Radio Navigation

/Jacob Panduro

Properties of Radio Waves Properties of Radio Waves

- If one period 0,125 then 8.000.000 cycles per second (Hz) - If one period is is !0,125 then 8.000.000 cycles per second (Hz) - KHz 1.000 Hz - KHz 1.000 Hz - MHz 1.000.000 Hz - MHz 1.000.000 Hz - GHz 1.000.000.000 Hz - GHz 1.000.000.000 Hz - Travels Speed of Light - Travels atat Speed of Light - Speed 300.000 km/sec and period is 0,125, then length is - Speed is is 300.000 km/sec and period is !0,125, then length is
37,5 - - known as wave length 37,5 mm known as wave length
/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

Phase comparison Phase comparison

- Difference between Reference Phase and - Difference between Reference Variable phase at point B is 2700Phase and
Variable phase at point B is 2700

/Jacob Panduro

/Jacob Panduro

Surface wave

/Jacob Panduro

Range of surface wave Range of surface wave

- Range sea (nm); Range = 3x!Power - Range sea (nm); Range = 3x"Power

(watt) (watt) Range land (nm); Range = 2x!Power - Range land (nm); Range = 2x"Power (watt) (watt)
/Jacob Panduro

/Jacob Panduro

Surface wave - coastal refraction - coastal refraction Surface wave

- The portion of the wave rst passes over the sea

accelerates and the wave bends towards the coastal.

/Jacob Panduro
/Jacob Panduro

Space wave - Line of Sight Space wave - Line of Sight

- Range (nm) = 1,23 x "HTX + "HRX - HTX: Transmitter height in + !H - Range (nm) = 1,23 x !HTXfeet RX - HRX Receiver height in feet - HTX:: Transmitter height in feet - HRX: Receiver height in feet

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

Effect E!ect of change in frequency

- As frequency increases - As frequency increases

Critical angle increases Critical angle increases Skip distance increases Skip distance increases Dead space increases Dead space increases Surface wave range decreases Surface wave range decreases

/Jacob Panduro

Frequency Frequency

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

Doppler efffect e!fect

- The difference between transmitted frequency and received frequency is - The difference between transmitted frequency and received frequency is known as Doppler shift
known as Doppler shift

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

VDF / GDF

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

VDF / GDF

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

VDF / GDF
Bearings
QDM Mag Hdg TO / QDR Mag Hdg FROM QUJ True Hdg TO / QTE True Hdg FROM QGH When ying a VDF letdown

Classication
A +/- 20 B +/- 50 C +/- 100 D > 100

Range in NM
Line of Sight and Power of transmissor

Need a GDF at airport and VHF radio in A/C

/Jacob Panduro

ADF - principles of operation

/Jacob Panduro

ADF ADF

A/C equipment comprises A/C equipment comprises

Loop aerial Loop aerial Sense aerial Sense aerial Control unit Control unit Receiver Receiver Display Display

/Jacob Panduro

/Jacob Panduro

ADF ADF

RBI

RMI

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

NDB Homing NDB --Homing

Zero wind --Zero wind

- Wind from left

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

NDB - Maintaining Inbound track

- Wind from left

- Wind from right

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

NDB - Maintaining Outbound track

- Wind from left

- Wind from right

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

NDB - Drift assessment and regaining inbound track

/Jacob Panduro

NDB - Drift assessment and outbound track maintenance

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

NDB - Determining Drift and NDB - Determining Drift and Maintaining Track Outbound Maintaining Track Outbound

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

NDB / ADF
ADF
A1A - BFO on for tuning, Ident and monitoring A2A - BFO on for tuning RMI or RBI Variation at aircraft position

NDB
LF/MF 190-1750 kHz Locator 25nm / en-route 50nm or more Range Water - 3 x "watt / Land - 2 x "watt Relative Bearing Accuracy +/- 50 (by day only)

/Jacob Panduro

NDB / ADF
Errors
Thunderstorm - Greatest effect Station interference Mountain effect Quadrantal error Bank angle Night effect Coastal refraction No failure warning

