var- tegrated in air defense and aviation ious countries for over combat control systems. Its history dates back to 1972 30 years. Why so long? First, theBuk is being constantly improved to be which saw the creation of the Bukalways up-to-date. Second, it proved 1 first-stage air defense missile sys-
tem designed to reinforce batteries of Kub air defense missile systems that were part of air defense regiments of tank divisions the main striking power ofthe Soviet Army. The 9A38 transporter erector launcher and radar vehicle (TELAR) placed on the GM-569 chassis com-
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bined functions ofthe self-propelled target acquisition vehicle and selfpropelled launcher. It carried out search for targets in a determined sector, their detection and lock-in, pre-launch actions, launch andhoming of its three missiles as well as three 3M9M3 surface-to-air missiles (SAM) placed on a coupled 2P25M3 self-propelled launcher. Theself-propelled launcher could receive control and target information from both thereconnaissance andtargeting SP vehicle andindependently. The 9A38 TELAR included the 9S35 radar; digital computing system; launching machine with a servodrive; ground-based interrogator operating in theParol recognition system; TV/optical sight; equipment for data communications with the reconnaissance and control vehicle andwire communications with theSP launcher; self-contained power supply system based on the gas turbine device; navigation, location and orientation equipment; life support system. The progress in the development of microwave devices, quartz and electromechanical filters and computers allowed the9S35 radar to operate as a target detection, tracking andillumination radar. It worked in thecentimeter band using one antenna and two transmitters (pulse and continuous emission). The first transmitter was used for target detection and tracking in the quasicontinuous emission mode or, if there are problems with unambiguous range definitions, in thechirped pulse mode. The second continuous-emission transmitter was used for target and SAM illumination. The antenna system provided sectorial target search in the electromechanical mode, target tracking by angular coordinates andrange in themonopulse mode, while the signals were processed by the on-board computer. Thenoise factor ofthe radars surveillance and direction-finding receivers was below 10 dB. The radar reaction time was 20 sec. It was protected from active, passive andcombined jamming. The 9A38 TELAR vehicle has a launcher with replaceable guides. The9M38 SAM had atwo-mode solid-fuel propulsion. It featured a normal X-shaped configuration with alow-aspect wing. The front part of the missile successively includes the semi-active homing head, autopilot system, power sources andwarhead. In order to reduce the alignment dispersion by flight time, the grain chamber is placed closer to the missile center and the nozzle cluster includes anextended duct surrounded by actuator elements. The 9M38 missile was delivered to the armed forces fully fitted in a transport container. The period of its maintenance-free operation reached 10 years. The 9M38 was able to engage aircraft flying ataltitudes ofup to 3km from the range of 3.4 to 20.5 km andatanaltitude of30 m from 5 to 15.4 km. The missile could shoot down targets ataltitudes from 30 m to 14 km, andatacourse parameter ofup to 18 km. Theaircraft hit probability equaled 0.700.93. The 9S470 command post vehicle placed on GM-579 chassis provided receiving, reflecting and processing of target information coming from the 9S18 target acquisition radar (TAR) and six 9A310 self-propelled mounts as well as from higher command posts, selecting dangerous
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TABLE. COMPOSITION Complex Command Post Surveillance Radar TELAR TEL 9K37 "Buk" 9S470 9S18 Kupol 9310,938 939 9K37-1 "Buk-1" 9S470 1S91M3 9A38 2P25M3 9K37M1 "Buk-M1" 9S470M1 9S18M1 Kupol-M1 9A310M1 9A39M1 9K37M1-2 "Buk-M1-2" 9S470M1-2 9S181-1 9S112 9A310M1-2 9A39M1, 9A39M1-2 9K37M2E "Buk-M2E" 9S510 9S36 9A317, 9P619 9A316
targets andtheir distribution among self-propelled mounts in manual andautomatic modes, assigning their responsibility sectors, depicting information onthe availability ofSAMs on SP mounts and loading mounts, modes of illumination transmitters of SP mounts, their operation, operating regimes of the target acquisition radar. It also ensured thesystems work in ECM environment and during enemys employment of antiradar missiles as well as operation documenting andcrew training. Thecommand post processed information about 46 targets ataltitudes ofup to 20 km at a range of 100 km for one surveillance cycle ofthe target acquisition radar and sent up to 6 instructions to SP launchers. The 9S18 Kupol 3D coherent/ pulse detection and tracking centimeter-band radar featuring electronic scanning by elevation angle and mechanical (round or in a specific sector) antenna rotation by azimuth using an electric or hydraulic drive was designed to detect and recognize aerial targets at altitudes ofup to 120 km (45 km atanaltitude of 30 m) and submit air environment information to the 9S470 command post vehicle. Depending on the surveillance sector by elevation angle and ECM environment, the surveillance rate was from 4.5 to 18 sec in circular scanning and from 2.5 to 4.5 sec in scanning within a30 sector. In order to prevent selective jamming, methods of pulse-to-pulse
