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Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
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Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
+ 8Y 8 X2Y
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16 X
Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
) ) Thomson, measured mass*char"e of e+ (1,0- .o%el /ri$e in /hysics)
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Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
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Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
Measured mass of e+
e- char"e 2 +1 -0 x 10+1, 0
Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
(Uranium compound)
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Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
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1 atoms positi#e char"e is concentrated in the nucleus ! proton (p) has opposite (5) char"e of electron (+) 4 mass of p is 18'0 x mass of e+ (1 -3 x 10+!' ")
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Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
9If the atom is the :ouston Astrodome, then the nucleus is a mar%le on the 70+yard line ;
Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
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Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
5 ,>e
1
n 5 1!0 5 ener"y
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Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
Isotopes are atoms of the same element (@) &ith different num%ers of neutrons in their nuclei
Mass .um%er
Atomic .um%er
Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
A ?@ 1 1: ! 1:
Mass number (A) 2 num%er of protons 5 num%er of neutrons 2 atomic num%er (?) 5 num%er of neutrons
=lement Bym%ol
(D)
4 1:
(T)
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!47 ,!
!48 ,!
Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
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Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
1' in - 0 D
- protons, 8 (1' + -) neutrons, - electrons :o& many protons, neutrons, and electrons are
11 in - 0 D
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:alo"en
Eroup
/eriod
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.o%le Eas
Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
0hemistry In Action
.atural a%undance of elements in =arths crust
Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
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A molecule is an a""re"ate of t&o or more atoms in a definite arran"ement held to"ether %y chemical forces
:!
Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
:!F .:4 :!, .!, F!, >r!, :0l, 0F F4, :!F, .:4, 0:'
0:'
An ion is an atom, or "roup of atoms, that has a net positi#e or ne"ati#e char"e
Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
11 protons 11 electrons 13 protons 13 electrons
cation G ion &ith a positi#e char"e If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons it %ecomes a cation .a .a
5
11 protons 10 electrons
anion G ion &ith a ne"ati#e char"e If a neutral atom !ains one or more electrons it %ecomes an anion 0l 0l
+
13 protons 18 electrons !7
A polyatomic ion contains more than one atom F:+, 0.+, .:'5, .F4+
Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
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Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
!3 45 14 Al
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Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
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Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
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An empirical formula sho&s the simplest &hole+num%er ratio of the atoms in a su%stance molecular :!F 0-:1!FF4 .!:' empirical :!F 0:!F F .:!
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Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
A molecular formula sho&s the exact num%er of atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a su%stance
Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
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Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
Al45 Al!F4 F!+
1 x 5! 2 5! ! x +1 2 +!
0a!5
0a>r!
>r-
1 x 5! 2 5!
1 x +! 2 +!
.a5
.a!0F4
0F4!!-
Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
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Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
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0hemical .omenclature
G often a metal 5 nonmetal G anion (nonmetal), add 9ide; to element name
Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
>a0l! K!F M"(F:)! K.F4
H Ionic "ompounds
potassium oxide
potassium nitrate
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! 0l+ +! so Je is 5! 4 0l+ +4 so Je is 54
Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
iron(II) chloride
iron(III) chloride
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H Molecular compounds
H element further left in periodic ta%le is 1st H element closest to %ottom of "roup is 1st H if more than one compound can %e formed from the same elements, use prefixes to indicate num%er of each <ind of atom H last element ends in ide
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Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
Molecular "ompounds
Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
nitro"en trifluoride sulfur dioxide nitro"en dioxide dinitro"en monoxide
:I
hydro"en iodide
Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
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An acid can %e defined as a su%stance that yields hydro"en ions (:5) &hen dissol#ed in &ater
An oxoacid is an acid that contains hydro"en, oxy"en, and another element :.F4 :!0F4 :!BF' nitric acid
Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
car%onic acid sulfuric acid
:0l H/ure su%stance, hydro"en chloride HDissol#ed in &ater (:5 0l-), hydrochloric acid
:.F4
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Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
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Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
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Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
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Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
.aF: KF: >a(F:)!
A base can %e defined as a su%stance that yields hydroxide ions (F:-) &hen dissol#ed in &ater sodium hydroxide potassium hydroxide %arium hydroxide
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Hydrates are compounds that ha#e a specific num%er of &ater molecules attached to them
Li0lH:!F
M"BF'H3:!F
Br(.F4)! H':!F
Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
>a0l!H!:!F
0uBF'H7:!F
0uBF'
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Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
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Organic chemistry is the %ranch of chemistry that deals &ith car%on compounds
Pe U rs se o n W al IS u EL se Y on !! ly .
: 0 : .:!
#unctional $roups
: 0 : acetic acid F 0 F: : :
: : 0 : methanol
F:
methylamine
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