Submarine Neutrino Communication

Submarine neutrino communication
Seminar report 2012
ABSTRACT
Neutrino submarine communication possesses many potential advantages over traditional methods. Difficulties in realizing neutrino communications lie in detecting the neutrino signals and aiming the neutrino beams at submarine directions. A theoretic systems project was brought forward in an attempt to use the deflecting magnetic field to cover a large communication signal range according to the typical requirements of submarine communication. A method to reckon the magnitude of the deflecting magnetic field was introduced. The required volume of Cherenkov detector in receiving the neutrino signals and the event frequency of detecting neutrinos were analyzed; and the flux of neutrino beams was derived. The analytic result shows that it is almost impossible to use neutrinos for submarine communications in terms of the present technology. Neutrinos have many properties that would make them superior even to the extremely low radio frequencies. Because neutrinos are nearly unaffected by matter, a neutrino beam could traverse directly through the earth from the transmission site to the submarine.
Department of Electronics and communication COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ADOOR
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CONTENTS 1. CHAPTER 1 I. II. INTODUCTION OVERVIEW
2. CHAPTER 2 I. II. SYSTEM DESIGN GENERAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW
3. CHAPTER 3 I. TRANSMISSION
4. CHAPTER 4 I. II. III. RECEIVING EVENT FREQUENCY PION BEAM DEFFLECTION
5. CHAPTER 5 I. II. LONG BEAM NEUTRINO EXPERIMENTS K2K EXPERIMENT
6. CHAPTER 6 I. II. III. IV. CONCLUSION REFERENCE WEBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
NAME
PAGE NO
2.1
The system diagram for submarine neutrino communication
3.1 4.1 4.2 5.1
Magnetic Horn system The geometry of neutrino beam communications. A particle in a magnetic field The K2K experiment
5 9 10 13
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CHAPTER 1 1. INTRODUCTION
We discuss the possibility to use a high energy neutrino beam from a muon storage ring to provideone way communication with a submerged submarine. Neutrino interactions produce muons which can be detected either, directly when they pass through the submarine or by their emission of Cerenkov light in sea water, which, in turn, can be exploited with sensitive photo detectors. Due to The very high neutrino beam from a muon storage ring, it is sufficient to mount either detection system directly onto the hull of the submersible. The achievable data transfer rates compare favorable with existing technologies and do allow for a communication at the usual speed and depth of submarines. The purpose of this study was to inspect the possibility of using neutrinos for communications for military submarines. The basic design of this idea is based on the Navy's current submarine communications system, specifically the Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Radio Communications; the main difference is the use of neutrinos in place of radio waves. The ELF Radio Communications program
is a fixed, shore-based transmitter- a 222-km dipole antenna located in Wisconsin. Simple, one-sided commands can be transmitted to submarines operating in certain range of depths. The transmission frequency is 40-80 Hz; this is a great improvement from the earlier communications systems which used higher radio frequencies. The longer wavelengths can better penetrate the ocean, and there is an overlap between the operational depth of the submarines and the depth at which messages can be received. In other words, the submarines do not have to surface just to receive communications. Neutrinos have many properties that would make them superior even to the extremely low radio frequencies. Because neutrinos are nearly unaffected by matter, a neutrino beam could traverse directly through the earth from the transmission site to the submarine.