carrier frequency tuning, distance interval blanking, change of linear FM inclination and distance sectors blanking were used. In case ofnoise barrage jamming of self-protection and external protection of selected levels, the target detection station could detect afighter atarange of50 km. Thestation allowed target tracking with aprobability ofatleast 0.5 against the background of local objects and passive jamming environment by means of the movingtarget indicator canceller with wind speed self-compensation. It was protected from antiradar missiles by means of programmed carrier frequency tuning within 1.3 sec, switching to circular ranging signal polarization or pulsed light (glitter) mode. The 9A310 TELAR vehicle differed from the 9A38 one by the connection with the 9S470 command post vehicle and9A39 transporter-erector launcher (TEL) with adata communications line. In addition, four 9M38 SAMs were placed on the launching machine of the 9A310 TELAR vehicle. Its reaction time equaled 5 min. It took 20 sec to switch thesystem from thestandby to working mode, particularly after changing its position with switched equipment. The 9A380 TELAR was loaded with four SAMs from the transporter-erector launcher within 12 min andfrom thetransporter vehicle within 16 min. The 9A39 TEL placed on the GM577 chassis was designed to transport and store eight SAMs (four on the TABLE. MISSILE
launch machine andstationary lodgments), launch four SAMs, self-load its launch machine with four SAMs from the lodgments and transport containers, load and unload the SP launch vehicle with four SAMs. Thus, theBuks transporter-erector launcher combined functions of the transport-launch vehicle and SP launcher. Besides the launcher with a servodrive, crane and lodgments, the transporter-erector launcher included the computing system, navigation, survey control and orientation, data communications andpower supply equipment as well as power supply units. The systems command post received aerial situation data from the command post of the Buk air defense missile brigade (Polyana-D ACS) and target detection station, then processed it and sent instructions to SP launch vehicles, which search for targets and tracked them using this information. The SAM was launched when targets reached the engagement zone. The missile was homed using the proportional navigation technique ensuring high homing accuracy. Approaching the target, the seeker sent the close arming command to the radio proximity fuse. Thewarhead detonated 17 m away from thetarget. In case ofradio proximity fuse failure, the SAM self-destructed. If thetarget survived, thesecond SAM was launched. The Buk-1 system allowed the simultaneous engagement ofup to six targets by one division and, if need-
Missile Missiles per TEL Missile Weight Engagement range Engagement altitude Maximum target speed (Mach)
938 4 690kg 430km 3014000 m 2,5
938M1 4 690kg 342km 3022000 m 4
9M317 4 720kg 345km 3025000 m 4
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AIR DEFENSE
ed, fulfilling up to six independent combat tasks independently using SP launch vehicles. It provided high target detection reliability by means ofjoint surveillance ofthe target detection station andsix SP launch vehicles, enhanced jamming protection by means of the target seekers onboard computer and special illumination signal and high target engagement efficiency due to increased SAM warhead power. Practical andsimulation launches proved that theBuk air defense missile system can engage non-maneuvering targets flying ataspeed ofup to 800 m/sec ataltitudes from 25 m to 18 km atranges from 3 to 25 km andcourse parameter ofup to 18km with a single-launch hit probability of 0.70.8. The hit probability reduced down to 0.6 if the target maneuvered with G loads ofup to 8. Also, the system included the 9V881 maintenance vehicle, 9V883, 9V884 and 9V894 technical service and maintenance vehicles, 9V95 automated control and test mobile station, 9T229 transporter vehicle with 9T319 technological equipment set, 9T31M autocrane andother assets. The 9S18 TAR, 9A380 TELAR and 9S470 command post vehicles were made by the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant. The9A39 TEL was produced atthe Sverdlovsk MachineBuilding Plant. In 1983, the Buk air defense missile system was modernized to raise its combat performance and ECM andantiradiation missiles protection. The upgraded Buk-M1 featured longer aircraft engagement range, was able to shoot down ALCM cruise missiles with a single-launch hit probability of 0.4, Hew-Cobra helicopters with a hit probability of 0.6 0.7 and hovering helicopters 0.3 0.4 atarange of3.510 km. The TELAR vehicle employs 72 pre-set illumination frequencies (instead of 36), which raises its protection from mutual andintentional interference. It can recognize three types of targets aircraft, ballistic missiles and helicopters. When compared with the9S470 command post, the 9S470M1 one supports simultaneous reception of data from
