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In linear system, there is inverse relationship between the bandwidth and the rise time of linear system.

For linear system, consider simple RC circuit. When the input voltages changes instantaneously across RC circuit the output voltage changes as

The total rise time of the optical fiber link is the root sum square of the rise times from each contributor. In any optical fiber link if

(i) Mode Partition Noise (MPN) Mode partition noise occurs in multimode semi conductor laser when the modes are not well stabilized. Even when the total output power from a laser is maintained nearly constant, temperature changes can cause relative intensities of the various longitudinal modes in the lasers output spectrum to vary considerably from one pulse to another pulse. When dispersion is not present, mode partition noise will be harmless because all modes would remain synchronized during transmission and detection. As different modes travel at slightly different speeds inside the fiber, they are always un synchronized. Due to such desynchronization of different modes the receiver current exhibits additional fluctuations. MPN can also occur in single mode device as a result of the residual side modes in the laser output spectrum. It varies between lasers operating at 1.3 grn and those operating at 1.55gm. (ii) Modal Noise Modal noise occurs when the light from a coherent laser is coupled into a multimode fiber. It affects the systems operating above 400 Mb/s. In optical fiber link, modal noise occurs due to vibrations, connectors, splices, micro bends. These disturbances result in differential mode delay of

optical power which produces temporal fluctuations in the speckle pattern at the receiving end thus creating modal noise in the receiver. Inter modal delays are also produced due to fluctuations in the frequency of an optical source. A coherent source forms speckle patterns when its coherence time is greater than the intermodal dispersion time c5T within the fiber. But if speckle pattern fluctuates then modal noise occurs, Speckle pattern fluctuates when the coherence time of source becomes much less than the intermodal dispersion time. Modal noise can also occur in single mode systems if short sections of fibers are installed between two connectors or splices. Modal noise can be reduced if we use incoherent source LED in place of LASER. It can also be reduced by using a laser which has a large number of longitudinal modes (10 or more). By using fiber with large numerical aperture which supports a large number of modes and gives a greater number of speckles, modal noise can be reduced. (iii) Reflection Noise In fiber-optic communication system, when light travels through a fiber link, some optical power gets reflected at refractive index discontinuities such as in splices, couplers, and filters. The performance of both transmitter and receiver is degraded by reflected optical power. In high speed system, this reflected power causes optical

Feedback which can induce laser instabilities. The reflected power can cause output power fluctuations, phase distortion or phase noise in the laser. It can also change the wavelength, line width and threshold current of laser which further reduce signal to noise ratio. The reflected signal can set up multiple reflection point in infer metric cavity that feeds power back to the laser cavity and convert phase noise into intensity noise. It also cause intersymbol interference at receiver due to the appearance of spurious signals at receiver,

This optical feedback can be reduced by using fiber having curved end faces which will not allow reflected light to re-enter the fiber. By making physical contact of connectors and by using optical isolators within the laser transmitter module, optical feedback can be reduced.

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