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2.OVERVIEW
The use of neutrino beams for communication is an oldidea and has been put forth by several authors for various purposes, like for e.g. interstellar or even intergalactic communication. Also the use of neutrinos for communication with a submarine deep under the ocean has been previously considered, however the conclusion was that this does not provide a feasible approach1. In this seminar, I carefully reexamine the problem and will find that recent technological advances require reconsidering the earlier negative conclusion. Nuclear powered submarines over, practically, unlimited submerged endurance; they are only tied to the surface by their need to communicate. Therefore, communication at operational speed and depth is highly desirable. Currently, only radio transmission at extremely low frequency (elf) of < 100 Hz is able provide communication at speed and depth. elfdata rates are very low, of order one bit per minute because of the very low bandwidth, the high noise levels and the difficulty to generate high-powered signals. Instead radio transmissions at frequencies of a few kHz (very low frequency, vlf) areused, providing data rates around 50 bits; however, the sea water penetration of vlf is limited. This requires a wire antenna, close to the surface, which entails significant operational limitations. The basic concept for submarine neutrino communication derives from the fact that neutrinos can traverse an entire planet. Neutrinos can be sent from one point on the surface of the earth to a submarine, irrespective of its location and depth. The feebleness of neutrino interactions implies a large detector and a very bright neutrino source. One of the currently most intense neutrino beams is used in the minosexperiment, where a beam of neutrinos is sent from the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Chicago to a mine in northern Minnesota over a distance of more than 700 km. During the 2 years duration of the experiment, the neutrino beam produced 730 muons in 5000 tons of detector.This in principle would allow establishing a oneway communication link at speed and depth with data rates in the range from1-100 bits which improves current elf data rates by 1-3 orders of magnitude and is similar to data rates offered by vlf.
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CHAPTER 2 1. SYSTEM DESIGN

The neutrino beam can be produced via pion decay similar to the method adopted by the current accelerometer beam neutrino experiments. The mechanism of using neutrinos for submarine communication is described as follows: firstly, the intensive proton flows will be formed through accelerating protons by a cosmotron, at the same time; signals are modulated by a modulator. Colliding the accelerated proton flows with a target will produce positive pions, a magnetic horn system will focus the pions and a magnetic field will deflect the pion to the desired direction. The pion beams will the run into a decay pipe produce a neutrino beam. Finally the neutrino beam will penetrate through the atmosphere and the earth at a speed close to the velocity of light. When a neutrino of high speed collides with a proton in the seawater, kinetic energy will be obtained by the proton. If this proton travels faster than light does in water, it produces a shock wave which takes the form of blue light called Cherenkov light. This light can be detected by an array of light sensitive photomultiplier tubes would detect the neutrino messages via Cherenkov radiation. The system diagram of neutrionos for a submarine communication system is shown in Fig 2.1
Fig
2.1:
The
system
diagram
for
submarine
neutrino
communication
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2. GENERAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Communicating underwater is a tricky business, as any commander of a nuclear submarine will tell you. These guys can remain hidden more or less indefinitely, operating at a depth of 300 meters or so, but communicating is a serious pain in the stern because it can only be done near the sea surface, where submarines are most vulnerable to detection and attack. That's because radio waves do not travel well through water. Only extremely low frequency (ELF) waves (with a frequency less than 100Hz) make any headway in water. But they are difficult to produce at high power, and even then, they only allow data rates of around 1 bit per minute. Instead, submariners have to rely on very low frequency (VLF) waves of a few kilohertz. These allow up to 50 bits per second, but they don't travel far through water. That means they can only be detected by trailing a long radio antenna close to the surface. So how to improve matters? One suggestion is to use neutrinos to send information. The problem is that although neutrinos pass easily through water, they also pass through everything else, making them close to impossible to detect. For that reason, neutrino communication has always been thought a nonstarter. Now a new analysis suggests that submariners may have been too quick to dismiss neutrinos. Patrick Huber, a physicist at Virginia Tech, says that neutrino communication could offer data rates of up to 100 bits per second at any depth. That's three orders of magnitude better than ELF communication. So what's changing to make neutrino communication practical? First, says Huber, is the ability to generate and detect intense beams of neutrinos. Physicists generate beams of neutrinos by accelerating muons to high energy, which then decay, producing neutrinos that, because of the moving reference frame, are tightly
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collimated. Detecting neutrinos is simply this process in reverse. When the neutrinos interact with matter, they produce muons that can be detected relatively easily. But how easily can this be done for submarine communication? Huber says that one of the most intense neutrino beams is used in an experiment called MINOS, which sends a beam from the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Chicago to a 5,000-metric-ton muon detector in a mine in northern Minnesota, a distance of more than 700 km. The trouble is that, in the two years that MINOS has been running, the detector has spotted only 730 muons. "Obviously, an improvement of at least six orders of magnitude is required," says Huber, with no little understatement. But he believes this kind of improvement will be possible with the next generation of muon accelerators. Let's take his word on that. The question then is how to detect these neutrinos in a submarine. Here, Huber has been a little more creative. He says there are essentiallytwo ways to spot neutrinos. "We would use thin muon-detector modules, which can be used very much like wallpaper to cover the majority of the vessel's hull," says Huber. This effectively turns a submarine into a giant, cylindrical muon detector about 10 meters in diameter and 100 meters long. How would this work? "The muons would enter on one side of the submarine and leave it on the other side," he says. "The entry and exit points are measured, and thus the muon direction can be reconstructed quite precisely." But there's also another way to detect neutrinos: look for the Cerenkov light radiation produced by fast-moving muons in seawater. That's clever, because it allows you to create a detector with dimensions that are roughly the distance that light travels in seawater, about four kilometers or so. Of course, there's no shortage of noise from bioluminescence, sunlight, and moonlight, but Huber seems confident that all of that could be filtered out.
