Data Communication and Networking

Bata Communication anu Netwoiking
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Data Communication Data Communication Data Communication Data Communication ac ac ac ac Networking Networking Networking Networking
Contents Contents Contents Contents
o.o. Data Communication .............................................................................................. 2
o._ Network ................................................................................................................. 3
o.g Topology ................................................................................................................ 5
o.g.o Nesh topology .................................................................................................. 5
o.g._ Star Topology ................................................................................................... 6
o.g.g Tree (Hierarchical) topology .............................................................................. 7
o.g.g Bus topology .................................................................................................... 7
o.g._ Ring topology ................................................................................................... 8
o.g.o Hybrid Topologies ............................................................................................. 9
o.g Transmission Node ................................................................................................. 9
o.g.o Simplex ........................................................................................................... 10
o.g._ Half Duplex ..................................................................................................... 10
o.g.g Full Duplex ...................................................................................................... 10
o._ Network o_tc5to5t (Categories of Network) ........................................................ 11
o._.o Local Area Network (LAN) ................................................................................ 11
o._._ Netropolitan Area Network (NAN) ..................................................................... 11
o._.g Wide Area Network (WAN) ............................................................................... 12
o.o !nternet ................................................................................................................ 13
o.g OS! Nodel ............................................................................................................. 13
o.g. o Organization of Layer ...................................................................................... 16
o.g. _ Function of The Layer ..................................................................................... 16
o.g.g Physical Layer ................................................................................................. 16
o.g. g Data link layer ................................................................................................ 17
o.g. _ Network layer ................................................................................................. 18
