How to Setup and Run

Internet TV Systems

OTT Technology, Services, and Operation

Lawrence Harte Roger McGarrahan Michele Chander

System Options

Video Encoding Advertising

Internet TV Equipment
Content Licensing

Program Production

Internet TV Systems
By Lawrence Harte Roger McGarrahan Michele Chandler

How to Setup and Run

Althos Publishing Fuquay-Varina, NC 27526 USA Telephone: 1-800-227-9681 Fax: 1-919-557-2261 email: info@althos.com web: www.Althos.com

Althos

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the authors and publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review. Copyright c 2010, 2011 By Althos Publishing First Printing Printed and Bound by Lightning Source, TN. Every effort has been made to make this manual as complete and as accurate as possible. However, there may be mistakes both typographical and in content. Therefore, this text should be used only as a general guide and not as the ultimate source of IP Television information. Furthermore, this manual contains information on telecommunications accurate only up to the printing date. The purpose of this manual to educate. The authors and Althos Publishing shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to be caused, directly or indirectly by the information contained in this book.

International Standard Book Number: 1-932813-47-0

About the Authors

Lawrence Harte is the president of Althos media and a television technology and business expert. Mr. Harte is the editor and publisher of IPTV Magazine, Mobile Video Magazine, and author of over 100 books on communication technologies (more than 20 on TV systems and technologies). He has interviewed over 1100 companies that produce TV products and provide services. Mr. Harte has designed, setup, and managed products and invented patents on communication technologies. He has worked for companies including Ericsson/General Electric, Audiovox/Toshiba and Westinghouse and consulted for hundreds of other companies. Mr. Harte holds many degrees and certificates include an Executive MBA from Wake Forest University (1995) and a BSET from the University of the State of New York, (1990).

Roger McGarrahan is co-founder and General Manager of PathFinder World Video LLC which licenses linear channel and VOD programming from ethnic and niche television networks to CATV, Telco IPTV, Broadband IPTV, Mobile and Hospitality television service providers. Prior to that Roger was CEO of Thomson Broadcast & Multimedia, Inc. (Thomson/Grass Valley) in charge of North America operations and previously its General Counsel. Earlier Roger was legal counsel for COMSAT RSI which specialized in the design and delivery of satellite communication systems. In total, Roger has twenty years experience as executive management, operations management, and corporate counsel in the broadcast, satellite and telecommunications industries.

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Internet TV Station

Michele Chandler is a media communication and industry research expert. Ms. Chandler is the associate editor for IPTV Magazine, Mobile Video Magazine, and Internet Marketing Magazine. Since 2005, Michele has setup executive media interviews with more than 1000 companies in the television and mobile communication industries. She is a manager and participates on several industry groups including Internet TV Station, TV Advertising Technologies, and IPTV-Blog.net. Michele has a Bachelors degree in Communication from North Carolina State University.

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Acknowledgements

Many smart people have helped us to create this book. Several of them gave substantial amounts of time to answer questions and shared their experience and knowledge with us. Some of these people include: Christine Gallen at ABI Research, Michael Lantz from Accedo Broadband , Dean Kashlan of AcumenLink, Ric Brovedani at Alcatel Lucent , Jeremy Deaner with Amberfin , Carl Walter Host with Appear TV, , Rick Ducey from BIA, Juan Carlos Rivero at Broadcom, Arthur Drevnig of Broadview , Don Gordon from Bulldog United , Scott Puopolo with Cisco, , Alex Terpstra with Civolution,, David Kaiser with Coincident , Drew Becker from Convey Media,, Mike Nann with Digital Rapids, Ben Weinberger at Digitalsmiths, , Doug Sheer at DIS Consulting , Raj Jaswa at Dyyno , Natalla Psakhie with Elecard , Ameer Karim from Entone, Anton Monk from Entropic , Kirk Edwardson at Espial, Alexander Iliev from Gracenote, Peter Maag from Haivision, , Mark Reinhardt with Hargray , Sanjay Raman with Howcast , Scott Burnett with IBM , Toni Leiponen with Icareus , Isaac Calderan at IGuGu , Kirk George with IneoQuest, Jeff Heynen and Kimberly Peinado from Infonectics, Steve Outridge from Informa Telecoms and Media, Michael Sommer from Information Technologies, , Jennifer Hicks and Alexandra Crabb with Ink Communications, Chris Moon from Innodigital, Timothy Downs with Interwork Media Inc., , Todd Schuelke from Iomega, Yariv Erel at JustAd.TV, , Joseph Wang with Lookee TV , Kimberly Sauceda with Looxcie , Thomas Hughes from MGM , Jernimo Macans Candilejo with MGMedia , Ted Malone at Microsoft , Mauro Bonomi from Minerva Networks , Rob Gelphman with MoCA Alliance , David Grubb with Motorola , Bob Saffari from Mozaik , Rick Brown with NC State University, , Chris Wagner from Neulion,, Slava Levin and Konstantin Salenkov of NexTV, Scott Brown from Octoshape, Ted Miller from Opera , Angela Scheller from Packet Video , Rich Tarpley, Joel Suttles and Austin Snow of PathFinder TV LLC, David Bramley, Ian Westover, and Gay Bell with Platform PR., George Wehmann from Raleigh Television Network, , Todd Cochrane at Raw Voice, Feng Chen from Rockchip, Jim Funk of Roku, Joe Ledlow at Scheduall,