Department of Electronics and communication COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ADOOR Page 8
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The bottom line is that submariners could one day use this technology to receive messages at data rates of up to 100 bits per second. There is one drawback, of course. It's only possible to receive messages in a submarine in this way, not to send them. That's not something that TV viewers have worried about much. But commanders of nuclear submarines may have a different view.Earth-penetrating neutrinos might one day be used to send messages to lurking submarines. The scheme could provide one-way communication with subs without requiring them to surface. Neutrinos are particles that interact so weakly with matter that they can pass through the planet like light through glass. In 1977, physicists proposed that they might be used to send messages around, or through, the globe. But because neutrinos interact so rarely, the conclusion was that it would be almost impossible to detect a signal. Now advances in emitters and detectors make a neutrino com-link feasible in the near future, says physicist Patrick Huber of Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia. "This whole thing started as a lunch discussion," says Huber. "You say, yeah people have been talking about that, but it's basically impossible. Then you sit down, do a little calculation, and you find that actually the numbers are not that crazy." NEUTRINO FACTORIES The technique might be best suited to communication with nuclear submarines, which currently use extremely-low-frequency and very-low-frequency radio waves. ELF can reach a sub travelling at its operating depth but has a very low data rate, about 1 bit per minute. VLF can send messages at around 50 bits per second, but cannot penetrate sea water and so requires the sub to deploy a floating antenna, which limits its manoeuvrability. Huber has calculated that
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neutrinos could at the very least rival ELF and VLF.The biggest technical advance is in producing neutrinos. Proposed devices called muon storage rings should be able to generate an intense beam carrying around 1014 neutrinos per second, says Huber.Most of them would pass straight through the planet, but a few would collide with the nuclei of atoms along the way, and just a very few of these collisions about 2 per second would happen near the submarine. FAINT GLOW Each collision produces a high-energy muon, and a sub could detect the faint glow given off as the muon travels through seawater. High-energy-neutrino detectors such as IceCube at the South Pole work by picking up this light, known as Cerenkov radiation. Huber calculates that neutrinos could transmit data at around 10 bits per second. That is less than VLF but can be done while the sub is operating at normal speed and depth. One disadvantage is that subs would have to go to a prearranged area to receive the signal. IceCube physicist Francis Halzen says that the proposal is physically feasible. It would be expensive to implement, he says, "but if it comes from a military budget, it's peanuts".
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CHAPTER 3 1. TRANSMISSION
PRODUCING NEUTINO MESSAGES:

The neutrino beam would be produced by an accelerator, preferably built at some well- protected location in the U.S.. The neutrinos would be produced via pion decay, similarily to the method employed by current accelerator beam neutrino experiments. Colliding a proton beam with a target produces positive pions, +. Because the pions are electrically charged, they can be focused by using a magnetic field (Figure 1). The field is created by devices called magnetic horns. The horns are two coaxial barrels made out of electrically conductive material and use a large current in the order of 200 kA; they produce a toroidal magnetic field in the region between the barrels.