/Jacob Panduro

VOR - Phase comparison

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

VOR - Terminology

/Jacob Panduro

VOR - Tracking between two stations VOR - Tracking between two stations

/Jacob Panduro
/Jacob Panduro

VOR - RMI usage VOR - RMI usage

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

VOR - Designated Operating Coverage

/Jacob Panduro

VOR - Cone of Confusion

Mostly up 800

/Jacob Panduro

VOR - VOR/ILS deviation indicator VOR - VOR/ILS deviation indicator

A/C equipment comprises A/C equipment comprises

Aerial Aerial Receiver Receiver Indicator Indicator

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

VOR - Left/Right indication

/Jacob Panduro

VOR - To/From indication

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

VOR - QDM on the RMI

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

VOR - In-ight procedures

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

VOR
Frequencies
108 - 117,95 MHz 108 - 112 MHz (TVOR) - all even 108,20 / 108,25 Phase comp. 30 Hz

CVOR
Clockwise / RS i FM and VF is AM

DVOR
Anticlockwise / RS is AM and VF is FM

VOT
360 radial for all radials and FROM A/C maximum +/- 40

Ident
Morse or Voice each 10 second / 4 idents in 30 second (last one DME)
/Jacob Panduro

VOR
CoC - Flag or uctuation CDI
20 per dot; max 100 Not using aircraft heading

RMI
Head gives QDM / Tail gives QDR

Line of Sight - Range 1,25 x ("ht1+ " ht2) Variation at station position

/Jacob Panduro

Instrument Landing System

/Jacob Panduro

ILS - Localizer coverage ILS - Localizer coverage

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

ILS - Localizer radiation pattern

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

ILS - Glidepath coverage

ILS - Glidepath radiation pattern

/Jacob Panduro

ILS - Glidepath radiation pattern

/Jacob Panduro

/Jacob Panduro

ILS - Course Deviation Indicator

/Jacob Panduro

ILS - Typical HSI indicator ILS - Typical HSI indicator

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

ILS - Localizer indication

/Jacob Panduro

ILS - Glidepath indication

/Jacob Panduro

ILS
Localizer
108 - 111,975 MHz / All odd 108,10 / 108,15 25nm out +/- 100 17nm out +/- 250 10nm out >350 CDI - 0,50/dot; max 2,50 Half scale deection is missed approach LH lobe 90 Hz / RH lobe 150 Hz 329,15 - 335 MHz paired to Localizer 10nm out +/- 80 0,140/dot; max 0.70 Half scale deection is missed approach Upper lobe 90Hz / Lower lobe 150 Hz

Glide path

/Jacob Panduro

ILS
Distance
Marker OM / MM / IM 75 MHz Blue - dah/dah - 400 Hz - 6,5-11 km out Orange - dih/dah - 1300 Hz - 1050 m out White - dih/dih - 3000 Hz - 75-450 m out DME VOR radial Locator

Ident
2 or 3 letters / 7 groups/min

Backbeam
FROM localizer Non-precision approach
/Jacob Panduro

ILS
Categories
I; DH <200 / RVR 550m II; DH <100 / RVR 300m IIIA; DH <100 / RVR 200m IIIB; DH <50 / RVR 75m IIIC; DH 0 / RVR 0m

/Jacob Panduro

MLS - Coverage

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

MLS - Approach Coverage Volume

/Jacob Panduro

MLS
200 channels (5031 - 5090 MHz) Has built-in DME Azimuth coverage i +/- 400 of rwy on-course line Usable range is 20-30nm (20nm) 20.000 in elevation

/Jacob Panduro

Radar

/Jacob Panduro

Radar principles
Maximum distance
Depends on pulse lenght Distance = Speed of Light/PPS or PRF x 0,5 Transmission power - 4 " watt To double range increase power by a factor of 16 Aircraft height

Minimum distance
Pulse width E.g. Puls width of 1 sec = 150m

/Jacob Panduro

Radar - Vectoring til ILS

/Jacob Panduro

Ground radar
Aerodrome Surveillance Approach Radars
Up to 25nm WL 3 or 10cm / PW 0,5-1s Approach Radar / Radar Vectoring / Surveillance Radar App

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

Ground radar
En-route Surveillance Radar (RSR)
200-300nm WL 10-50cm / PW 2-4s PRF 300-400pps and 5-6rpm