o.g. o Transport layer ............................................................................................... 19
o.g.g Session layer ................................................................................................... 20
o.g. o Presentation layer ........................................................................................... 21
o.g. _ Application layer ............................................................................................. 21
o.o TCPf!P protocol suite ac ooo c o_ o co5to5 ..................................................... 23
o oo o. .. .o oo o. Data Communication . Data Communication . Data Communication . Data Communication
Computer information system o5to c Data o5to binary information unit (o oo o
bits) o5t_oc oo5_oo_ 0 ac 1 oo5 ot_o_@ Data o5to oo5_oo_
Data Communication oo_o5 Transmission Nedium (wire . cable co_
_o _toc o_to_t) oc oo_oc ooo oO5to_ device _oo Data o5t _oqo q
o oo _o_oct_oco_ Wireless communication o5too radio wave ac microwave o_
Transmission Nedium _oco_ _oo5 oo5o_tocooctg Device o5t oc toc t Data
o5t _oqo qooo_oc t_oco_
Data Communication System o c o Effectiveness o_ o_oooo g
oo ooòc oo_o_
( (( (o oo o) Delivery ) Delivery ) Delivery ) Delivery - System o_ Data o5to og5o go_oqg5 (Correct destination) o
og5o o5coa c go_ ooo go_o (receiver device ) o o t_o_o (User) oo5 Data
o5to gg go_ oot_oooo c oo5t Data o5too q c o5co5oo ootq cgo_
( (( (_ __ _) Accuracy ) Accuracy ) Accuracy ) Accuracy - System o5to_ Data o5to o oc5 oqoq c5 ooto go_ oo toc oo 5o
oo ctooc to 5to_ Data o5tac ooq o_ Data o5to o t_o_gq o_oc a c oo5 oo
( (( (g gg g) Timeliness ) Timeliness ) Timeliness ) Timeliness - System o_ Data o5to og5ogo_ oqoc t oq o q
og5o ggqo o_
Fig 1.1 Data communication system components
Data Communication System o5to Component _ o_oc o_oo5o O5to_
( (( (o oo o) Nessage ) Nessage ) Nessage ) Nessage - Nessage o_ ooto go_ information (o ) Data _oco_ o oo o
Communicate o ogq information o5t (Data o5t) _oco_ Nessage o5to_ c5o to5t (text
o5t) . q oòo5t (number) . o o5t (sound) o ooo ooo (video) o5t co_ o c
o_to_t_oc q co_
( (( (_ __ _) Sender ) Sender ) Sender ) Sender - ootoo (Sender) oo_o5 Data Nessage o ootoo_ (Send o oo_ ) device
_oco_ Computer . Workstation . Telephone handset . video camera o _oco_
( (( (g gg g) Receiver ) Receiver ) Receiver ) Receiver - oooo (Receiver) o o_ o5 Nessage o oooo_ (receive ooo_)
Device _oco_ PC . Handset . Tv o_oco_
( (( (g gg g) Nedium ) Nedium ) Nedium ) Nedium - Nedium o o_o5 (Transmission Nedia) _oco_ ootoo (Sender) o o
Nessage o_ oooo (Reciver) O o og5oo5to5c ooooO5to_ Physical path
_oco_ Twisted pair wire . Coaxial cable . Fiber optic cable . Laser . Radio wave a c Satellite
microwave o _oco_
( (( (_ __ _) Protocol ) Protocol ) Protocol ) Protocol - Protocol o o_o5 Data communication o _ot_ooo_ c_to_ t c_too t o5t
(rules) _oco_ Communicating Device o5t oc toc t O5tgo_ ooo5o_oo_oc o_
o5o5co5too_ Protocol ogoc Device _oo Connect o5o o ac o_ ooo o_oc t
(Communication) o o qc o o o_ oo o oo
o oo o. .. ._ __ _ Network Network Network Network
