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Tirecode
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Automobiletiresaredescribedbyanalphanumerictirecode(inAmericanEnglishandCanadianEnglish)or tyrecode(inBritishEnglish,AustralianEnglishandothers),whichisgenerallymoldedintothesidewallof thetire.Thiscodespecifiesthedimensionsofthetire,andsomeofitskeylimitations,suchasloadbearing ability,andmaximumspeed.Sometimestheinnersidewallcontainsinformationnotincludedontheouter sidewall,andviceversa. Thecodehasgrownincomplexityovertheyears,asisevidentfromthemixofmetricandimperialunits,and adhocextensionstoletteringandnumberingschemes.Newautomotivetiresfrequentlyhaveratingsfor traction,treadwear,andtemperatureresistance(collectivelyknownasTheUniformTireQualityGrade (UTQG)ratings). MosttiressizesaregivenusingtheISOMetricsizingsystem.However,somepickuptrucksandSUVsuse theLightTruckNumericorLightTruckHighFlotationsystem.
Contents
1Nationaltechnicalstandardsregulations 2Explanationoftirecodes 2.1Lighttrucks 2.2Loadrange 2.3Loadindex 2.4Speedrating 3Rimwidths 3.1Additionalmarks 4Tiregeometry 4.1Examples 5Tractortires 6Seealso 7References 8Externallinks
Nationaltechnicalstandardsregulations
TheEuropeanTyreandRimTechnicalOrganisation(ETRTO)andtheTireandRimAssociation(TRA)are twoorganizationsthatinfluencenationaltirestandards.TheobjectiveoftheETRTOincludealigningnational tireandrimstandardsinEurope.[1]TheTireandRimAssociation,formerlyknownasTheTireandRim AssociationofAmerica,Inc.,isanAmericantradeorganizationwhichstandardizestechnicalstandards.[2]In theUnitedStates,theOfficeofVehicleSafetyCompliance,acomponentoftheDepartmentof
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Explanationoftirecodes
TheISOMetrictirecodeconsistsofastringoflettersand numbers,asfollows: Anoptionalletter(orletters)indicatingtheintended useorvehicleclassforthetire: P:PassengerCar LT:LightTruck ST:SpecialTrailer T:Temporary(restrictedusagefor"Space Saver"sparewheels) UseoftheletterPindicatesthatthetireis engineeredtoTRAstandardsandabsenceof Tireidentificationdiagram aletterindicatesthatthetireisengineeredto ETRTOstandards.Inpractice,thestandards ofthetwoorganizationshaveevolvedtogetherandarevirtuallyinterchangable.[5] 3digitnumber:The"nominalsectionwidth"ofthetireinmillimetersthewidestpointfrombothouter edges. /:Slashcharacterforcharacterseparation. 2or3digitnumber:The"aspectratio"ofthesidewallheighttothetotalwidthofthetire,asa percentage.Iftheinformationisomitted,itisassumedtobe82%.Ifthenumberislargerthan200,then thisisthediameteroftheentiretireinmillimeters. Anoptionalletterindicatingconstructionofthefabriccarcassofthetire: B:biasbelt(wherethesidewallsarethesamematerialasthetread,leadingtoarigidride) D:diagonal R:radial ifomitted,thenitisacrossplytire 2digitnumber:Diameterininchesofthewheelthatthetiresaredesignedtofit.Thereistherare exceptionmetricdiametertires,suchastheuseofthe390size,whichinthiscasewouldindicatea wheelof390mmindiameter.Fewtiresaremadetothissizepresently.[6] 2or3digitnumber:Loadindexseetablebelow 1or2digit/lettercombo:Speedratingseetablebelow Additionalmarks:Seesubheadingbelow.
