Contours

CE221 HigherSurveying CE 221 Higher Surveying

Typesofcontours Types of contours

Indexcontours Index contours Intermediatecontours Supplementalcontours S l l Depressioncontours Approximatecontours

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Indexcontours Index contours

Shown as heavy lines usually twice the gauge Shownasheavylines,usuallytwicethegauge ofthestandardcontours Normally shown every fifth (5th) contour Normallyshowneveryfifth(5 )contour Carrythenumberorelevationdesignation

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Indexcontours Index contours

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Intermediatecontours Intermediate contours

Lines of lighter weight between index contours Linesoflighterweightbetweenindexcontours Usuallynotlabeled,exceptwhentheterrainI relativelyflat relatively flat Conformtothecontourintervalofthemap I Inpartsofthemapwhereintermediatecontours t f th h i t di t t arecloselyspacedastonearlyuniteormerge intoasingleline,itiscustomarynottoportray into a single line it is customary not to portray thelinesforshortdistancesforreadability(the techniqueiscalledfeathering) technique is called feathering)
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Supplementalcontours Supplemental contours

Used when the terrain is so flat and the Usedwhentheterrainissoflatandthe intermediatecontoursaretoofarapart Drawn as dashed lines or lines of dots Drawnasdashedlinesorlinesofdots Usuallydrawnatonehalfthespecified contourintervalofthemap i l f h

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Depressioncontours Depression contours

Used to show low spots around which Usedtoshowlowspotsaroundwhich contoursclose Index or intermediate contours are used to Indexorintermediatecontoursareusedto whichticksdrawnperpendiculartothe contourlinesonthedownhillside contour lines on the downhill side

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Depressioncontours Depression contours

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Approximatecontours Approximate contours

Used when contours cannot be drawn Usedwhencontourscannotbedrawn accuratelypossiblydueinaccessibilityofthe area Basedontheeducatedguessofthemakerof themap the map

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Thecontourinterval The contour interval

Theconstantverticaldistancebetweentwo adjacentcontourlines Smallintervalsareappropriateforareaswith lightslopesandwithsmallfeaturessuchashills light slopes and with small features such as hills Largeintervalsareusedforareaswithsteep slopes Commonlyfixedatmultiplesof0.5,1,2,5,10, 20,50and100meters Interrelatedwiththemapscale;generally,the smallerthescalethelargerthecontourinterval
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Selectionofcontourinterval Selection of contour interval

Relative costs Relativecosts
Thecostofthemapwillbehigherasthecontour intervalisreduced interval is reduced

Purposeofthemap N t Natureoftheterrain f th t i Scaleofthemap

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Characteristicsofcontours Characteristics of contours

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Characteristicsofcontours Characteristics of contours

All points on any one Allpointsonanyone contourhavethesame elevation

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Characteristicsofcontours Characteristics of contours

Every contour closes on Everycontourcloseson itself,eitherwithinor beyondthelimitsofthe map.Theclosuremay occurwithinthe mappedarea,butoften d b t ft happensoutsidethe areaandthuswillnot area and thus will not appearonthemap sheet.
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Characteristicsofcontours Characteristics of contours

A contour which closes Acontourwhichcloses withinthelimitsofthe mapindicateseithera summitordepression

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Characteristicsofcontours Characteristics of contours

Contours on the ground Contoursontheground cannotcrossone anotherexceptwhere anoverhangingcliff,a verticalledgeorwallis representedonthe t d th map.

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Characteristicsofcontours Characteristics of contours

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Characteristicsofcontours Characteristics of contours

Contours are evenly Contoursareevenly spacedonauniform slope

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Characteristicsofcontours Characteristics of contours

Contours are straight Contoursarestraight andparalleltoeach otheronaplane surface.

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Characteristicsofcontours Characteristics of contours

Irregular contours Irregularcontours signifyrough,rugged terrain

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Characteristicsofcontours Characteristics of contours

The horizontal distance Thehorizontaldistance betweenadjacent contoursindicatesthe steepnessoftheslope oftheground;the closerthecontours,the l th t th steepertheslope

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Characteristicsofcontours Characteristics of contours

Contours cross curbs Contourscrosscurbs andacrownedsloping streetintypicalU shapedcurves

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Characteristicsofcontours Characteristics of contours

Contours cross streams Contourscrossstreams inaVpatternpointing upward

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