Network o o_o5 Nedia Link oco_to_t_oc oo ooO5to_ Device o5t_oco_
oc oòc g O Device o5to Node o o_tooò_ Data o5to ooto q coo5 (Send
o o a c oo5) c otg_. oo o qco_ (Receive ooac o_ ) co tg_ go_ Device o5t (Node
o5t) o5 Computer ac Printer o _oco_ O Device o5to ooo oO5to_ Connecting
Link o Channel oooò_
Fig 1.2 Network Criteria
Network o5t Effective _oc oac Efficient _oc ooo cto_ ooo5to5
(o) Performance
(o) Reliability a c
(o) Security o _oco_
( (( (o oo o) Performance ) Performance ) Performance ) Performance - Network oc oo Performance o_
(o) ot_o_oogo o (Number of user) - ot_o_o o5t (Users)oc _o_c qo
Network o o t_o__octo_o5c response time o_o5ocq co_ oa too t o 5tocq co_ High
traffic oq _ Performance ooc tq c o_ O o_o5c Network oc oo_ User o5to5t
o to_o q _ _oq_oq Response o o acoc Performance oo5c to_o o a co_
(_) Type of transmission - Data o5to5taq to_ medium ooò coo_ o_ 100
Negabits per second (100 Nbps) a q t_ocoo oo5c ac o_ medium o_ 10 Negabits per
second (10 Nbps) a qt_oc oooo5c a co_ medium Oo oo ooq o co tg_oo5cto_
powerful _oco_
(g) Hardware - Transmission o o gq o@_oqo_ computer a c o_oto5to_ storage
capacity o o_ Network performance o o oo5c toco_
(g) Software Sender . Receiver ac !ntermediate node o _ Data o5to process
o oo_ Software o5to_o5c Network performance oo5cto5qc o_
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Reliability Reliability Reliability Reliability
Reliability o o5o oòo o5t_oc o c to_
(o) ot_o_@ogo_ _o oogo o (Frequency of Failure)
(o) o_o c t_o toq5o_oq oo5cto5o5c_o_o o gq_o5o q (Recovery time of a network after a
failure) a c
(o) Catastrophe o _oco_
Network o5to o too5c_oct. coc o o_oc t co_ catastrophic event co_
ootago o5to5 _o _oco5ooo o5t _o_o oO5toco_
Security Security Security Security
unauthorized access ac virus o o_ Network o5to o_o_ogt (security) o
ag5oootq co_
Data o5toc oqg5o _o5tocoqg5o o_oo og5ogo5to_o q5to_gqo o
communication device o5t _oqo q oooo_ (relationship) o q5to_gqo o_
o_oo5t_oc oc _ o_tgo_
(o) Line Configuration
(o) Topology
(o) Transmission Node
(o) Categories of Network ac
(c) !nternet work o _oco_
Line Configuration o o_o5 Link oc ooc communicating device o5t
o @ooocO5t_oct(attach ooO5t_oc t)o ooo_ Link oo_o5 Device oc o ac _o5t
Device oc o _o5tg Data transfer o o gq physical path _oc o_
Line Configuration _o_to 5 point to point a c multi point o _oco_
Point to Point - Line Configuration oo_o5 Device _o_o5tg o toq oooo O5to_
(Dedicated) Link _oc o_ Channel oc oo to Capacity o O Device _oooo5 o toc
ootO5to_
Nultipoint Line Configuration o o_o5 _o Ooo o_ Device o5t Link ocoo_to
o oo o t_o__o_oct_oco_
o oo o. .. .g gg g Topology Topology Topology Topology
Topology o o_ o5 Physical q_t o Logical q_t _oc network _oc o5c
oo oo (Connect) O5to_ oc o oo o_ Device _o (o ) _oOoo5to_ Device o5t
Link oc o_ oo O5to_ Link o5tc oo`ct oo oo_oct_oc topology o _oc oco_
o_oo topology _o_to5 (o) Nesh . (_) Star . (g) Tree . (g) Bus a c (_) Ring o _oco_
Figure 1.+ Categories of topology
o oo o. .. .g gg g. .. .o oo o Nesh topology Nesh topology Nesh topology Nesh topology
Nesh topology o c Device 5tot_ o_o5t Device 5toto o ooo oO5too5
o toqooo oO5to_ (dedicated) point to point link g_oo_ Dedicated o o_o5