Lighttrucks
SomelighttrucktiresfollowtheLightTruckNumericorLightTruckHighFlotationsystems,indicatedby thelettersLTattheendinsteadofthebeginningofthesequence,asfollows:
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thelettersLTattheendinsteadofthebeginningofthesequence,asfollows: ThetirediameterisgivenforHighFlotationtires andomittedfromNumerictires. 2digitnumber:Thediameterofthetirein inches. x:Separatorcharacter. 3or4digitnumber:Thesectionwidth(cross section)ofthetireininches.Ifthetirediameteris notgiven,sectionwidthsendinginzero(e.g.,7.00 or10.50)indicatetheaspectratiois92%,while sectionwidthsnotendinginzero(e.g.,7.05or 10.55)indicatetheaspectratiois82%. Constructionofthefabricofthetire: B:biasbelt D:diagonal R:radial Tireidentificationdiagram,lighttruckspecific 2digitnumber:Diameterininchesofthewheel features rimthatthistireisdesignedtofit. LT:DesignatesthatthisisaLightTrucktire. Loadindexandspeedratingarenotrequiredforthistypeoftirebutmaybeprovidedbythe manufacturer. 2or3digitnumber:Loadindexseetablebelow. 1or2digit/lettercombination:Speedratingseetablebelow. Additionalmarks:Seesubheadingbelow.
Loadrange
TheLoadRangeLetteronlighttrucktiresindicatestheirplyrating.[7]
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LoadRange PlyRating A B C D E F G H J L M N 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Thereisacommonmisconceptionthatthereisaspecificequivalencebetweenatire'sLoadRange(orply rating)andtheinflationpressureatwhichitachievesitsmaximumload.[8]Inreality,tiresofthesameLoad Indexmayrequiredramaticallydifferentpressurestoachievetheirpublishedloadratings. Thiscanbeseenbyconsultingthestandardspublishedeveryyearbytheindustrystandardsgroup,theTire andRimAssociation.Asanexample,their2010YearBookshowsthatLoadRangeCtiresmayrequire 35psi(240kPa)or55psi(380kPa),LoadRangeDtiresmayrequire50psi(340kPa)or65psi(450kPa), andLoadRangeEtiresmayrequire65psi(450kPa)or80psi(550kPa)toachievetheirLoadIndexand MaximumLoads.[9]Thisisalsothecaseinthetablespublishedbymajortiremakers,whodofollowthese TRAstandardsandhavemultipleinflationpressuresforthesameLoadRangeinthetirestheysell.[10] Itisessentialtoconsulttheguideslikethosejustmentionedwhenmakingtiresubstitutions,andtoread exactlywhatisimprintedonthesidewallsoftires.AdifferentsizeoftirewiththesameLoadRangemay requireahigherinflationpressure,andmayfailinuseifunderinflated. InsomecasesitmaybeadvantageoustousecarorvantiresinsteadofSpecialTrailertires,forexamplethe 195/50R13Cwithaloadratingof104issuperiortothe155/70R12SpecialTrailertireeventhoughthe LoadRatingsarethesame.Thewarning"NOTTOBEUSEDONPASSENGERVEHICLES"thattheST tirewillhaveinformstheuserthatsuchtiresareinferiortocartires.
Loadindex
Theloadindexonapassengercartireisanumericalcodestipulatingthemaximumload(mass,orweight) eachtirecancarry.ForLoadRange"B"tires,ETRTO(ISOMetric)standardsspecifytheloadindexratingat aninflationpressureof36psi(250kPa)(tableBelow)whilePMetricstandardsmeasuretheloadcapacityat aninflationpressureof35psi(240kPa).Thetwostandardsvaryslightlywiththecapacityrequiredfor differentinflationpressures.[11]