Fig 3.1: Magnetic Horn system
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The pions will be focused into a highly parallel beam. They will then decay to a muon and a muon neutrino, and the muon in turn decays into a positron, neutrino and an antineutrino:
The end result is a highly directional beam of mostly muon neutrinos. The beam could be turned off and on rapidly; this could be used as a means of modulation. It would be fairly easy to produce a Morse code- type binary code. Muon storage rings have been proposed as source of highly collimated neutrino beams in order to allow precision measurements of the neutrino mixing parameters. In these facilities muons will be produced From pion decay and the pions are produced by proton irradiation of a target. Current designs for such a facility assume 1014 s1 useful muon and 1014 s1 useful anti-muon decays with muon energies in the range from 2550 GeV. Such a facility also would constitute the first step towards a multi-TeVmuon collider. The short lifetime of the muon and the high proton beam power are the main technical challenges. Currently, several R&D experiments are underway, for a recent review see, in order to prove the feasibility of this concept.
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CHAPTER 4 1. RECEIVING
Detection of the messages would happen via Cherenkov radiation, and the detection medium would be the water around the submarine. The submarine would be equipped with an array of photomultiplier tubes. The phototubes would pick up the Cherenkov light that is produced when a neutrino collides with a nucleon in the target volume; a pair of electrons created in the collision travel through water at a speed faster than light speed in the medium. The transparency of sea water peaks at the blue wavelength of visible light. Cherenkov radiation can be detected to about 100 meters from the source. The 'Ohio' class submarine, which is used to carry both ballistic and guided missiles, is 171 meters in length. A reasonable phototube array would be about 100 meters long, an extension to be dragged behind the submarine. The detection volume would therefore be a cylinder with 100m radius and 100m length. This translates to 109 liters, or 106 tons, of sea water.
Assuming that sea water mostly consists of H2O, using the conversions 1 liter/kilogram and 18 grams/mole, the number of target nucleons in this volume is 1.91035 nucleons.
2. EVENT FREQUENCY: Total number of events can be calculated from the equation N = (n)()(I)
(2)
Where n = number of target nucleons in the target volume = beam particle cross-section I = beam intensity (flux/area)
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The beam divergence and the distance between the transmitter and the submarine will affect the intensity. The distance would, for practical use, be of the order of 1000 kilometres or 106 meters. The number used for the calculations in this study is 5000 kilometres. The beam divergence is decided by the pion momentum. The pions will have longitudinal and transverse momentum components. The transverse component is always of the order 0.5GeV, regardless of the magnitude of the
longitudinal component. The beam divergence angle is given by Tan () = pt/pl Where (3)
pt = transverse pion momentum pl = longitudinal pion momentum
The larger the total momentum of the pions, the smaller the spread in the beam. For pions with a longitudinal momentum of 50 GeV, the beam, at a distance of 5000 kilometres from the source, has spread to a radius of about 158 kilometres. For longitudinal momentum of 100 GeV, the spreading radius would only be about 79 kilometres. The neutrino cross section/energy versus energy is linear and has a value 0.67x1038
cm2/GeV. A neutrino beam of 10GeV therefore has a cross-section of
6.7x1029cm2 The intensity has to be taken per area; for (3) to be dimensionally correct, the intensity is given as (particles)/(second)(cm2). The area is given by A = D2 sin2 Where = beam divergence angle D sin = radius of the incidence area. For the case where the pions have 50GeV longitudinal momentum, A = 3.1x1017cm2. Inserting this value into (2), together with the known values of and n, gives N = (flux) (5) (4)
Where =(n)()/(A), with the numerical value (1.91035) (6.710-29) (3.11017) =3.910-10 .From this one can easily see that to have the possibility to detect even just one event per second, a flux in the order of 1010 amperes is needed.
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Fig 4.1:The geometry of neutrino beam communications. The sizes are, of course, very exaggerated
3. Pion Beam Deflection: In order to point the neutrino beam towards the desired direction (i.e. the submarine), the pion beam could be deflected by using a magnetic field. The magnetic force on a charged particle in an external magnetic field is given by FB = qnAL(v Bo) where q = charge of the particle n = number of particles in the volume element A = cross-sectional area of beam L = length of magnetic field region v = velocity of the particle Bo = magnetic field. (6)
Or, more simply for one particle,

FB = q(v Bo) 2nd Law can then be written as
(7)
A charged particle moving in a magnetic field will follow a helical path. Newton's
Seminar report 2012
mv2/r = qvBo
(8)
and
These are familiar cyclotron motion equations, where r = radius of curvature of the particle's path and m = the particle's mass. While the pion is inside the region of the magnetic field, it will travel a helical arc length S.