Device _oo_ too5 ooo oO5too5 otoq Link _oco_
A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)
Device ogoo n goo5 mesh network oc fully connected oo O5to_ physical
channel ogoo o5 =

_oco_
O o ooooa c gq (connect o o a c gq ) device oc to c (n-1) Device ogooOo oo
oo5oo5 input f output port o5tg go_ _oco_
o toqoo o oO5to_ (dedicated) Link o5t_oc ooo oO5too5o_o5c Link
o5to_ Device a c ooo co_ o oo c ooo5 (Own data) o5too5 oo oo5c gq
o o_ Traffic problem ogoo Nulti device o5toc link o5to o oo tc o_o` (Share
o oo_ )o` Traffic problem o5t _oc ooò_ Link oco o togoc Network oc oo to
oO ooa c oo Privacy (o) Security oo5cto_
Fault ooò o c Fault g5oo_octo o gq (Fault indentification oo gq ) o ooo_ Fault
isolation o o gqo_toooo_ 5tq_too o 5 Cable o5tc5oO5tgq o oo_ Device
o5t_ inputfoutput port o5tc5o`g gq o oo_
o oo o. .. .g gg g. .. ._ __ _ Star Topology Star Topology Star Topology Star Topology
A star topology connecting four stations A star topology connecting five stations
Device o ct_ Hub o ooò_ Central Controller a c oo oo (Connect o o )
O5to_ point to point link g o_ Device o5to_ octoct oooo O5t_oc t og oo Star
o c Device _o_o5t_ Direct Connection ogoo Hub o_ Exchange _oc
oo5c go ooto_ Device oc o o5 Data o ooc Hub (o ) Controller oo gc ooto go_
O oq5o Hub o og5ogo_ Device (Destination Device)o o ooo ooto_ forward
o o ooto_
Nesh topology oo5o octo_o too Device o c t_ !fO port oco co5g gqo o_ Link
oc o a co5 oo oo (Connect o o )o_ O o_o5c o ooc5oooc a co_ ooo c5
reconfigure oo a co_ oqg5og _oc t (move)_o_ooo_oà c . Device oc o o ooo_o`
Connection oo oo5 cc oot_o__oc go_ Rorustness _oco_ Link oc o oooc
oc_o5too5 Link o5to oO oooo oc_o5t Link o5t5to t oo qo ooo oqo (Active
_ocoq_o ) _oco_ o_o ctoo go_ oqg5o o gq o oo o_ (Fault identification
o o gqo oo_) o_o c too go_ oqg5o oqoo gqoooo_ (Fault isolation
o o gqo oo_) Hub oo5c toqooo5oooo t Link o5to oc5c_o_ oqqco_ monitor
o o a co_ oo o_ Link o5to og5co q co_ Bypass o o a co_
Star o_ Nesh oo5o Cable o5to5tO5tggq ooooo5 o_t Tree ring ac bus o Oo
oo5to_ cable o5t O5tg gq oo_
Tree (Hierarchical) topology
o oo o. .. .g gg g. .. .g gg g Tree (Hierarchical) topology Tree (Hierarchical) topology Tree (Hierarchical) topology Tree (Hierarchical) topology
Tree topology o_ Star topology o q_tcoo o_o5c tO5t_oct_oco_ _o__ocO5t_oct
_oco_ Tree topology o c Hub oo ac Secondary Hub o5toòco_ Device o5tc o_
Secondary Hub a c oo oo (Connect o o ) O5to_ O oooc Central Hub o Connect
o oo_ Central Hub o_ Active Hub _oco_ Active Hub _ Repeater oòco_ Repeater
o_ Hardware device oc o_oc_o t ooogg o_ Data o5to ooocoo t ooto_oc t.
o_o_oo oc (forward oo ooc ) ggo_ bit pattern o5to_oq@ regenerative ooo_ Oo_o5c
Signal strength ooo5c to5o5 o@ooto_ oqg5o5to Data o5too5ctc5
og5o goca co_
Secondary Hub o5to_ Active Hub _oc a co_ Passive Hub o_t_oc a co_ Passive
Hub o_ Physical Connection oo5_oco_ Data o5to regenerative o o o_ repeater
oo`c oo Star o 5to5ooo5taco_o_ Secondary Hub o5toòc_oc to_o5c Device
ogooo5to5t oo ooa co_ o_o5t computer o5 network o isolate o o_oc t.
communication priorities o5to O5t_octo _o_oo a c o_
Cable Tv technology o5t_ Star topology o oo_ocac o_ Ooo` topology o o_