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differentinflationpressures.[11] WhileallETRTOtiresofthesameloadindexwillhavethesamemaximumload,PMetrictireswiththesame loadindexmayhavedifferentloadcapacitiesdependingonthetiresize.TheTRAInflationTablesmust alwaysbeconsultedwhencomparingtheloadcapacityofPMetrictirestheLoadIndexaloneisnot sufficient.Anexample:aP205/50R15StandardLoadtirehasaloadindexof84andaloadratingof505kg (1,113lb)at35psi(240kPa).AP215/50R13withthesameloadindexof84onlyhasaloadratingof495kg (1,091lb),alsoat35psi(240kPa).[12] ETRTOproducesaStandardsManual(currentedition2010)whichcontainsanumberofspecificationsand tables.Theloadindextable(2010pageG7)liststheLoadindexfrom045kg(099lb)to279136,000kg (620300,000lb)(althoughitappearstorelatetoaninflationpressureof42psi(290kPa)itdoesn'tspecify, butseeLoadInflationTable).[13]TheLoadInflationTablereferencestheloadindextoinflationpressures between22psi(150kPa)and42psi(290kPa)at1psi(6.9kPa)intervalswhichistoolargetobeincluded here.[14]
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StandardLoadTable(extractfromETRTOStandardsManual2010pageG7ref42psi (290kPa))[15] Code Weight Code Weight Code Weight Code Weight 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 250kg(550lb) 257kg(570lb) 265kg(580lb) 272kg(600lb) 280kg(620lb) 290kg(640lb) 300kg(660lb) 307kg(680lb) 315kg(690lb) 325kg(720lb) 335kg(740lb) 345kg(760lb) 355kg(780lb) 365kg(800lb) 375kg(830lb) 387kg(850lb) 400kg(880lb) 412kg(910lb) 425kg(940lb) 437kg(960lb) 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 450kg(990lb) 462kg(1,020lb) 475kg(1,050lb) 487kg(1,070lb) 500kg(1,100lb) 515kg(1,140lb) 530kg(1,200lb) 545kg(1,200lb) 560kg(1,200lb) 580kg(1,300lb) 600kg(1,300lb) 615kg(1,360lb) 630kg(1,400lb) 650kg(1,400lb) 670kg(1,500lb) 690kg(1,500lb) 710kg(1,600lb) 730kg(1,600lb) 750kg(1,700lb) 775kg(1,710lb) 100 800kg(1,800lb) 101 825kg(1,820lb) 102 850kg(1,900lb) 103 875kg(1,930lb) 104 900kg(2,000lb) 105 925kg(2,040lb) 106 950kg(2,100lb) 107 975kg(2,150lb) 108 1,000kg(2,200lb) 109 1,030kg(2,300lb) 110 1,060kg(2,300lb) 111 1,090kg(2,400lb) 112 1,120kg(2,500lb) 113 1,150kg(2,500lb) 114 1,180kg(2,600lb) 115 1,215kg(2,680lb) 116 1,250kg(2,800lb) 117 1,285kg(2,830lb) 118 1,320kg(2,900lb) 119 1,360kg(3,000lb) 120 1,400kg(3,100lb) 121 1,450kg(3,200lb) 122 1,500kg(3,300lb) 123 1,550kg(3,400lb) 124 1,600kg(3,500lb) 125 1,650kg(3,600lb)
SomeoftheolderlettercodeloadrangeratingsforLightTruckTirescanbefoundinachart[16]publishedby theGoodyearTireCompany.Forexample TireSize LRCode Weight(lbs)@lb/in2 Weight(lbs)@lb/in2 D E 2680@80 2680@80 3042@80 3042@80
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Speedrating
ThespeedsymbolismadeupofasingleletteroranAwithonenumber.Itindicatesthemaximumspeedat whichthetirecancarryaloadcorrespondingtoitsLoadIndex.[17] Speedrating[18] Code mph km/h Code mph A1 3 A2 6 A3 9 A4 12 A5 16 A6 19 A7 22 A8 25 B C D E F G J K 31 37 40 43 50 56 62 68 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 50 60 65 70 80 90 100 110 L M N P Q R S T U H V Z W Y 75 81 87 94 100 106 112 118 124 130 149 168 186 km/h 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 240 270 300
over149 over240
Priorto1991,tirespeedratingswereshowninsidethetiresize,beforethe"R"constructiontype.The availablecodeswereSR(112mph,180km/h),HR(130mph,210km/h),VR(inexcessof130mph, 210km/h). Tireswithaspeedratinghigherthan186mph(300km/h)areindicatedbyaYinparenthesis.[citationneeded] Theloadratingisoftenincludedwithintheparenthesis,e.g.(86Y). Inmanycountries,thelawrequiresthattiresmustbespecified,andfitted,toexceedthemaximumspeedof thevehicletheyaremountedon,withregardstotheirspeedratingcode(exceptfor"TemporaryUse"spare tires).InsomepartsoftheEuropeanUnion,tiresthatarenotfitforacar'sormotorcycle'sparticularmaximum speedareillegaltomount.ThesoleexceptionareM+Stires,whereawarningstickerstatingtheallowed maximumspeedmustbeplacedwithinclearsightofthedriverinsidethevehicle.Somemanufacturerswill installaspeedgovernorifavehicleisorderedwithtiresratedbelowthevehicle'smaximumspeed.