Terminal Surveillance Radar (TAR)

Up to 75nm (controlling trafc in TMAs) WL 10, 23 and 50cm / PW 1-3s

Precision Approach Radar (PAR) - GCA

Military airelds 10GHz Talkdown terminates 0,5nm or less

/Jacob Panduro

Ground Radar
Airport Surveillance Detection Equipm. (ASDE)
Aireld Surface Movement Indicator (ASMI) Beam og 0,25-10 Scanner rotation of 60rpm PRF 4000-20000pps WL 1,76-2cm / PW 0,03s Frequencies 15-17GHz

/Jacob Panduro

AWR - Cloud display and avoidance courses

Used to nd turbulence and for Used to nd turbulence and for navigation navigation Echo for range Echo for range Sweep for relative bearing Sweep for relative bearing
/Jacob Panduro

AWR - Cloud weather display

/Jacob Panduro

AWR - Terrain Mapping display

/Jacob Panduro

AWR - Control unit

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

AWR - Radar beam and tilt angle

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

Sweep for relative bearing Sweep for relative bearing Tilt +/- 150 Tilt +/- 150

AWR - Beam shapes

Pencil beam for for weather and long range navigation Cosecant squared beam for short range navigation < 60nm Beam width 0 = 70 x WL / antenna diameter

/Jacob Panduro

AWR - Finding cloud height

Cloud height Cloud height

Height in ft = (tilt - beamwidth/2) x range/ Height in ft = (tilt - beamwidth/2) x range/ 60 x 6070ft 60 x 6070ft

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

AWR
Used to nd turbulence and for navigation Echo for range Sweep for relative bearing Pencil beam for for weather and long range navigation Cosecant squared beam for short range navigation < 60nm Beam width 0 = 70 x WL / antenna diameter Most used frequency is 9375MHz +/- 30MHz Tilt +/- 150 Cloud height
Height in ft = (tilt - beamwidth/2) x range/60 x 6070ft
/Jacob Panduro

SSR - Picture London TMA

/Jacob Panduro

SSR - Freq and tranmissions

Transmits on 1030MHz and receives on Transmits on 1030MHz and receives on 1090MHz 1090MHz
/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

SSR
Transmits on 1030MHz and receives on 1090MHz Modes
A is aircraft identication C is aircraft height B and D is stand-by for A and C

There are 4096 different codes (0-7)

7500 Unlawful interference 7600 Radio failure 7700 Emergency

Mode S (selective) e.g. TCAS 4 modes exclusive mode S

/Jacob Panduro

TCAS

To be visible have A
Only 2 dimensional and gives TA

Also RA need C
/Jacob Panduro

TCAS TCAS

/Jacob Panduro

/Jacob Panduro

TCAS Display

/Jacob Panduro

DME

Slant ranges A2 + B2 = C2 Slant ranges A2 + B2 = C2

Range nm = ! A2 + B2 = C Range ii nm = " A2 + B2 = C
/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

DME
Slant ranges A2 + B2 = C2
Range i nm = " A2 + B2 = C

Operates between 962-1213MHz

Always difference of +/- 63MHz between interrogation and responding

Accuracy
+/- 0,2nm (precision systems) +/- 0,25nm / +/- 1,25% of range

/Jacob Panduro

2D RNAV system - VOR/DME Navigation Computer Unit

Control Display Unit Indication in form of a CDI or HSI

Includes

Includes
Navigation Computer Unit Control Display Unit Indication in form of a CDI or HSI

/Jacob Panduro

/Jacob Panduro

RNAV route and waypoints RNAV route and waypoints

Waypoints may be selected Waypoints may be selected and programmes for and programmes for

En-route navigation En-route navigation Initial approach xes Initial approach xes Locator Outer Markers Locator Outer Markers

ILS freq - when selected it reverts ILS freq - when selected it reverts toto ILS mode ILS mode

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

Principle of operation Principle of operation

- - Operates by rho/theta Operates by rho/theta (range/position) (range/position)

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

Level 4 RNAV Level 4 RNAV

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

RNAV
Accuracy
B-RNAV accurate within 5nm on 95% occasions P-RNAV accurate within 1nm on 95% occasions