the own target detection station and information about six targets from theair defense command post of the motorized infantry (tank) division or from that of the army as well as comprehensive training ofall combat crews. As compared with the 9A38, the 9A310M1 TELAR allows target detection andlock-in atlonger ranges (by 2530%) as well as recognition of aircraft, ballistic missiles and helicopters with aprobability ofatleast 0.6. The system incorporates a more advanced 9S18M1 (Kupol-M1) TAR featuring a flat elevation-scanned phased array andbasing onthe GM567M tracked chassis. The Buk-M1 system features efficient organizational and technical antiradiation missile protection. The Buk-M1s combat parts are interchangeable with the similar parts of the Buk system without their upgrades. Theorganization oftheir combat andtechnical units is thesame, too. The systems technological equipment includes the 9V95M1 automated control and test mobile station employing the ZiL-131 chassis with a trailer; 9V883, 9V884 and 9V894 technical service and maintenance vehicles based on Ural-43203-1012; the 9V881 technical service vehicle based on Ural-43203-1012; 9T229 transporter vehicle for eight missiles or six containers with missiles based on a KrAZ-255B; 9T31M autocrane and MTO-ATG-M1 technical service workshop based onZiL-131.
In 1994-1997, theBuk-M1-2 ADMS was created. Due to the employment of a newer 9M317 missile and upgrading other systems, for the first time it gained theability to hit Lance tactical ballistic missiles and aircraftlaunched missiles at a range of 20 km, elements of high-precision weapons andships at25km andground targets (parked aircraft, launchers and large command posts) at 15 km. The aircraft, helicopters and cruise missiles engagement capability was raised, too. The engagement range was increased up to 45 km andaltitude up to 25 km. Thenewer missile features an inertial-corrected control system with a semi-active radar target seeker providing proportional navigation guidance. Outwardly, the9M317 differs from the9M38 missile by asmaller wing chord length. In addition to the improved missile, it is planned to equip thesystem with a new part the illumination andguidance radar with atelescopic antenna placed ataheight of22 m in theworking position. This radar considerably raises thesystems capability to engage low-flying targets, particularly cruise missiles. The system can be equipped with command posts and launch section of two types: four sections each including one improved TELAR vehicle carrying four SAMs andable to simultaneously engage up to four targets andone transporter-erector launcher with eight missiles; two sections each including one illumination and guidance radar also able to simultaneous2(52).2010
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AIR DEFENSE
ly engage up to four targets andtwo transporter-erector launchers with eight SAMs oneach one. Upgrading the Buk-M system (Buk-M1-2 and Buk-M2), the Start Machine-Building Design Bureau developed the 9P619 launcher and 9A316 TEL on a tracked chassis as well as the 9A318 launcher onawheeled chassis. In general, the development of Kub and Buk air defense missile systems is an excellent example of how weapons evolution can continuously enhance the combat performance ofarmy air defense atarelatively low price. Now, foreign customers can buy the cutting-edge Buk-M2E mediumrange multifunctional mobile air defense missile system manufactured by theUlyanovsk Mechanical Plant. It can defeat any aerial targets including tactical and strategic aircraft, fire support helicopters including hovering ones, awide range oftactical ballistic andantiradiation missiles as well as special airborne andcruise missiles. The system can engage surface targets (destroyers and missile boats) and ground radar-contrast targets both in light andheavy ECM environment. Its target engagement zone is 345 km by range and15 m 25km by altitude. 40
The minimal deployment/closure time is 5 min given that thepositions of its main combat assets can be changed within 20 sec with switched-on equipment. High-speed tracked chassis provide the system with high mobility. The employment of advanced phased arrays with an effective phase control allows simultaneous tracking andrapid engagement ofup to 24 targets. Theefficient optoelectronic system based on the submatrix IR andcharge transfer matrix TV channels provides round-theclock operation of its main combat asset the9A317E TELAR vehicle.
