E

E
CE5984
CE5984
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing and Related
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing and Related
Technologies
Technologies
Fall 2007
Fall 2007
Mohamed EssamKhedr
OFDM Basics I
Textbook
Textbook
OFDM and MC-CDMA for broadband multi-user
communications by Lajos Hanzo et al
Additional Readings:
Richard van Nee and Ramjee Prasad, OFDM for Wireless
Multimedia Communications, Artech House: 2000 (ISBN:
OR90065306)
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing for Wireless
Communications by Ye (Geoffrey) Li (Editor), Gordon L.
Stuber (Editor), ISBN 0387290958
Ahmad Bahai and Burton Saltzberg, Multi-Carrier Digital
Communications: Theory and Applications of OFDM,
Plenum Publishing Corporation: 1999, ISBN: 0306462966.
Syllabus
Syllabus
Wireless channels characteristics (7.5%) 1
wireless channel modeling and characteristics
Large scale and small scale models
Common channel models
Channel categories and parameter calculation.
Prob. of error calculations
OFDM Basics (10%) 1
History of OFDM
OFDM System model
Discrete-time signals & systems and DFT
Generation of subcarriers using the IFFT
Guard time, cyclic extension
Windowing
Choice of OFDM parameters & OFDM signal processing
Implementation complexity of OFDM versus single carrier modulation
Modulation and Coding (10%) 2
Linear and nonlinear modulation
Interleaving and channel coding
Optimal bit and power allocation
Adaptive modulation
Syllabus
Syllabus
Analysis of OFDM systems (15%) 2
RF subsystems, amplifier classification and distortion
Crest factor (PAPR) reduction techniques
Pre-distortion & adaptive pre-distortion techniques
clipping
coding techniques
partial transmit sequences (PTS) & modified PTS v. selective mapping
nonlinear quantization (companding)
Phase noise and I&Q imbalance for QAM
Performance of OFDM in Gaussian channels
Performance of OFDM in Wide-band channels
Synchronization and Estimation (15%) 2
ICI and OISI problems
Timing estimation
Frequency synchronization
Frequency error estimation algorithms
Carrier phase tracking
Frequency domain and time domain approaches for channel estimation
coherent detection
differential detection
Syllabus
Syllabus
Multi-user OFDM Techniques (10%) 2
Adaptive modulations in OFDM
Power and bit allocations in OFDM
Scalable OFDM
Flash OFDM
Diversity (7.5%) 1
Limits of capacity in fading environments
Channel models for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system
Receiver diversity techniques
Transmit diversity techniques and design criteria for fading channels
Block, trellis and layered space-time codes
Multi-carrier CDMA (10%) 1
MC-CDMA versus DS-CDMA
MC-CDMA versus orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)
OFDMA and MC-CDMA performance evaluation in wide-band channels
Syllabus
Syllabus
Physical and Medium Access Control (MAC) for IEEE 802.11 Networks
(7.5%) 1
Physical modeling of 802.11 networks
MAC system architecture
Frame exchange with RTS/CTS
Power management
Synchronization
Physical and Medium Access Control (MAC) for IEEE 802.16 Networks
(7.5%) 1
Physical modeling of 802.16 networks
MAC system architecture
QoS guarantees in Wimax
Power management
Synchronization
Grading
Grading
Type of assignment Percent of Grade
Home works 20%
Matlab Assignments 20%
Midterm 20%
Final project presentation and term paper 20%
Final Exam 20%

Matlab
Matlab
Assignment 1
Assignment 1
Develop a WGN channel that accepts symbol input, adds
noise to it with certain SNR and produces the noisy ouput.
Develop a Flat Fading Channel following Rayleigh and
ricean distribution
Develop a Frequency selective channel following Rayleigh
and ricean distribution
All inputs to the channel are baseband signals.
Compare with the matlab functions (if exist)
Plot the probability of error vs SNR
Lecture one Fading channels
Lecture one Fading channels
Impulse Impulse R Response esponse C Characterization haracterization
(t
0
)
t
0
t
2
(t
2
)
t
1
(t
1
)
Time spreading property
T
i
m
e

v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
s

p
r
o
p
e
r
t
y
Impulse response: Time-spreading : multipath
and time-variations: time-varying environment
Propagation mechanisms
C
A
D
B
Receiver
Transmitter
A: free space
B: reflection
C: diffraction
D: scattering
A: free space
B: reflection
C: diffraction
D: scattering
reflection: object is large
compared to wavelength
scattering: object is small
or its surface irregular
Multipath Propagation
Multipath Propagation