Fig 4.2: A particle in a magnetic field The red line represents the path of the particle, S. The green line is the amount by which a particle gets deflected in the transverse direction. The particle is deflected by angle ; it can easily be seen that if we call length of the magnetic field L , and the transverse displacement D, L tan = D From (8) and some trigonometry, D = (mv/qB)(1-cos) (11) (10)
The strength of the magnetic field is given by Bo = mv (1-cos)/q(D-Ltan) where m=Mass of pion = 139.5MeV= 2.48315x10-28kg q = Charge of pion = 1.6022x10-19C v=pion velocity D=transverse displacement (12)
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L= length of magnetic field region = 100m If pion velocity is of the order of 1:10c, deflecting its path by 30 degrees over 100 meters would require 0.8 10-2 T; in other words, 0.8 T per meter. How such a system would be used operationally is difficult to assess, since our knowledge of submarine operations is insufficient to provide a in depth discussion. Obviously, the position of a submarine is secret and ideally not known to anyone outside the vessel. However, in order to send messages using a neutrino beam we need know the position of the submarine within the width of the beam of _ 1 5 km. One solution, is to point the beam at prearranged times to prearranged locations within the patrol area of the submarine and the submarine will be at one of these points at the right time at least a certain number of times per day. Another possibility is to artificially increase the beam spot size by sweeping the beam across the suspected course of the submarine. The resulting data rate is low, but all that needs to transmitted is the request to sail to a prearranged location for the reception of high speed communication.
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CHAPTER 5 1. LONG BEAMLINE NEUTRINO EXPERIMENTS

The concept of a neutrino beam traversing through long distances of earth is already being implemented for a purpose quite different from underwater communications. Very long beamline neutrino experiments, such an K2K and MINOS, are using accelerator- created beams for neutrino research; specifically, to increase understanding of neutrino oscillation. A well- understood and controlled neutrino source, set at a fixed distance from a detector, will enable a more accurate measurement of neutrino oscillation parameters.
2. K2K EXPERIMENT: K2K is a Japanese experiment whose name stands for " KEK to Kamiokande" , the locations of the accelerator and the detector, respectively. The distance between them is 250 kilometers. KEK is a 12GeV proton synchrotron accelerator. The neutrino beam is produced by pion decay as described above; the pion decay pipe is 200 meters long, and the average energy of resultant neutrinos is 1.3 GeV. The Kamiokande detector is a liquid scintillator Cherenkov detector which was originally built for observing proton decay. It later discovered that the atmospheric neutrino deficit problem can be explained by neutrino
oscillations. Kamiokande has taken on a new assignment as a detector for accelerator- created neutrinos. Its detection volume is 22 kilotons, or 22,000,000 kilograms. Another interesting long baseline experiment is MINOS (Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search). Its 731-kilometer baseline runs from Fermilab to Soudan Mine in northern Minnesota. At MINOS, the pion decay region is 675 meters long. MINOS features an adjustable magnetic horn system, which can select 3 different neutrino energy ranges: 3, 6, and 15 GeV.
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Fig 5.1 The K2K experiment

A look at MINOS' 5.4 kiloton detector event rates gives an idea just how challenging it is to detect neutrinos: the charged current event rates are 10,000 events/year for the 15GeV neutrinos, 5,000/year for the 6GeV and a modest 700/year for the 3GeV neutrinos. MINOS (or Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search) is a particle
physics experiment designed to study the phenomena of neutrino oscillations, first discovered by a Super-Kamiokande (Super-K) by the NuMI ("Neutrinos at experiment Main in
1998. Neutrinos produced
Injector")
beamlineatFermilab near Chicago are observed at two detectors, one very close to where the beam is produced (the near detector), and another much larger detector 735 km away in northern Minnesota (the far detector). The MINOS experiment started detecting neutrinos from the NuMI beam in February 2005. On 30 March 2006, the MINOS collaboration announced that the analysis of the initial data, collected in 2005, is consistent with neutrino oscillations, with the oscillation parameters which are consistent with Super-K measurements.