P to P configuration o5t_oco_
o oo o. .. .g gg g. .. .g gg g Bus topology Bus topology Bus topology Bus topology
Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations
Network o c tg Device o5t Link _oc oo oogq BUS o_ multi point _oco_
g_ot cable o_ backbone o o oo5c g oooto_ Device o ooo Node o5to_ bus
cable o Drop line a c tap o5t_oc oo ooo_ Drop line o o_o5 Device a c Nain Cable
(backbone) a c o_o5tooO5to_ connection _oco_ Tap o_ connector oc o_t
_oco_ Backbone ocoo 5o o5toq_oo_ Signal o5to o_ o_ Heat _oco
o_o5c to 5to_ Oo_o5c oootoot o 5tgoooo Signal strength 5tq_to 5toooo
_oco_ O o_o5c bus ooò c g go_ tap ogooo oqooO5tgqo o_
5to5oo o5to5 oooc gqooo o_ Bus topology o c Cable o5tc5 o t_o_gq
oo oo
Reconfiguration o ogq oooo_ o_o ctoogo_oqg5o o gqoooo_ Fault
isolation o o gqoooo_ Device ocOoO_gq ooo o_ Signal reflection o_o5c
uality ooc to_ Fault (o ) Cable break _oc_oc to_o5c Transmission o5t5tot
goo5tac o_ O ooo_oqg5o Signal o5t oocooo_oq gooo_oc to_o5c (reflection
_oc_oc to_o5c ) (o) reflect _oco5 oo (original) oqg5o _oqo5to5 Direction a c ooo t_
noise o5t_oc ooò5a co_ O o_o5c a coo cot o toga c oo5 oo
o oo o. .. .g gg g. .. ._ __ _ Ring topology Ring topology Ring topology Ring topology
Ring topology _ o`c oo5 Device 5totoc
oooo g oo5 Device _o o o o5
dedicated Point to Point Line Configuration
go_ Signal o_ oo oo O5to_
direction oc t Device oco_otoc o _oo o5
oq5o o t ogo_ oqg5 (Destination)
o og5o go 5to_ Device o5t5toto_
repeater o ooo5c go ooto_ Device
oc oo_ _o5t Device oc oo o Signal
A ring topology connecting six stations
o ooo gg_oto_o` Regenerate o o_o t ooooootoo_
oooc gq ac reconfigure o o gq o oo o_ Device o5tOo O_gq (o )
ooO ogqoo connection _o oo5 o_o5ctootgq o oo_ Ring ocot_o_o_ Cable
g_ oqoo O5tgqo o_ Ring o c oooc O5to_ Device ogoo
oqoo oo go_ Fault isolation o o gqg ctoc toooo_ Ring _ocoo5o_o5c Signal
o5to_ Ring ocoo 5o _oo o o_oooqo_ Device oc oo_ ooo oO5to_
oqo ct_ o_o_ Signal o o ogg o c Alarm Ooooto_ Alarm o_o5c Network
Operator o_ Network o ct_ _oq5 (problem) _oc oqo_o5ct a c o_ o_oqg5_
_oq5_ocoqo_o5c t og a co_
Unidirectional traffic _oc oo5o_o5c 5tq_ too o5tgo_ Ring _ Break
_oc_oc to_o5c Network oc oo t Down o 5too o_ Station oc o oo _octo_o5co_t
Network oc oo tOoo aco_ O _oq5o Dual Ring (ring _oO5tg_oct) _oc
o_og c ta co_ Break _oc ooo5 Break oqg5_ switch O5tg_oc t_oc o_og ctac o_
o oo o. .. .g gg g. .. .o oo o Hybrid Topologies Hybrid Topologies Hybrid Topologies Hybrid Topologies
Network _o toco o topology oo oo5 Network co (Subnetwork) o5tc 5_oc
o_oo5oO5ta co_ Department oc oo_ Bus topology o o t_o__o t . _o5t
Department oco o_ Ring topology o oo o Star topology o ot_o_a c o_ O Network
5to to Central Controller _oc oo oo o5 Star Network _ot_oc o_ oo5oa co_
A hybrid topology a star backbone with three bus networks
o oo o. .. .g gg g Transmission Node Transmission Node Transmission Node Transmission Node
Link o oO5to_ Device _o o o Signal o5t o 5to_ ooto_o5c t (flow _oco_
direction) ooooo gqoo Transmission Node o ot_o_o_ Transmission Node
o o_o5 Device o5t_o5to c information flow _oco_ direction o o o o_
Transmission Node o to_to5
(o) Simplex
(_) Half-duplex ac