Simple Model
Simple Model
h
c
(t) =
k

k
(t -
k
)
where k = 0, , K-1

k
: path gain (complex)

0
= 0 normalize relative
delay of first path

k
=
k
-
0
difference in
time-of-flight
| | | |
0
| || |
| | | |
1
| || |
| | | |
2
| || |

1

2

0

1

2
path delay
path delay
path attenuation
path attenuation
path phase
path phase
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
0
,
i
L
j t
i i
i
h t a t e

=
=

Impact of
Impact of
Multipath
Multipath
: Delay Spread & ISI
: Delay Spread & ISI
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
t/T
s
2T
s
4T
s
T
s
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
-0.5
0
0.5
1
t/T
s
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
t/T
s
Max delay spread = effective number of symbol periods occupied by channel
Requires equalization to remove resulting ISI
Stochastical (WSSUS) channel variables
Maximum delay spread: T
m
Maximum delay spread may be
defined in several ways.
For this reason, the RMS delay
spread is often used instead:
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
h h
h h
d d
d d

(
(
=
(

} }
} }
( )
h

T
m
Stochastical (WSSUS) channel variables
Coherence bandwidth
of channel:
1
m m
B T
( )
H
f
B
m
f
0
Implication of
coherence bandwidth:
If two sinusoids (frequencies) are spaced much less apart
than B
m
, their fading performance is similar.
If the frequency separation is much larger than B
m
, their
fading performance is different.
Stochastical (WSSUS) channel variables
Maximum Doppler spread:
The Doppler spectrum is often
U-shaped (like in the figure on
the right). The reason for this
behaviour is the relationship

B
d
0
B
d
( )
H
S
cos cos
d
V
f

= =
Delay - Doppler spread of channel
Doppler shift
delay
0
L = 12 components in
delay-Doppler domain
L = 12 components in
delay-Doppler domain
B
d
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
2
0
,
i i
L
j t
i i
i
h t a t e

+
=
=

Statistical Models
Statistical Models
Design and performance analysis based on statistical ensemble of
channels rather than specific physical channel.
Rayleigh flat fading model: many small scattered paths
Complex circular symmetric Gaussian .
Rician model: 1 line-of-sight plus scattered paths
Fading distributions (Rayleigh)
( )
2 2
2
2
a
a
p a e

=
( )
1
2
p

=
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
i
j t j t
i
i
c t a t e x t j y t a t e

= = + =

In a flat fading channel, the (time-variant) CIR reduces to a

(time-variant) complex channel coefficient:
When the quadrature components of the channel coefficient
are independently and Gaussian distributed, we get:
Rayleigh distribution
Rayleigh distribution
Uniform distribution
Uniform distribution
Fading distributions (Rice)
In case there is a strong (e.g., LOS) multipath component
in addition to the complex Gaussian component, we obtain:
From the joint (magnitude and phase) pdf we can derive:
Rice distribution
Rice distribution
Modified Bessel function of
first kind and order zero
Modified Bessel function of
first kind and order zero
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
0 0
i
j t j t
i
i
c t a a t e a a t e