Types
2D RNAV - horizontal plane Includes a Navigation unit and CDU and CDI or HSI Operates by rho/theta (range/position) 3D RNAV - horizontal and vertical plane 4D RNAV - 3D RNAV + timing function

Know the RNAV system from B737

/Jacob Panduro

EHSI
Inputs
IRS, FMC, VOR/DME, ILS, ADF, TCAS, AWR Fed to system through the symbol generator (heart of EHSI)

Modes
Nav (full/exp), VOR/ILS (full/exp), MAP (also centre) and PLAN WX and TCAS only displayed in Expanded and MAP mode

/Jacob Panduro

EHSI - Expanded Navigation Mode EHSI - Expanded Navigation Mode

Active WP and distance
G HD g bu
Present Track

Heading (M)

ETA WX = weather T = Turbulence 120 uptilt

WP to rin g l ba

5n

5n

5n

2n m

A/C pos

W/V Mode
/Jacob/Jacob Panduro Panduro

EHSI - Full Navigation mode EHSI - Full Navigation mode

Ac

tua

Feet above computed descent prole

/Jacob Panduro Panduro /Jacob

Re

qu

ire

dt

ra

ck

EHSI - Expanded VOR mode

/Jacob Panduro

EHSI - Full rose VOR mode

/Jacob Panduro

EHSI - Expanded ILS mode

/Jacob Panduro

EHSI - Full rose ILS mode

/Jacob Panduro

EHSI - MAP mode

Also shows navigational information selected on the control panel

/Jacob Panduro

EHSI - Centre MAP mode

/Jacob Panduro

EHSI --Plan mode EHSI Plan mode

m AP od e

m Fro

TRUE

- Allows pilot to review the planned - Display centred using this page

route using FMC/CDU LEGS page

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

GPS - 3 laws GPS - 3 laws

1. A satellites orbit describes an ellipse with the earth at one of the foci

2. A satellite sweeps out equal areas in equal time

3. The square of the satellites orbital period is proportional to the cub of its average distance

Using these laws and given a starting point, the satellites (SV) Using these laws and given a starting point, the satellites (SV) calculate their positions at all points in their orbits. The orbital calculate their positions at all points in their orbits. The orbital position is known as ephemeris. position is known as ephemeris.
/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

The GPS segments

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

GPS freq and codes GPS freq and codes

Civilian users

Military users Approved civilian users

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

GPS positioning

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

GPS positioning GPS positioning

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

GPS positioning

/Jacob Panduro /Jacob Panduro

GPS
Space segment
21 SV operation and 3 in spare - Av. height of 10.898nm Orbital period of 12 hours - Inclination of 550 4 atomic clocks with accuracy of 1 nanosecond Broadcast Pseudo-Random Noise (PRN) on 2 freq L1 1.574,2MHz broadcast C/A code (Standart Pos. Service) L2 1.227,6MHz transmits P code (Precise Pos. Service)

Control segment
Checks position and clock time at least every 12 hours

User segment
Sequential receivers - scan sequentially Multiplex receivers - Little faster than above Multi-channel receivers - Instant position information Uses 4 SV to construct 3D x (#4 to check time)

/Jacob Panduro

GPS
Errors
Ephemeric - Gravity from sun, moon, planets - is 2,5m SC Clock - 1,5m Ionospheric Propagation - Most signicant - 5m Tropospheric Propagation - 0,5m Reciever Noise - Internal - 0,3m Multi Path reception - From ground/aircraft - 0,6m GDOP - Geometry Selective Availability - Withdrawn by Clinton

/Jacob Panduro

GPS
Differential GPS
Air Based Augmentation Systems (ABAS) 6 SV - RAIM Ground Based Augmentation Systems (GBAS) Local Area - Precision Approach Space Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) Overall accuracy

/Jacob Panduro

LORAN C
Frequency of 100KHz Uses pulse technique to measure time difference Master transmitter and up to 4 slave transmitters Ground Wave Range
1200nm over Water 900nm over Land Accuracy better than 0,2nm decreasing to 1nm at 1000nm

Skywaves
Up to 2500nm night and day Accuracy at 2500nm is 10-20nm

/Jacob Panduro