(g) full-duplex o _oco_
o oo o. .. .g gg g. .. .o oo o Simplex Simplex Simplex Simplex
Simplex Node o_ unidirectional _oc o_ Link ac oo ooO5to_ Device
_oqo oo o5_o oo t transmit o ooq_o t _o5toc o o5 _ooot receive o ooqo_
ocoo too5c toota c o o_ ocoo o_ to5o5ta co_ o_o5ct_oq oo5tg eyboard a c
Nonitor oo_ Simplex device o5t_oc o_ eyboard o_ _ooo t Computer oo input
o5Oo ootoq_o t. Nonitor o_ _ooot CPU o data o display o o gqoooooqo_
o oo o. .. .g gg g. .. ._ __ _ Half Duplex Half Duplex Half Duplex Half Duplex
Half Duplex Transmission Node o co`go_ Device a c oo to_ Transmit
o o a co_ receive o o a co_ ooo5 oo qo_t _o_co ooo q c oo Device oc oo data
ooto oqoq (Sending oqoq ) _ _o5t Device oc o o_ ooo_oct (receiving) o5ooa co_
o5toc ctc5o5oo o_ ooto_t_oc_ot a cooco too5c tac o_ooto_t_oco_
o oo5 ooq oc ocoo oo o o5o 5toqa c o_ Channel o Capacity oc oo to
o t_o_ac o_ Walkie-talkies coo5to5 Half-duplex system _oco_
o oo o. .. .g gg g. .. .g gg g Full Duplex Full Duplex Full Duplex Full Duplex
Full Duplex o_ oot_ooto`_o t _oo co to o_o_cqo o 5t_oqoo5ctaco_
oo taco o_ Full Duplex Node oc Signal o_ ocooooo _oqoq o_o_c qo
o 5toqac o_
Telephone Network o_ Full Duplex Communication _oco_
o 5ta c _oq oc_o_cqo_o_o o gqo o Link o o oo o tc gqo o_ o 5too
cable oc oac _oqo o cable ocoO5toot_oc t (o ) Channel Capicity o oO5toot_oc to
_o_ooa co_
o oo o. .. ._ __ _ Network Network Network Network o_tc5to5t o_tc5to5t o_tc5to5t o_tc5to5t (Categories of Network) (Categories of Network) (Categories of Network) (Categories of Network)
Network o o5t_oc go_to_o5ta co_
(o) Local Area Network (LAN)
(o) Netropolitan Area Network (NAN) ac
(o) Wide Area Network (WAN) o_oc o_
o_o_ Network o_tc5t_oc o_o go c5t (Size). oco coo5t (Ownership).
Cover o o O5to_ oo a c Physical architecture o ooòco o_o_
o oo o. .. ._ __ _. .. .o oo o Local Area Network (LAN) Local Area Network (LAN) Local Area Network (LAN) Local Area Network (LAN)
LAN o oo5tc ooo o oc_ toco ooo co c_oo_ gtoqto ct Device o5t
oc toc t Network oo O5t_oct. oo5o_ t oc ooctg Device o5t octoct Network
oo O5t_oc to_t_oco_ Organization o o ooo a c o tO5to_ Technology
ooòc oo_@ PC _ota c Printer o5oòco_ Home Office o_t _oc ac o_ LAN o_
o oo o5 q_tco o 5ootO Cover o o a co_
LAN o_ Personal Computer (o ) Work Station o5t Printer . Scanner co_ o o
o oootc gq (share o o gq ) o oo ct o oO5t_oc t_oco_ Printer ocoo PC
o5t5to to ta c_oc t. LAN o5to topologies o5to5 bus . ring a c star o _oc o_ LAN o5to
Data Rate o5 +Nbps o 16Nbps O_oc o_ o oo5 ooqo` 100Nbps Oo5to5o_
o oo o. .. ._ __ _. .. ._ __ _ Netropolitan Area Network (NAN) Netropolitan Area Network (NAN) Netropolitan Area Network (NAN) Netropolitan Area Network (NAN)
NAN o_ _o_oc oo tg Device o5toòco_ Network _ocac o_ _oo5 Television
Network . Company oc o o _o_ qoo c to c go_ LAN o5to oo O5to_ NAN _oc a co_
Telephone Network o_ NAN _oco_
o oo o. .. ._ __ _. .. .g gg g Wide Area Network (WAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) Wide Area Network (WAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN) o_ a c c o5t. oo_oto5t o oo5_ooac o_ Long
Distance Transmission c otg_ go_ Network _oc o_