Internet TV Systems

Dave Allred from Sezmi, Robert Saunders from Skitter TV , Paal Huff at Snap TV,, Dennis Nugent and Steve Popper from STB Advertising , Frans Blommestein of Telergy, Mark Myslinksi and Thomas Carey of Televue, Andy Tarczon with The Diffusion Group(TDG) Research, Tom Weiss from TV Genius,, Yonatan Sela with Tvinci, , Tom Rosenstein from Verivue, Francois Saint-Martin with Viaccess,, Roy Kirsopp at Vidiom, , Jeff Cody from Vidtonic, Brad Bitterman and Eric Berman of VTilt Digital, David Netz at Wall Street Communications, Charles Herring from Wealth TV, Dave Stubinvol from Wowza , Greg Fawson from XMediaResearch, Ron Jocaby of Yahoo! , Dan Eakins from Zeitera. Some of the key people at Althos publishing who helped create this book include Carolyn Luck (Editor), Geovanny Solera (diagrams), Jon-Luke Ramos (research), and Vivian McCarter (layout).

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Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 - WHAT IS AN INTERNET TV SYSTEM? . . . . . . 1 Internet TV Content Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Internet TV Service Providers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Internet TV Distribution Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Internet TV Viewing Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 TV CHANNEL TYPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Linear Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 On Demand Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Public Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Private Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 INTERNET TV CONTENT TYPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Movie Studios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Network Television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Independent Producers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Organizational Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 User Generated Content (UGC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 CHAPTER 2 - INTERNET TV SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 BROADCAST SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Linear Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Sponsored Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Advertising Funded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

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SUBSCRIPTION SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Subscription Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Premium Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Tiered Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 ON DEMAND SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Switched Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Live Streaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Download and Play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Pay Per View (PPV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Pay Per Period (PPP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 ADVERTISING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Interstitial Advertising (Interruption) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Overlay Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Skin Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 TELEVISION COMMERCE (T-COMMERCE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Direct Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Affiliate Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Third Party Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 CHAPTER 3 - INTERNET TV CONTENT SOURCES . . . . . . . 21 Content Producers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Network Television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Community Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Original Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 CONTENT PRODUCERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Movie Studios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Syndicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Production Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 TELEVISION NETWORKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Network Affiliate Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Network Content Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Network Feeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Ad Spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

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CONTENT AGGREGATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Content Brokers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Media Ingestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Media Adaptation (Transcoding) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Content Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 LOCAL PROGRAMMING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Local News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Local Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Local Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMMING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Foreign Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Foreign TV Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Foreign Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 SPECIALTY CONTENT PRODUCERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Independent Filmmakers (Indies) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 COMMUNITY CONTENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Public Broadcasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 Shared Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Social Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 PUBLIC DOMAIN (PD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Expired Copyrights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Government Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Abandoned Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 ORIGINAL PROGRAMMING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Remote Interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Web Seminars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Event Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 CHAPTER 4 - INTERNET TV VIEWING DEVICES . . . . . . . . 45 HYBRID TV BROADCAST SET TOP BOXES (HSTB) Broadcast Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Internet Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Application Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