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Rimwidths
Todeterminetheallowablerangeofrimwidthsforaspecifictiresize,theTRAYearbookorthe manufacturer'sguideshouldalwaysbeconsultedforthatspecifictirethereisnoruleofthumb.[19]Running atireonarimsizeortypenotapprovedbyitsmanufacturercanresultintirefailureandalossofvehicle control.
Additionalmarks
Therearenumerousothermarkingsonatypicaltire,thesemayinclude: M+S,orM&S:MudandSnowAtirethatmeetstheRubberManufacturersAssociation(RMA)and RubberAssociationofCanada(RAC)allseasontiredefinition.[20]Theseareallweathertires,with selfcleaningtreadandaboveaveragetractioninmuddyorverylightsnowyconditions,andforlow ambienttemperatures.Spiketireshaveanadditionalletter,"E"(M+SE). MountainSnowflakePictograph:Winterpassengerandlighttrucktiresthatmeettheseveresnow servicerequirementsofRubberManufacturersAssociation(RMA)andRubberAssociationofCanada (RAC).[20] BSW:BlackSideWall WSW:WhiteSideWall OWL:OutlineWhiteLettering ORWL:OutlinedRaisedWhiteLettering RWL:RaisedWhiteLettering VSB:VerticalSerratedBand BSL:BlackSerratedLetters E4:TireapprovedaccordingECEregulations,thenumberindicatingthecountryofapproval. 030908:Approvalnumberofthetire DOTcode:AlltiresforuseintheUSAhavetheDOTcode,asrequiredbytheDepartmentof Transportation(DOT).Itspecifiesthecompany,factory,mold,batch,anddateofproduction(two digitsforweekoftheyearplustwodigitsforyearortwodigitsforweekoftheyearplusonedigitfor yearfortiresmadepriorto2000).Althoughnotlaw,sometiremanufacturersdonotsuggestusinga "new"tirethathasbeensittingontheshelfformorethansixyears(FordMotorCompany)or10years (CooperTirecitingatireassociationrecommendation).[citationneeded]JATMA,theJapanese AutomotiveTyreManufacturersAssociationrecommendsthatalltiresbeinspectedatfiveyears,and alltiresthatweremanufacturedmorethantenyearspreviousbereplaced.[21] TL:Tubeless TT:Tubetype,tiremustbeusedwithaninnertube Madein...:Countryofproduction C:Commercialtiresforlighttrucks(Example:185R14C) B:Biasbeltedtiresformotorcycles(Example:150/70B1769H)diagonalconstructionwithbelt addedunderthetread SFI,orInner:SideFacingInwardsinsideofasymmetrictires SFO,orOuter:SideFacingOutwardsoutsideofasymmetrictires
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TWI:TreadWearIndicatoradevice,suchasatriangleorasmallMichelinManicon,locatedwhere thetreadmeetsthesidewall.Itindicatesthelocationoftheraisedwearbarsinbetweenthetiretread channels. LL:LightLoadtiresforlightusageandloads SL:StandardLoadtirefornormalusageandloads XL:eXtraLoadatirethatallowsahigherinflationpressurethanaStandardLoadtire,whichincreases thetire'smaximumload RF:ReinforcedforEurometrictires,theterm'reinforced'meansthesamethingas'ExtraLoad'[20] Arrows:Sometreaddesignsare"directional",anddesignedtoperformbetterwhendriveninaspecific direction(clockwiseorcounterclockwise).Suchtireswillhaveanarrowshowingwhichwaythetire shouldrotatewhenthevehicleismovingforwards.Itisimportantnottoputa"clockwise"tireonthe lefthandsideofthecarora"counterclockwise"tireontherightside. MO:OriginaltiresforMercedesBenz MOE:MercedesBenzOriginalExtended[20] Nx:OriginaltiresforPorschewhere"x"isa"0"forthefirstapprovedinthatsize,"1"thesecond, ...[20] Star:OriginaltiresforBMW RSCinaCircle:BMWRunflatSystemComponent[20] TPC:GeneralMotorsOEFitments[20] AMx:AstonMartinOEFitments[20] "100T":Commonlyappearsaftertiresize.Meaning:StandardLoadInflationTable(100)&Speed Rating(T) Tofacilitateproperbalancing,mosttiremanufacturersalsomarkredcircles(uniformity)and/oryellow dots(weight)onthesidewallsoftheirtirestoenablethebestpossiblematchmountingofthetire/wheel assembly.[22]