o oo o. .. .o oo o !nternet !nternet !nternet !nternet
(Fig 2.19) R oò_ ootoO5coo co ooto5to_ router o o oc5t_o_oò_
o oo o. .. .g gg g OS! Nodel OS! Nodel OS! Nodel OS! Nodel
!SO (!nternational Standard Organization) oc oo5o too oo_ Network
Communication Nodel oc oo o_gg oc o O c_o5q too_ O Nodel o OS! (Open System
!nter Connection ) Nodel _oco_
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OS! Nodel o_ Layer 7 o_t cc_oooòco_ Seven Ordered Layer Nodel
_oco_ Device A o ootoo_ Nessage oc oo_ Device B o og5o gq o o
!ntermediate Node o5to_oooq tgo_
O !ntermediate mode o5toc Layer o. _ a c g O o5oòco_
Layer 2 o_ Layer 3 o Service Provide o o ooto_
Layer 3 o_ Layer + o Service Provide o o ooto_
Nachine oco Layer 3 o_ _o5t Nachine oc o o Layer 3 ac Communicate
o oo_ O Communication oo gq q5to_oo O5to_ (ooo5o _oto5t) c_ too too
o5to protocol o ooò_ O o Layer o5t_oc Communicate o oo_ Nachine _oo Peer-
to-Peer Process o ooò_
Nachine A o Send ooo o_ Original Nessage o_ Layer 7 cocooo o o_
Layer 7 o Nessage o_ Layer 6 oog5o o_oòc Original Nessage _oc L6 o
O_ooto_ message o` oòco_ Layer 5 o_ Layer 6 o message oo ooo Header 5
OoO_o_ Layer 6 . Layer 5 . Layer + . Layer 3 ac Layer 2 o o_ Header o5t
OoO__oo_ Layer 2 _ Trailer o O_o_
Nachine A o Nessage o_ Layer 7 o ooc oc oc to Layer 1 o og5oo_
O oq5o ooO5to_ _o_toooc Nachine B o og5oo_ Nachine B o Layer o5t
ooc oc ooo5 Layer 7 oc Original message _ocoog5oo_ Layer o5t o_
ooo go_ message O o oo o Own message o O_o_
!nterface between Layer !nterface between Layer !nterface between Layer !nterface between Layer
Layer a c o_o5toc !nterface (_o5to5) oc o go_
o oo o. .. .g gg g. . . . o oo o Organization of Layer Organization of Layer Organization of Layer Organization of Layer
Layer 1 (Physical Layer). Layer 2 (Datalink Layer). Layer 3(Network Layer) o o_
Network support layer o5t_oco_ Device oc o o Data o5t _o5t Device o og5o gq o o
electrical specification . Physical connection . Physical addressing a c Transport timing
co_ o o o5to o ooo5cooto_
Layer 5 (Session Layer). Layer 6(Presentation Layer). Layer 7(Application Layer)
co_o o_ user support layer o5t_oco_ Layer + (Transport Layer) o_ Data o5t
Transmission o o gqo5oqo go_ OS! model o Layer Oooc t Layer 5 . Layer 6 a c
Layer 7 o o Software _oc_o_oo_o t. (ooo c_o t) Low Level layer _ocoo5 Layer 1 . Layer 2
. Layer 3 o o_ Hardware _ocooo co_
o oo o. .. .g gg g. . . . _ __ _ Function of The Layer Function of The Layer Function of The Layer Function of The Layer
o oo o. .. .g gg g. .. .g gg g Physical Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer
Physical Layer o_ node oc o o bit o5t _o5t node ocooog5oo5to5c
oo5c go ootgo_ o5qogo_
Physical Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer o o o o oo5cgoooto_ oo5cgoooto_ oo5cgoooto_ oo5cgoooto_ oocqto5to5 oocqto5to5 oocqto5to5 oocqto5to5
(o) Physical Characteristic of interface and media
(o) Representation of bit
(o)Data Rate
(o) Synchronization of bits
(c) Line Configuration
(c) Physical topology ac
(o) Transmission mode o_oco_
o oo o. .. .g gg g. . . . g gg g Data link layer Data link layer Data link layer Data link layer
Datalink layer o_ hop (node) oc o o Frame o5t _o5t hop (node) oc o o og5o o5c