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INTERNET TV SET TOP BOXES (I-STB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Network Data Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 Media Decoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 TV Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Application Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 MULTIMEDIA PERSONAL COMPUTERS (PCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Soft Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 Operating System (OS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Media Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 PC Video to TV Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 MULTIMEDIA MOBILE TELEPHONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Broadband Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Microplayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Mobile Operating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Human Interface Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 CONNECTED TELEVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Internet Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Media Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 Connected TV Operating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 Application Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 NETWORKED GAMING DEVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Internet Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 Media Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 Application Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 CONNECTED MEDIA PLAYERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Network Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 Media Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 Java Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 Application Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 Store Media Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

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CHAPTER 5 - INTERNET TV TECHNOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Media Capturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Packetization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Packet Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Packet Reception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Decompression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 SWITCHED DIGITAL VIDEO (SDV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Physical Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 Logical Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Unlimited Number of TV Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Application Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Session Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Network Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Link Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 Protocol Suites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 AUDIO DIGITIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Analog to Digital Conversion (Digitization) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 Sampling Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 Bits per Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 Fidelity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 Audio Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Surround Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Dolby Noise Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 VIDEO DIGITIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Video Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Aspect Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Frame Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

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MEDIA COMPRESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Display Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Lossy Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Spatial Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Time Compression (Temporal Compression) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 DIGITAL MEDIA FORMATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Container Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 Stream Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 VIDEO COMPRESSION FORMATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 MPEG-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 MPEG-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 MPEG-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 Windows Media (VC-1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 Flash Video (FLV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 DivX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 Motion JPEG (MJPEG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 AUDIO COMPRESSION FORMATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 MPEG Layer 1 (MP1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 MPEG Layer 2 (MUSICAM MP2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 MPEG Layer 3 (MP3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 MPEG Layer 3 Pro (MP3Pro) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 Advanced Audio Codec (AAC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 Advanced Audio Codec Plus (AAC Plus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 MUTLIMEDIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 MPEG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 Elementary Streams (ES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 Transport Streams (TS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 Media Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 TV PROGRAM METADATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 TV Program Metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 Program Metadata Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 Interstitial Metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 TV Metadata Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

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PROGRAM GUIDES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Barker Channel List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 Electronic Program Guides (EPG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Interactive Program Guides (IPG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 TRICK MODE (VIDEO PLAYER SPEED CONTROL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Multiple Bit Rate Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 Timing Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 Streaming Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 Reference Key Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 GEOGRAPHIC TARGETING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Location Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 IP Address Geocoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 Delivery Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 PACKET TRANSMISSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Packet Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 Packet Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 Packet Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 PACKET LOSSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Packet Congestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 Packet Corruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 PACKET TIMING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Transmission Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Packet Sequencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Time Stamping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Packet Jitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 TRANSMISSION TYPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Unicasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 Multipoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 MULTICASTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Group Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 Multicast Routers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 Mirror Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108

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PEERCASTING (GRIDCASTING) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Peer Relaying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 Striping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 Peercasting Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 PACKET RECEPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Demultiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 Packet Buffering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 Retransmission Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 RENDERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Video Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 Audio Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 RF Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 CHAPTER 6 - INTERNET TV SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 CONTRIBUTION NETWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 HEADEND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 VIEWING DEVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 CONTRIBUTION NETWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Connection Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 Program Metadata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 Program Transfer Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 HEADEND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Media Decoders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Switching System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Media Encoders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (CMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Content Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124 Metadata Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 Content Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 Media Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126

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PLAYOUT SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Scheduling Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 Streaming Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 Media Gateways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 AD INSERTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Insertion Opportunities (Avails) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130 Cue Tones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 Ad Splicer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Content Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 Core Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 Access Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134 Home Media Servers (HMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134 HOME MEDIA NETWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Home Multimedia Service Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Home Media Network System Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 DEVICE MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Device Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 Communication Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 Software Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 CHAPTER 7 - INTERNET TV SYSTEM OPERATION . . . . . 145 CONTENT ACQUISITION STRATEGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Single Channel Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145 Multiple Channel Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146 INGESTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 WORKFLOW MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 Production Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 CONTENT MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Online (Real Time) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 Nearline (Short Time) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 Offline (Long Term) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150

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PROGRAM SCHEDULING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Channel Lineup Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151 On Demand Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151 Automatic Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151 CONTENT DELIVERY NETWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 Back-up Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 SUBSCRIBER MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 New Subscribers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154 Customer Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154 Service Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155 Customer Care History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155 ADVERTISING SALES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Sales Prospecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156 Advertising Proposals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156 Advertising Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157 Insertion Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157 ORDER PROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 Third Party Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 CHAPTER 8 - INTERNET TV SYSTEM OPTIONS . . . . . . . . 161 Internet TV Hosting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161 Integrated Internet TV System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161 Custom Internet TV System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162 HOSTED INTERNET TV SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 White Label Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164 Hosted Media Ingestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164 Content Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164 Playout System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164 Subscriber Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165 Broadcaster Service Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165