Tiregeometry
Whenreferringtothepurelygeometricaldata,ashortenedformofthefullnotationisused.Totakeacommon example,195/55R16wouldmeanthatthenominalwidthofthetireisapproximately195mmatthewidest point,theheightofthesidewallofthetireis55%ofthewidth(107mminthisexample)andthatthetirefits 16inchdiameter(410mm)wheels.Thecodegivesadirectcalculationofthetheoreticaldiameterofthetire. Forasizeshownas"T/A_W"use(2TA/100)+(W25.4)foraresultinmillimetersor(T*A/1270)+Wfor aresultininches.Takethecommonexampleusedabove(219555/100)+(1625.4)=621mmor (19555/1270)+16=24.44inches. LesscommonlyusedintheUSAandEurope(butofteninJapanforexample)isanotationthatindicatesthe fulltirediameterinsteadofthesidewallheight.Totakethesameexample,a16inchwheelwouldhavea diameterof406mm.Addingtwicethetireheight(2107mm)makesatotal620mmtirediameter.Hence,a 195/55R16tiremightalternativelybelabelled195/620R16. Whilstthisistheoreticallyambiguous,inpracticethesetwonotationsmayeasilybedistinguishedbecausethe heightofthesidewallofanautomotivetireistypicallymuchlessthanthewidth.Hencewhentheheightis expressedasapercentageofthewidth,itisalmostalwayslessthan100%(andcertainlylessthan200%).
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Examples
ThetiresonaBMWMiniCoopermightbelabeled:P195/55R1685H Pthesetiresareforapassengervehicle.However'P'denotesPmetricsizeloadandspeedrating changesforPtire&nonPtires. 195thenominalwidthofthetireisapproximately195mmatthewidestpoint 55indicatesthattheheightofthesidewallofthetireis55%ofthewidth(107mm) Rthisisaradialtire 16thistirefits16in(410mm)wheels 85theloadindex,amaximumof515kg(1,140lb)pertireinthiscase Hthespeedindex,thismeansthemaximumpermittedspeed,here210km/h(130mph). ThetiresonaHummerH1mightbelabeled:37X12.5R17LT 37thetireis37in(940mm)indiameter 12.5thetirehasacrosssectionof12.5in(320mm) Rthisisaradialtire 17thistirefits17in(430mm)wheels LTthisisalighttrucktire.
Tractortires
Thenumericcodesontractortiressince1955haverequiredeithertwoorthreenumbers:WDorH/WD where'W'isthewidthofthetireininches,DisthediameteroftherimininchesandH(ifprovided)isthe percentageheightofthetire.Hence,5.0015isatirethatwillfita15inchdiameter(380mm)rimandis5in (130mm)widebutofindeterminateheight.25/516isatirethathasa5in(130mm)width,fitsa16inch diameter(410mm)rimandwhoseheightisapproximately25in(640mm).[24]
Seealso
Motorcycletires Plussizing Speedometererrorsinducedbyvariationsintiresize. Tiremanufacturing
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UniformTireQualityGrading(UTQG) Wheelsizing
References
1. ^Aboutus(http://www.etrto.org/page.asp?id=1685&langue=EN) ,EuropeanTyreandRimTechnical Organisation.Retrieved20100105. 2. ^ScopeoftheAssociationandSomeofitsHistory(http://www.ustra.org/traAbout.html) ,TheTireandRim Association.Retrieved20100104. 3. ^LaboratoryTestProcedureforFMVSS120 (http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/staticfiles/DOT/NHTSA/Vehicle%20Safety/Test%20Procedures/Associated%20Files/T P12003.pdf) ,NationalHighwayTrafficandSafetyAdministration,UnitedStatesDepartmentof Transportation,April10,2000.Retrieved20100105. 