ogo5to5to5c oo5cgo ootgo_ o5qo go_
Data Link Layer Data Link Layer Data Link Layer Data Link Layer o o o o oo5cgoooto_ oo5cgoooto_ oo5cgoooto_ oo5cgoooto_ oocqto5to5 oocqto5to5 oocqto5to5 oocqto5to5
(o) Framing
(o) Physical Addressing
(o) Flow Control
(o) Error Control a c
(c) Access Control o _oc o_
o oo o. .. .g gg g. . . . _ __ _ Network layer Network layer Network layer Network layer
Network layer o_ source host (ootoo ) O o Data packet oooto5t oc o oc tco
destination host (ooo o) O oog5oo5c oo5c goooto_ o5qo o_
Network Layer Network Layer Network Layer Network Layer o o o o oo5cgoooto_ oo5cgoooto_ oo5cgoooto_ oo5cgoooto_ oocqto5to5 oocqto5to5 oocqto5to5 oocqto5to5
(o) Logical Addressing a c
(o) Routing o _oco_
Source-to-destination delivery
o oo o. .. .g gg g. . . . o oo o Transport layer Transport layer Transport layer Transport layer
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery The transport layer is responsible for the delivery The transport layer is responsible for the delivery The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another. of a message from one process to another. of a message from one process to another. of a message from one process to another.
Transport layer o_ process oco o message o5to o_o5t process oog5oo5c ooot
(deliver oooot)oo5c go ooto_ o5qoo_
Transport Layer Transport Layer Transport Layer Transport Layer o o o o oo5cgoooto_ oo5cgoooto_ oo5cgoooto_ oo5cgoooto_ oocqto5to5 oocqto5to5 oocqto5to5 oocqto5to5
(o) Service Point Addressing
(o) Segmentation and reassembly
(o) Connection Control
(o) Flow Control a c
(c) Error Control o _oco_
o oo o. .. .g gg g. .. .g gg g Session layer Session layer Session layer Session layer
Session layer o_ dialog control q c synchronization oocq to5to o5q o
oo5c go ooto_
Session Layer Session Layer Session Layer Session Layer o o o o oo5cgoooto_ oo5cgoooto_ oo5cgoooto_ oo5cgoooto_ oocqto5to5 oocqto5to5 oocqto5to5 oocqto5to5
(o) Dialog control ac
(o) Synchronization o _oco_
o oo o. .. .g gg g. . . . o oo o Presentation layer Presentation layer Presentation layer Presentation layer
Presentation layer o_ translation compression a c encryption.
o o cqto5to o5qo oo5c go ooto_
Presentation Layer Presentation Layer Presentation Layer Presentation Layer o o o o oo5cgoooto_ oo5cgoooto_ oo5cgoooto_ oo5cgoooto_ oocqto5to5 oocqto5to5 oocqto5to5 oocqto5to5
(o) Translation
(o) Encryption a c
(o) Compression o _oc o_
o oo o. .. .g gg g. . . . _ __ _ Application layer Application layer Application layer Application layer
Presentation layer o_ o t_o_oo5too o oo_ service o5to
oo5c go ooto_ o5qoo_
Application Layer Application Layer Application Layer Application Layer o o o o oo5cgoooto_ oo5cgoooto_ oo5cgoooto_ oo5cgoooto_ oocqto5to5 oocqto5to5 oocqto5to5 oocqto5to5
(o) Network virtual terminal
(o) File transfer access and management (FTAN)
(o) Nail Service a c
(o) Directory Service o _oco_
o oo o. .. .o oo o TCPf!P protocol suite TCPf!P protocol suite TCPf!P protocol suite TCPf!P protocol suite ac ac ac ac oooc oooc oooc oooc o_ o_ o_ o_ oco5to5 oco5to5 oco5to5 oco5to5
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