The optical mode largely raises the systems jamming protection andsurvivability. All combat assets are integrated into advanced digital systems allowing rapid data processing and selecting the most dangerous targets, their lock-in and tracking. A single and salvo launch can be made 10-12 sec after target detection. High mobility and survivability, wide range of engaged targets and high single-launch hit probability (0.90.95) attracts attention to the Buk-M2E air defense missile system and raises its popularity on international arms markets.
The Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant is part of the Almaz-Antey Air Defense Concern and is one of the leading manufacturers of high-performance air defense systems and the only producer of Buk-M2 air defense missile systems and Tunguska-M1 air defense missile/gun system. The company carries out the modernization of ZSU-23-4 Shilka and Buk-M1 systems. The plant is conducting R&D works on the modernization of previouslymade items and overhaul of combat and technical assets of Buk and Tunguska systems. CONTACTS: OJSC ULYANOVSK MECHANICAL PLANT Moskovskoye Highway 94, Ulyanovsk, Russia, 432008 Phone: +7 (8422) 42-03-70, fax: +7 (8422) 32-61-63 E-mail: ump@mv.ru OJSC ALMAZ-ANTEY AIR DEFENSE CONCERN Vereiskaya St. 41, Moscow, Russia, 121471 Phone: +7 (095) 780-54-10, fax: +7 (095) 780-54-11 E-mail: vts@almaz-antey.ru
AI R D E FE NS AIR DE F E N S E I DEF DEFENSE
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RUSSIAN LIGHT MULTIROLE ARMORED VEHICLES
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Viktor Murakhovskiy
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The point, that the use of infantry units during a warfare even without chemical or bacteriological weapon is going to be diminished, obtains a wide circulation not only on bush-league forums but even among some professionals. However, the last local conflicts, for instance in Georgia, show that Infantry remains the most all purpose branch of the Armed Forces which is capable effectively fight against foe's infantry units as well as small guerrilla units. Moreover, the infantry units shall become an absolute obstacle for mechanized units. To full fill the mentioned tasks an infantry unit is supposed to have superiority in fire power and last but not least modern attached armored vehicles
At the end of the 20th century, the changing nature of military operations required the urgent equipment of armed forces and police with light armored vehicles. The new important tasks emerged, namely counter-terrorist and peace-keeping operations, patrolling missions, border protection, etc. Performing these missions, military units and law enforcement bodies can be attacked in any place and any time in a situation when there is no front and rear. Command and support units are threatened at the same level as combat units do. Combat units possess combat armored vehicles, but other structures used to employ thin-skinned ones. Thus, the losses of general purpose vehicles inlocal wars were too large. Soon, many countries realized the need in light multirole armored vehicles and started their creation. The US HMMWV Hammer was a kind of symbol of such vehicles. At present, dozens of companies all over the world manufacture such cars, for example, Renault (France), KMW (Germany), Iveco (Italy), FNSS (Turkey), Bin Jaber Group (UAE) and others. Such vehicles are used both in military structures and law enforcement bodies as well as inmany other fields requiring protected and mobile vehicles. As for the Russian Federation, the first order for developing light multirole armored vehicles was made by theFederal Border Service atthe Special Machine-Building ScienceProduction Center of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. As a result, the BPM-97 Vystrel armored border vehicle was created. Later on, Russia designed other light armored vehicles the GAZ3937 Vodnik and GAZ-2330 Tigr, employed by the Defense Ministry, Interior Ministry and other law enforcement bodies. KAMAZ-43269 VYSTREL The light multirole armored vehicle is delivered in various configurations command, patrol, medical and reconnaissance. The armored bodywork is made by Kurganmashzavod, while the Naberezhnye Chelny-based Remdiesel plant carries out thefinal assembling and installs series parts of the KAMAZ 4326 truck. This solution allowed extending the overhaul life up to 270,000 km anoutstanding characteristic for armored vehicles. The hull is assembled from rolled armor sheets with optimal slope angles. The armor in the top part of the hull protects from the 12.7mm NSVT heavy machine gun from 300 m, while the bottom part and rear from the 7.62-mm SVD sniper rifle from 30 m. The cupola provides for theinstallation ofthe 14.5mm KPVT