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INTEGRATED INTERNET TV SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Integrated Turn-Key System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166 Pre-Configured Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167 Broadcast Software Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167 Support Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167 CUSTOM INTERNET TV SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Media Encoders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168 Playout System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169 Media Production System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169 Billing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170 Software Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170 Systems Integrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170 CHAPTER9 - CONTENT PRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Program Concept (Topic Idea) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173 Feasibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 Preproduction Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 Shooting (Recording) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 Postproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 Program Packaging (for Distribution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175 STORYBOARDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Program Theme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 Scenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 Scripting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177 CONTENT SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Original Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178 Stock Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178 Program Archives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 TALENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Directors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 Actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 Production Staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181

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STUDIO PRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Television Studios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 Studio Rental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 Virtual Studios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 Remote Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 VIDEO EDITING SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Media Components Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184 Timeline Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 Remote Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 CHAPTER 10 - LIVE INTERNET TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Location Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187 Live Content Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187 Real Time Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188 Live Broadcasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188 LIVE EVENT PREPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Site Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189 Staff Introductions and Permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189 Lighting Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 Acoustics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 Equipment Positioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 LIVE MEDIA ACQUISITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Live Video Cameras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191 Microphones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192 Production Crew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193 LIVE MEDIA PRODUCTION CONSOLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Console Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193 Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193 Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194 LIVE BROADCAST COMMUNICATION LINKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Wired Internet Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 Wi-Fi Internet Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 Leased Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 Mobile Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197

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Satellite Links . . . . Intercoms . . . . . . . LIVE IP BROADCASTING Media Uplink . . . . Media Encoding . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199

CHAPTER 11 - INTERNET TV BILLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Subscriber Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204 Services List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204 Rate Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204 Advertising Campaigns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204 Sales Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204 Revenue Sharing Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 Rating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 Invoicing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 Payment Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 Customer Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206 SUBSCRIBER DATABASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Subscriber Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207 Subscriber Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208 Subscriber Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208 Subscriber Communication History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208 SERVICES DATABASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Service Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210 Service Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210 Service Provisioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211 RATE PLANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Periodic Charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213 Transaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213 Packages (Bundles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213 ADVERTISING SALES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Advertising Contract Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214 Insertion Orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215 Insertion Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215

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Insertion Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215 Sales Commissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215 EQUIPMENT BILLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Product Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217 Leasing Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217 Activation Fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217 Service Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218 ONLINE BILLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Online Account Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219 Pending Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219 Online Invoicing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220 Payment Gateway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220 RECURRING BILLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Billing Pre-Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 Payment Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222 Payment Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222 ROYALTY MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Content License Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223 License Fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224 Revenue Assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224 BILLING SERVICE BUREAU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Hosted Billing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225 Mediation Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225 Billing Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225 CHAPTER 12 - INTERNET TV STATION MARKETING . . . 227 INTERNET TV STATION MARKETING OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Viewership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227 Sales Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228 Advertisers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228 INTERNET TV STATION PROMOTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Station Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229 Channel Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229 Program Advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230

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AFFILIATE MARKETING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Affiliate Partners (Publishers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231 Affiliate Promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231 Affiliate Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232 Affiliate Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232 Affiliate Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232 Affiliate Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232 BANNER ADVERTISING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Banner Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234 Banner Development Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234 Banner Ad Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235 SEARCH PAY PER CLICK (PPC) ADVERTISING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 PPC Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 PPC Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 Quality Score (QS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238 VIRAL MARKETING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Viral Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239 Seed Distribution List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239 Copy Tag Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240 Referral Incentives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240 DIRECT MAIL PROMOTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Direct Mail Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241 Direct Mail List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242 Mail Stuffing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242 Tracking Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242 PUBLICITY PROGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Press Releases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244 TALK SHOWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Publicity Agent (PR Agent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248 Program Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248 Talk Show Host . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248 Talk Show Guest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248 Question List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 Radio Talk Shows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 Podcasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249

