Anatomy and Physiology Mid-Term Exam Study Guide Name ______________________ Period ____________________

This study guide must be completed completely and handed in prior to the exam to receive 5 extra points on the exam. There are no exceptions to this rule. 1) Know the cavities of the body (Figure 1.9 on p. 17 and Figure 1.13 on pg.19).What cavity contains the lungs? Brain? Spine? Digestive organs? Heart? Eyes? Mouth? Joint? 2) Define anatomy, physiology, cytology, gross anatomy, embryology, microscopic anatomy and histology. 3) Know the systems of the body and what organs make up each system. Also, know what the main function(s) of each system is. (See page 6 and 7 in textbook). Listed below are several terms and functions. Identify the appropriate organ system that each one belongs to. a) Rectum o) Ovary (can be used twice)
b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) n) Mammary glands Urinary bladder Thyroid gland Spinal cord Brain Skeletal muscles Spleen Lymph nodes Bronchus Large intestine Hair Joint Skin p) q) r) s) t) u) v) w) x) y) z) Prostate gland Kidney Nails Lung Red bone marrow Heart Nerves Urethra Scrotom Uterus Liver

b) Keeps blood supplied with Oxygen c) External body covering d) Eliminates waste in the form of feces e) Plays a major role in mounting immune response f) Transports blood throughout the body g) Contains many different glands that secrete hormones

h) Eliminates nitrogenous waste in the form of urine i) Gas exchange occurs in lungs j) Houses white blood cells k) Allows for locomotion l) Produces heat m) Provides framework n) Site of cutaneous pain receptors and sweat glands o) Protects deep tissues from injury p) Fast-acting control system of the body

4) Define homeostasis. What is the normal body temperature of a human (in Celsius/centigrade)? 5) What is the range of blood pH that a healthy adult would be in? Is the pH of blood slightly acidic or basic? 6) Draw out the pH scale. Which values are alkaline/basic and which are acidic? Neutral is represented by what number on the scale? 7) Differentiate between negative and positive feedback. 8) Know the directional terms on p.13 of your textbook. What is the most lateral distal portion of the arm called? 9) Know the different planes of the body on p.14. What is a frontal cut? 10) What are the levels of structural organization from least to greatest as outlined on pg.4? 11) What is the anatomical position? 12) Why is the anatomical position important? 13) What are the differences between the nucleic acids DNA and RNA? Which nucleotides make up each? 14) There are three types of RNA. List all three and their function. 15) What are the basic components of the cell? List each component as well as its function. (Your answer should include something about the golgi apparatus, mitochondria, nucleus, RER, SER, cell membrane and lysozymes). 16) What are phospholipids? What is their importance to the plasma membrane? What are their properties? 17) What is the difference between organic and inorganic molecules? List the 4 main classes of organic molecules (give examples for each). Give an example of an inorganic molecule. 18) What are enzymes? Know the properties of enzymes and what they are composed of.. 19) What are the basic elements that make up the body? 20) If given a sequence of DNA such as TTTGGGAAC. a) Convert this sequence into a copy of DNA. b) Convert this sequence into a copy of mRNA. 21) Our bodies contain elastic, hyaline and fibrocartilage. Differentiate between the 3 and identify which is the most common. List examples of where each of these types of cartilage can be found. 22) Draw out the diagram of the skin. What are the 3 main layers of the skin? Each of these layers can further be subdivided. Know all the layers of the skin (in order) and the main function of each layer. 23) What is the rule of nines? 24) Differentiate between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree burns. 25) What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands? 26) What are ceruminous glands, sebaceous glands, mammary, and sudoriferous glands?. 27) What muscle is responsible for making your hair stand on end when you are cold? 28) Know how to identify long, short, flat and irregular bones. What are the differences between each of these types? 29) Draw out the structure of a long bone. Understand all the components of the bone. 30) What is the difference between yellow marrow and red marrow? Where are each found. 31) What is hematopoiesis? Where does it occur? 32) Define osteocyte, osteon, osteoblast, osteogenesis, and osteoclast. 33) What are the different types of bone breaks? Describe each. 34) Which type of break is most common in children?

35) What is Wolffs law? 36) What hormone is responsible for bone growth in childhood? When does bone growth stop and what hormone plays a role in this? 37) Where specifically does growth (lengthening) of long bones occur? 38) What nutrients are important for bone growth? Lack of certain nutrients is usually associated with physical deformities or bone disease. Which ones are they? 39) What are the functions of the skeleton? 40) What is the difference between axial and appendicular skeleton? 41) What is the function of intervertebral discs? What are they comprised of? 42) Know the different regions of the spine. How many vertebrae make up each region? 43) What are the main bones of the skull? 44) What sutures are responsible for joining the skull bones together? List each suture and describe the bones they join. 45) There are three main types of joints. List them and give examples. Where are each found? 46) What is a sarcomere? Understand the structure of a sarcomere know all the components (I band, H zone, M line, Z disc and A band). 47) What are actin and myosin? 48) What is the difference between isotonic and isometric contractions? 49) What is the sliding filament model of contraction? 50) What are the different parts of the eye? List a function/description for each part. 51) Draw out the eye and label. 52) What is the pathway of light through the eye (from cornea to retina)? 53) Define emmetropia, hyperopia, myopia and astigmatism. 54) Differentiate between rods and cones. Include in your answer whether they are best used in the dark/light, close up vision/far away, clear vision, and color or black/white. 55) What happens to your pupil/iris if you look at someone attractive? Focus on a problem? Go into a dark room? Go into a bright room?