machine gun, 12.7-mm Kord machine gun, 30-mm Plamya grenade launcher and antitank missile system. The BPM-97 has two 125-liter protected tanks and an extra 20-liter tank in the armored hull. The vehicle features an autonomous heater to maintain working temperature in the troopers compartment irrespectively of the engine operation. Also, it has anair filtration unit. In Russia, the KAMAZ-43269 Vystrel is mainly used to carry explosives, money and valuable cargo. In 2005, several vehicles were sold to theInterior Ministries ofKazakhstan and Azerbaijan. GAZ-3937 VODNIK It is alight multirole armored vehicle of modular configuration. Its hull is welded from rolled armored sheets and represents a combination offront and rear modules. The space limited by the front module includes the powerplant and control compartments separated by 44
KAMAZ-43269 Vystrel
LAND FORCES
asealed bulkhead. The rear module represents usable volume designed for transporting people and cargo, mounting special equipment and armament. The two-seat cab with tandem seats is inthefront onthe left side. It is equipped with a heating/air conditioning unit and adjustable seats. To the sight, one can see a six-cylinder row turbocharged 175-hp 6.23l engine from the GAZ-5423. The 6.4-t GAZ-3937 can reach a speed of112km/h onahighway. The power take-off device allows switching a water-jet motor, a winch and other devices. Due to thequick-release coupling ofthe rear module and thehull bearing flange, various modules can be easily replaced on a vehicle on the field. Thus, various modules allow using one chassis for transporting people, cargo, mounting special equipment and armament. The selectable front-wheel drive, steering booster, heating and air conditioning system provide high cross-country capability and comfort. The independent torsion suspension, central tire inflation system, smooth bottom side and high clearance ensure the vehicles smooth movement in cross country conditions. The hermetic hull allows crossing water obstacles afloat ataspeed ofup to 4 km/h. The GAZ-3937 is the basis for the39371 version featuring armored hull, altered cab and turret. The vehicle is highly unified with GAZ series vehicles, which provides high reliability and serviceability. GAZ-2330 TIGR It is a 4x4 vehicle featuring ringbridge structure, armored singlevolume three-door bodywork and designed to transport up to 9 people and 1,200 kg of cargo. The cargo compartment is separated from the passenger one with a bulkhead and accommodates additional seats for 24 persons. The independent double fishbone suspension of all wheels with hydraulic shock absorbers as well as thepowerplant consisting of the diesel engine, clutch with an air-hydrau2(52).2010
Vodnik has hermetic hull and is amphibious
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The Tigr SPM-2 version provides Level 5 ballistic protection. Its roof has two hatches. The cabin has places for the crew as well as for the radio station and radio-controlled bomb locking device. The SPM-1 version provides Level 3 ballistic protection and has some extra equipment, namely the conditioning system, arm support for weapons, etc. The STS GAZ-233014 Tigr is aspecial-purpose vehicle designed for military troops. It provides Level 3 ballistic protection. There is a rotating hatch with a folded cap and arm supports for weapons in the roof. Opening armor windows in the doors and sides allow using side arms by the troopers. The cabin has seats for the driver, vehicle commander and 4 troopers. The size of the pivot hatch allows two crew members to fire in two directions at once. Inside the STS GAZ-233014 Tigr, there are cases for the machine gun and grenade launcher ammunition loads, arm supports for machine guns, automatic grenade launcher, reactive antitank grenades (RPG-22, RPG26 and RShG-2) and manpads (Igla and Igla-S). The Tigrs army version has two controllable powerful pilot lights, one mounted in front and the other atthe rear onthe roof. There is a versatile arm support with sockets for communication systems inthehull onthe transmission tunnel. Arm supports for communication antennas are mounted outside. The hull and door windows are bulletproof and theinterior spall liners protect personnel against spalls if thehull is hit by bullets or fragments and exclude ricochet from theopposite side if thehull is pierced. The series STS Tigr vehicles are constantly improved. The current version has a board information control system (BIUS) and a multiplex electric equipment control system. These systems are integrated into the on-board network by he CAN multiplex bus. In December 2009, a new Tigr version powered by the420-hp diesel engine was presented inNizhny Tagil. The previous versions were powered by 2-5-hp diesel engines.