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SPONSORSHIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250 Contests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251 Social Media Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251 BLOG MARKETING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Blog Posting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252 Blog Post Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253 Blog Post References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253 Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254 MICROBLOGGING (TWEETS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Account Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255 Hashtags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255 Shortening URL Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256 Review Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256 Availability Announcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256 DISCUSSION GROUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Topic Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258 Discussion Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258 Earned Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258 Internet TV Content References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259 PROGRAM REVIEWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 EMAIL BROADCASTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Targeted Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263 Email Service Provider (ESP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263 Internet TV Program Announcement Message . . . . . . . . . . . .264 Email Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264 PROMOTIONAL VIDEOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Storyboarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265 Video Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265 Embedded Videos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266 Video Titles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266 Video Captions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267 Video Transcriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267 Shared Video Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267 Promotional Video Optimization (PVO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267

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CHAPTER 13 - INTERNET TV CONTENT LICENSING . . . 269 Entertainment Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269 Licensing Aggregator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270 LICENSE TYPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Transport License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270 Use License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271 TYPE OF USE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 License Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272 License Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272 FREE-TO-AIR CONTENT LICENSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Open Distribution Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273 Closed Distribution Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274 USE PERIOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Release Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275 Distribution Time Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276 Use Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276 GEOGRAPHIC LIMITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Access Network Restriction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277 Geo-Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277 AUTHORIZED MEDIA FORMATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 SUB-LICENSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 FEE STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 REVENUE ASSURANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 CONTENT PROTECTION METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 TRANSPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 INDEMNIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 CHAPTER 14 - INTERNET TV ADVERTISING . . . . . . . . . . 285 Advertisers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286 Broadcasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286 Viewers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286

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INTERSTITIAL ADS (STANDARD TV ADS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Linear Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287 On Demand Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288 Long Form Advertisements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288 BUMPER ADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Preroll Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289 PostRoll Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289 Pause Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289 OVERLAY ADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Logo Insertion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291 Image Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291 Transparent Overlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291 Scrolling Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292 SQUEEZE BACK (SQUEEZEBACK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Foreground Display Resizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293 Background Video Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293 SKIN ADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Window Viewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294 Player Skin Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294 ADDRESSABLE ADVERTISING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 LOCATION BASED ADVERTISING (LBA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 IP Address Geographic Coding (IP Geocoding) . . . . . . . . . . . .297 Ad Slot Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298 Ad Insertion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298 INTERACTIVE ADVERTISING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Enhanced Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299 Dedicated Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299 Hosted Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299 PROGRAM GUIDE ADVERTISING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Interstitial Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301 Graphic Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301 Preview Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301

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APPENDIX 1 - ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 APPENDIX 2 - SAMPLE RELEASE FORM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 APPENDIX 3 - MARKETING PLAN OUTLINE . . . . . . . . . . . 311 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

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Internet TV Systems
Authors: Lawrence Harte, Roger McGarrahan, Michele Chandler ISBN: 1-932813-47-0 Number of Pages: 352 Number of Diagrams: 115 Summary:
This book explains how to setup and run an Internet television system. Internet protocol television (IPTV) is the transmission of digital video and audio through Internet protocol (IP) networks. This book makes it easy for you to understand the technology and business aspects of Internet TV. You will learn the technology basics such as video encoding, media production, and program scheduling.

Covers:
Internet TV System Equipment TV Station Hosting Options The types of Video Conversion TV Station and Program Promotions Internet TV Viewing Options How to Obtain Interesting TV Programs Ways to Produce Original Content Internet TV Economics

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Chapter 1
What is An Internet TV System?

An Internet TV system is a transmission system that provides video and audio (television) information on a communication channel that is delivered through the public Internet. These television signals can be viewed in computers, standard televisions (using an adapter), or other types of multimedia devices that can receive streaming video signals (such as game consoles). Internet TV is sometimes referred to as over the top television (OTT) because the TV signals travel over the top of the Internet rather than through a broadcast television system. Because Internet TV signals can reach many types of connected devices located almost anywhere, virtually any company or person can become a global television provider. Internet TV Stations are similar to regular broadcast television stations, except they send TV signals through the Internet. This book describes the way Internet TV operates, the types of equipment needed, and how to run an Internet TV system.

Internet TV Content Sources

Internet TV content sources can range from live TV networks (such as CNN) to niche, on-demand content from micro-producers. Internet TV systems can deliver an unlimited number of channels as each television set only requires one TV channel connection, which can be linked to any other TV source the Internet TV service operator (broadcaster) can provide.