= + = +

( )
( )
2 2 2
0
2
0
0
2 2
a a
a aa
p a e I

+ | |
=
|
\ .
Channel Classification Channel Classification
Based on Time-Spreading
Flat Fading
1. B
S
< B
C
T
m
< T
s
2. Rayleigh, Ricean distrib.
3. Spectral char. of transmitted
signal preserved
Frequency Selective
1. B
S
> B
C
T
m
> T
s
2. Intersymbol Interference
3. Spectral chara. of transmitted
signal not preserved
4. Multipath components resolved
Signal
Channel
freq.
B
S
B
C
freq.
B
C
B
S
Channel
Signal
Channel Classification Channel Classification
Based on Time-Variations
Fast Fading
1. High Doppler Spread
2. 1/B
d
T
C
< T
s
Slow Fading
1. Low Doppler Spread
2. 1/B
d
T
C
> T
s
Signal
freq.
B
D
B
S
freq.
B
S
B
D
Doppler
Signal
Doppler
Multicarrier Modulation
Multicarrier Modulation
Divide broadband channel into narrowband subchannels
No ISI in subchannels if constant gain in every subchannel and if ideal
sampling
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Based on the fast Fourier transform
Standardized for DAB, DVB-T, IEEE 802.11a, 802.16a, HyperLAN II
Considered for fourth-generation mobile communication systems
subchannel
frequency
m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
carrier
channel
Subchannels are 312 kHz wide in 802.11a and HyperLAN II
An OFDM Symbol
An OFDM Symbol
N-point
Inverse
FFT
X
1
X
2
x
0
x
2
x
3
x
N-1
X
N-1
X
0
N subsymbols
one symbol
N complex
samples
N samples v samples
CP: Cyclic Prefix
CP CP
s y m b o l i s y m b o l ( i+1)
copy
copy
Bandpass transmission allows for complex waveforms
Transmit: y(t) = Re{(I(t)+j Q(t)) exp(j2 f
c
t)}
= I(t) cos(2 f
c
t) Q(t) sin(2 f
c
t)
Introduction to OFDM
Introduction to OFDM
P/S
QAM
decoder
invert
channel
=
frequency
domain
equalizer
S/P
quadrature
amplitude
modulation
(QAM)
encoder
N-IFFT
add
cyclic
prefix
P/S
D/A +
transmit
filter
N-FFT S/P
remove
cyclic
prefix
TRANSMITTER
RECEIVER
N subchannels N complex samples
N complex samples N subchannels
Receive
filter
+
A/D
multipath channel
An OFDM Modem
An OFDM Modem
Bits
00110
Coded OFDM (COFDM)
Coded OFDM (COFDM)
Error correction is necessary in OFDM systems
Forward error correction (FEC)
Adds redundancy to data stream
Examples: convolutional codes, block codes
Mitigates the effects of bad channels
Reduces overall throughput according to the coding rate k/n
Automatic repeat request (ARQ)
Adds error detecting ability to data stream
Examples: 16-bit cyclic redundancy code
Used to detect errors in an OFDM symbol
Bad packets are retransmitted (hopefully the channel changes)
Usually used with FEC
Minus: Ineffective in broadcast systems
Typical Coded OFDM Encoder
Typical Coded OFDM Encoder
FEC
Bitwise
Interleaving
Symbol
Mapping
Reed-Solomon and/or convolutional code
Intersperse coded and uncoded bits
Data bits Parity bits
Rate 1/2
Map bits to symbols
Typical Coded OFDM Decoder
Typical Coded OFDM Decoder
Frequency-domain
equalization
Symbol
Demapping
Deinterleaving
Decoding
Symbol demapping
Produce soft estimate of each bit
Improves decoding
OFDM Mathematics
1
2
0
( )
k
N
j f t
k
k
s t X e

=
=

t [ 0,
os
]
Orthogonality Condition
*
1 2
0
( ). ( ) 0
T
g t g t dt =
}
In our case
2 2
0
. 0
p q
T
j f t j f t
e e dt

=
}
For p q Where f
k
=k/T
os
os
os
Transmitted Spectrum
resembles
IDFT!
Spectrum of the modulated data symbols
Spectrum of the modulated data symbols
Rectangular Window of
duration T
0
Has a sinc-spectrum with
zeros at 1/ T
0
Other carriers are put in
these zeros
sub-carriers are
orthogonal
Frequency
Magnitude

=

=
1
0
) ( 2
, ,
) ( ) (
N
i
kT t f i j
k i k BB
e x kT t w t s

N sub-carriers:
T
0
Subcarrier orthogonality must be preserved
Compromised by timing jitter, frequency offset, and fading.
OFDM terminology
Orthogonal carriers referred to as subcarriers {f
i
,i=0,....N-1}.
OFDM symbol period {T
os
=N x T
s
}.
Subcarrier spacing f = 1/T
os
.
OFDM and FFT
Samples of the multicarrier signal can be obtained using
the IFFT of the data symbols - a key issue.
FFT can be used at the receiver to obtain the data symbols.
No need for N oscillators,filters etc.
Popularity of OFDM is due to the use of IFFT/FFT which
have efficient implementations.
OFDM Signal
1
,
0
( ) ( ( ))
N
n k k os
n k
s t X g t nT

= =
=

2
( )
0
k
j f t
k
e
g t

t [ 0,
os
]
Otherwise
k
o s
k
f
T
=
K=0,..........N-1
By sampling the low pass equivalent signal at a rate N times
higher than the OFDM symbol rate 1/T
os
, OFDM frame
can be expressed as:
1
,
0
( ) ( ) ( )
N
n n k k os os
k
m
F m X g t nT t n T
N

=
= = +

{ }
1
2
, ,
0
( ) .
m
N
j k
N
n n k n k
k
F m X e NIDFT X

=
|
|
= =
|

\
.

m = 0....N-1
Interpretation of IFFT&FFT Interpretation of IFFT&FFT
IFFT at the transmitter & FFT at the receiver
Data symbols modulate the spectrum and the time domain
symbols are obtained using the IFFT.
Time domain symbols are then sent on the channel.
FFT at the receiver to obtain the data.