4. ^MotorVehicleTireSafetyRegulationsSOR95148(http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/regu/sor95 148/latest/sor95148.html) ,CanadianLegalInformationInstitute.Retrieved20100105. 5. ^CareandMaintenanceTechnical(http://www.dunloptires.com/care/tech.html) ,DunlopTires.Retrieved 20100105. 6. ^AbriefhistoryofradialtiresandtheoffbeatTRXsystem(http://www.drtheo.nl/CX/TRXhistory.htm) , MichelinTRX,Dr.TheoNetherlands.Retrieved20100105. 7. ^"2010YearBook",TheTireandRimAssociation,Inc.,PrefacepXVII 8. ^"LoadRange/PlyRatingIdentification"(http://www.tirerack.com/tires/tiretech/techpage.jsp?techid=55) . http://www.tirerack.com/tires/tiretech/techpage.jsp?techid=55 .Retrieved20080816. 9. ^"2010YearBook",TheTireandRimAssociation,Inc.,Section2:p211 10. ^"BridgestoneProductReferenceGuide",TheBridgestoneTire&RubberCo.,LoadandInflationTables:pp33 40. 11. ^GuidelinesfortheApplicationonLoadandInflationTables (http://marktg.toyotires.com/file/loadinflationtable.pdf) ,ToyoTires.Retrieved20100105. 12. ^GuidelinesfortheApplicationonLoadandInflationTables (http://marktg.toyotires.com/file/loadinflationtable.pdf) ,ToyoTires.Retrieved20100105. 13. ^EuropeanTyreandRimTechnicalOrganisationStandardsManual2010G6 (http://www.etrto.org/files/files/ETRTO/Index_Publications_SM/SM_2010_GEN_INFO.pdf) , 14. ^GuidelinesfortheApplicationonLoadandInflationTables (http://marktg.toyotires.com/file/loadinflationtable.pdf) ,ToyoTires.Retrieved20100105. 15. ^EuropeanTyreandRimTechnicalOrganisationStandardsManual2010G6 (http://www.etrto.org/files/files/ETRTO/Index_Publications_SM/SM_2010_GEN_INFO.pdf) , 16. ^"GoodyearTruckTiresServiceManual",Section11,Retreading,p107[1] (http://www.goodyeartrucktires.com/pdf/resources/servicemanual/Retread_S11_V.pdf) 17. ^EuropeanTyreandRimTechnicalOrganisationStandardsManual2010G6 (http://www.etrto.org/files/files/ETRTO/Index_Publications_SM/SM_2010_GEN_INFO.pdf) , 18. ^EuropeanTyreandRimTechnicalOrganisationStandardsManual2010G6 (http://www.etrto.org/files/files/ETRTO/Index_Publications_SM/SM_2010_GEN_INFO.pdf) , 19. ^"BridgestoneProductReferenceGuide",TheBridgestoneTire&RubberCo. 20. ^ a b c d e f g h"BridgestoneProductReferenceGuide",TheBridgestoneTire&RubberCo.,CoreTire Knowledge:Glossary 21. ^"BridgestoneProductReferenceGuide",TheBridgestoneTire&RubberCo.,TechnicalBulletins:Tire InspectionGuidelines 22. ^"TirecareMatchmounting"(http://www.yokohamatire.com/customer_service/tirecare_matchmounting.aspx) .YokohamaTireCorporation.http://www.yokohamatire.com/customer_service/tirecare_matchmounting.aspx .
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23. ^"2010YearBook",TheTireandRimAssociation,Inc. 24. ^"FAQ's"(http://www.millertire.com/FAQs.asp) .http://www.millertire.com/FAQs.asp .Retrieved2008 0116. TireSafety(http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/TireSafety/ridesonit/brochure.html) ,UnitedStates DepartmentofTransportation
Externallinks
VisualTireSizeCalculator(http://www.kouki.co.uk/utilities/visualtyresizecalculator) Tire/WheelSizeCalculator(http://www.tiresizecalculator.info) "BetterLivingbyReadingSidewalls"fromGoldenGateLotusClub (http://www.gglotus.org/ggtech/tireDOTnotes/tirerat.htm) Metric&InchesTireCalculator(http://www.tacomaworld.com/forum/tirecalc.php) Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tire_code&oldid=528656716" Categories: Tires Encodings
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