Internet TV Systems

Internet TV Service Providers

Internet TV service providers obtain the rights to transmit media programming to people that they allow to view their signals (free and/or paying subscribers). While Internet TV service providers may focus on providing TV services in geographic areas (such as where they own or control TV distribution rights), they can technically provide programming anywhere they can reach customers through a broadband data connection.

Internet TV Distribution Systems

Internet TV distribution systems transfer media programs from content sources to viewing devices. There are many types of systems that can distribute IP data packets, including telecom, wireless, cable TV systems, power companies (data over power line), and competitive access providers (such as new optical networks).

Internet TV Viewing Devices

Internet TV viewing devices can receive media in IP form and convert it into media that can be viewed by users. IP viewing devices range from standard televisions that use digital media adapter boxes to convert IP video signals, to mobile telephones with digital video viewing capabilities. Figure 1.1 shows that Internet TV systems are composed of content providers, broadband Internet connections, video viewing devices and Internet TV service providers. The content providers include existing television networks, on demand content providers (content aggregators), and independent content provider companies. This example shows a distribution networks that uses many types of systems to transfer IP video packets from the content source to the viewing devices. IPTV viewing devices include standard televisions (with adapters), multimedia computers and multimedia mobile devices. The Internet TV system operator manages how customers can connect to the system and which services they can receive.

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1, Basic IPTV System

TV Channel Types
The types of TV channels that an Internet TV station can provide include linear (scheduled) channels, on demand channels, public channels and private channels.

Linear Channels
Linear channels are programs that are sent in a defined time sequence. Linear channels can be a mixture of live content and scheduled content. They are controlled by a playout system that identifies and selects the programs to play or stream during predetermined time slots.

Internet TV Systems

On Demand Channels
On demand programming is providing or making available programs that can be interactively requested and received by users. On demand content may be provided in continuous (streaming) or downloaded formats. Viewers (or their intelligent devices) control the selection and request of the playout of on demand programs and content.

Public Channels
Public channels are a source of media that contains programs or content that is made available to any person. An example of a public channel is the broadcasting of television coverage of an event to any person who can connect to the content source.

Private Channels
Private channels are a source of programs or content which are made available to people who have been authorized to receive the content. An example of a private channel is the broadcasting of television coverage of a company event to employees of the company that have registered to receive access. Figure 1.2 shows some of the types of TV channels that are available on Internet TV systems. Linear channels are prescheduled into time slots (some are live events and others are stored programs). On demand channels are programs that are available for the viewer to choose and view. Public channels can be viewed by any person who can connect to the signal source. Private channels are only available to people who have been authorized to receive and view the content.

Chapter 1

Figure 1.2, Types of Internet TV Channels

Internet TV Content Types

The types of content that are provided through Internet TV channels can range from traditional TV content (rebroadcasted TV programs) to highly specialized (niche) programs that only appeal to a small group of viewers.

Movie Studios
Movie studios are companies that produce long form programs (typically one hour or longer). Movie studio productions tend to have high budgets (millions of dollars), and have tightly controlled distribution channels. Distribution of movie studio content is commonly divided into release windows such as movie theaters, pay per view, premium TV channels (such as HBO), stored media (such as DVD or Blu-Ray), and other distribution channels. Movie studios may limit the distribution of their premium content to more controlled, higher profit channels before allowing the content to become available on Internet TV stations.

Internet TV Systems

Network Television
Television networks are organizations that create and provide programming to local broadcast distribution systems (TV affiliate networks). While local broadcasters may contribute to the cost of developing or acquiring network program content (such as TV shows), most of the network television content is primarily paid for by advertisers. While the redistribution of network television programs through Internet TV channels may benefit advertisers, network television operators may not allow their live or recent content to be distributed through Internet TV channels because it is difficult to earn advertising revenue on channels that cannot be measured, and the distribution may compete with existing Internet TV channels already provided by the network television systems.

Independent Producers
Independent producers are companies or people that produce programs or content that can be sold or licensed to other companies. Independent producers tend to create specialty content in varying lengths. The content created by independent producers may be shown at film festivals as a way to attract potential buyers or distributors. Independent producers may be highly motivated to have their content distributed on Internet TV systems as a way to gain publicity for their programs.

Organizational Content
Organizational content is media that is produced by companies or groups to help promote their products or services, or to communicate messages. Until recently, organizations had limited distribution options for organizational television content. Organizations such as manufacturers, business groups and other types of companies are highly likely to be willing to develop and provide content for distribution on Internet TV systems.