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CHAPTER 6 1. CONCLUSION
Neutrino communications may appear at first a tempting and interesting alternative to radio transmission. However, the very aspects which give the neutrino its benefits over electromagnetic waves, also cause the idea to fail. Neutrinos hardly interact with matter; although it would be beneficial for the military to be able to send communications to their submarines right through the earth and to the deepest places of the oceans, the difficulty of receiving the message is where the idea falls apart. Merely creating a beam with enough intensity to reliably transfer information is an impossible task. There are also a host of other problems. Bending the pion beam requires a magnetic field and only works for certain angles; aiming the beam in various directions would require the entire accelerator apparatus to be turned around in some manner. This would be very difficult, if not impossible. Smaller practical problems arise from the phototube array. Dragging a 100- meter extension behind a submarine would not only slow down the vessel and increase its energy consumption, but electrical activity from the phototubes would be highly visible to any enemy. Therefore, even if the phototube array was shielded only to be deployed when an incoming message is expected, it would not be much of an improvement from the times when a submarine had to surface in order to receive communications. Regardless of the seeming appeal of the concept, neutrinos as a means for communications appears impossible in practice. It would take nothing less than some type of a technological revolution to make it reality; until then, neutrino communications will remain the stuff of science fiction.
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REFERENCES
1. WEBLIOGRAPHY:
ww.en.wikipedia.org
IEEE LINK Perkins, Donald H.: High Energy Physics, 4th edition http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/ http://www.nestor.org/ http://www.neutrino.kek.jp/ http://www-numi.fnal.gov/
2.BIBLIOGRAPHY: [1]J. G. Learned, S. Pakvasa, and A. Zee, Phys. Lett. B671,15 (2009), 0805.2429. [2] Z. K. Silagadze, Acta Phys. Polon. B39, 2943 (2008),0803.0409. [3] J. M. Pasacho_ and M. L. Kutner, Cosmic Search 1(1979). [4] M. Subotowicz, ActaAstronomica 6, 213 (1979). [5] A. W. Saenz, H. Uberall, F. J. Kelly, D. W. Padgett, and N. Seeman, Science198, 295 (1977). [6] C. Callan, F. Dyson, and S. Treiman (1988), JASON, The MITRE Corporation. [7] J. Jaeckel, J. Redondo, and A. Ringwald, Europhys. Lett.87, 10010 (2009), 0903.5300. [8] M. L. Burrows and W. C. Niessen, Oceans pp. 95{109 (1972). [9] A. B. Carter, in Managing nuclear options (The Brookings Institution, 1987). [10] P. Adamson et al. (MINOS), Phys. Rev. Lett. 101,131802 (2008), 0806.2237. [11] S. Geer, Phys. Rev. D57, 6989 (1998), hep-ph/9712290. [12] A. Bandyopadhyay et al. (ISS Physics Working Group) (2007), 0710.4947. [13] J. S. Berg et al. (ISS AcceleratorWorking Group) (2008),0802.4023. [14] P. K. F. Grieder, Cosmic rays at earth (Elsevier, 2001). [15] H. Hemmati, ed., Deep space optical communication (Wiley-
Interscience,2006). [16] D. J. McKay, Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms (Cambridge University Press, 2003).
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[17] C. N. Georghiades, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 40, 1313 (1994). [18] A. Achterberg et al. (The IceCube), Phys. Rev. D76,027101 (2007), 0705.1781. [19] S. Aune et al., Nucl. Instrum.Meth.A604, 53 (2009). [20] J. Abdallah et al. (DELPHI), Astropart. Phys. 28, 273(2007), 0706.2561. [21] . S. Esco_er (ANTARES) (2007), 0710.0527. [22] G. C. Feldman and C. R. McClain, Ocean color web, http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/ (2009), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Eds. Kuring, N., Bailey, S. W. [23] C. Amante and B. W. Eakins (2008), national Geophysical Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce.
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Department of Electronics and communication COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ADOOR