SPM-1
lic booster, five-stage mechanical gearbox, two-stage transfer case with aninteraxle differential including an electropneumatic differential lock drive, engine systems (cooling, fuel, etc), two limited slip axles, wheel-hub drives and wheels with tires adjusted for cross-country conditions are mounted on the stiff welded frame. The unit unification with theBTR-80 armored personnel carrier and GAZ-39371 Vodnik multifunctional armored vehicle, which are checked by multi-year experience, guarantees the Tigrs high reliability and long overhaul period. This multifunctional vehicle was ordered by the Defense Ministry ofthe UAE, which spent $60 million for developing and manufacturing test models. The first Tiger HMTV vehicles were presented inAbu-Dhabi atthe IDEX-2001 exhibition. Though, the consumer liked the vehicles, thesupply contract was not signed. Several vehicles were put into test operation with the Moscow Special Rapid Response Unit of Russias Interior Ministry. As aresult, this ministry ordered the special police version of this vehicle for its units. The Tigrs series production is carried out at the Arzamas machine-building plant. The Tigr special police vehicle (SPM-1 and SPM-2) is designed for transportation and operational missions conducted by Interior Ministry forces during anti-terrorist operations, territorial defense and assisting Russias Federal Border Service.
SPM-2
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The KShM R-145BMA Tigr is acommand and control vehicle used by the commanders of Special Forces to control their troops, communicate with superior chiefs and cooperating bodies. The vehicle provides communications on the move and stand and commutation with stationary communications systems. The means of communication work invarious bands and include satellite communications systems, ciphony equipment, commutation systems as well as various power sources. This command and control vehicle was jointly created by the MilitaryIndustrial Company and Tambov radio plant Signal. SPM-3 MEDVED This special-purpose armored police vehicle was first shown in public inautumn 2008 inMoscow. It was initially planned to make a family of vehicles on the chassis of SPM-3 APC designed for theInternal Troops. Featuring better ballistic protection and especially strong anti-mine protection, the SPM-3 can be used for delivering infantry units to the battlefield and fire support missions, too. The SPM-3 can be widely used in the armed forces for the following purposes: for escort and patrolling missions, commandant control service, special post service, transporting and keeping secret documents infield; as aprotected command and control vehicle. Its large usable interior volume (about 12 cu.m) allows installing thenecessary comCHARACTERISTICS Configuration Cab seating Weight (empty) Maximum load Length Width Height Engine power Maximum road speed Amphibious speed on water Range Gradient Armor
munications and control systems and providing comfortable work ofthe combat crew; as a reconnaissance scout vehicle. In this case, its advantages inspeed, protection and place for reconnaissance equipment and systems are used;
as a self-propelled antitank com-
bat vehicle (it has large internal volume); as aself-propelled mortar; as a armored medical vehicle for MEDEVAC missions; as a NBC reconnaissance vehicle, etc.
VODNIK 4x4 3 + 8 men 6.67.5 t 1.52.5 t 5.38 m 2.6 m 2.15 / 2.57 m 175 hp 112 km/h 45 km/h up to 1000 km 60,00% bulletproof
VYSTREL 4x4 2+8 10.5 t 5.3 m 1.9 m 2.3 m 240 hp 90 km/h up to 1100 km 60,00% bulletproof
TIGR 4x4 2+7 7.6 t 1.5 t 5.7 m 2.3 m 2.3 m 205 hp 140 km/h up to 900 km 50,00% bulletproof
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