Chapter 1

User Generated Content (UGC)

User generated content is information that is produced by users of similar content (such as YouTube). A portion of user generated content may be suitable for Internet TV distribution. The cost to acquire the rights to such content may be low. However, creators of UGC are commonly unskilled in media production, and they may not have obtained the necessary rights, which may include location rights, release forms and music rights, to use the content that they have created. Figure 1.3 shows some of the content types that may be broadcasted by Internet TV systems. Movie studios produce high value content that has controlled distribution channels. Television networks produce popular content that is primarily paid for by advertisers. Independent producers create specialty programs. Organizations produce content related to the products or services that they provide. User generated content (UGC) is produced by the sample people that watch the content.

Figure 1.3, Internet TV Content Types

Internet TV Systems

Chapter 2
Internet TV Services

Internet TV services include broadcast (free) and subscription services (controlled access), pay per view (on demand), advertising (video and other forms), and television commerce (direct sales). Figure 2.1 shows that Internet TV services can include a mixture of subscription, broadcast (advertising based), on demand (transaction based), and television commerce (t-commerce) services. Subscription services allow cus-

Figure 2.1, Internet TV Services

Internet TV Systems

tomers to pay a monthly fee for access to television content sources. Advertising services can range from traditional one-way insert services to interactive advertising services. Pay per view programming may charge customers or sponsors a fee for the viewing of programming. Television commerce produces revenue from the direct sales transactions that occur through the Internet TV system.

Broadcast Services
Broadcast service is the transmission of an information signal to devices or people that can receive or connect to the broadcast source. Broadcasting allows the same information to be viewed by all customers that can successfully receive and decode the information (such as within a geographic area that can receive a radio broadcast signal).

Linear Channels
Linear channels are programs that are sent in a defined time sequence. Linear channels may contain previously recorded media or live content. Live content may actually be broadcasted on a short delay (such as a few seconds) to allow for the censoring of content (muting of inappropriate words).

Sponsored Programming
Sponsored programs are media items, such as movies or games, which are provided to consumers and paid for by other people or companies. Companies may pay to sponsor the creation of programs that reference or use their products or service. For example, a car manufacturer may pay to sponsor a sports utility vehicle program that regularly or exclusively uses cars that they manufacture.

10

Chapter 2

Advertising Funded
An advertiser funded program is broadcasted or downloadable media content that is paid for by companies or people other than the broadcasting entity that is transmitting the content. Some Internet TV broadcasters may require their viewers to watch advertisements prior to granting access to the programming. Free view is a service that provides media content to viewers at no cost. The development and broadcasting of free view content may be paid for by advertising or grants. Figure 2.2 shows that a broadcast service transmits programs at scheduled times. Linear channels may consist of a mixture of stored content and live content. Broadcasting may be paid for by sponsors, or through the insertion of advertising into the programming.

Figure 2.2, Internet TV Broadcast Services

11

Internet TV Systems

Subscription Services
Subscription services are value-added services that provide or entitle a customer to receive or gain access to services. Paid subscription services may be provided on a periodic basis (such as monthly), and different rates may be charged for groups of services (tiered programming).

Subscription Accounts
A subscription account is a unique identifier that designates a customer or company that has been established (subscribed), allowing them to continue to receive products or services that are billed or posted to their account.

Premium Channels
Premium channels are media services (such as television programs) that are offered as a supplement or upgrade to other services. Premium channels may be provided as a bundled package (multiple channels), on a per channel subscription basis, or on a pay per view (PPV) basis.

Tiered Services
Programming tiers are the grouping (partitioning) of channels into specific category levels that have similar service offers or content characteristics. Tiered pricing is the assignment of value to products or services that are offered for sale, that vary with specific characteristic ranges (tiers). Figure 2.3 shows the typical rate plan for a TV system. This example shows that a typical rate plan for TV service consists of several free local and regional channels, which are paid for through monthly subscription services, as well as many pay per view channels.

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Internet TV Systems
Authors: Lawrence Harte, Roger McGarrahan, Michele Chandler ISBN: 1-932813-47-0 Number of Pages: 352 Number of Diagrams: 115

Helpful Resources:
IPTVDictionary.com: Over 10,000 IPTV related terms and definitions

IPTV Magazine: Monthly TV news and solutions. Internet TV Systems Tutorial: 25 Slides on Internet TV.

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