Paper Battery

Name: S. Hemasagar, Department of E.C.E, S.V.Colleges, Email id: satulurusagar@yahoo.com, Tirupati, India. Name: V.M.P.Bharath, Department of E.C.E, S.V.Colleges, Email id: king.bharath1729@gmail.com, Tirupati, India.

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Introduction:
A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose-

halves its energy production. Stacking them multiplies power output. Early prototypes of the device are able to produce 2.5 volts of electricity from a sample the size of a postage stamp

Paper battery offers future power

They have produced a sample slightly larger than a postage stamp that can store enough energy to illuminate a small light bulb. But the ambition is to produce reams of paper that could one day power a car. Professor Robert Linhardt, of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, said the paper battery was a glimpse into the future of power storage. The team behind the versatile paper, which stores energy like a conventional battery, says it can also double as a capacitor capable of releasing sudden energy bursts for high-power applications. While a conventional battery contains a number of separate components, the paper battery integrates all of the battery components in a single structure, making it more energy efficient.

based paper. A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and super capacitor, combining two components that are separate in traditional electronics. This combination allows the battery to provide both long-term, steady power production and bursts of energy. Non-toxic, flexible paper batteries have the potential to power the next generation of electronics, medical Devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs and medical technologies. Paper batteries may be folded, cut or otherwise shaped for different applications without any loss of integrity or efficiency. Cutting one in half

Integrated devices
The research appears in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

"Think of all the disadvantages of an old TV set with tubes," said Professor Linhardt, from the New York-based institute, who co-authored a report into the technology. "The warm up time, power loss, component malfunction; you don't get those problems with integrated devices. When you transfer power from one component to another you lose energy. But you lose less energy in an integrated device." The battery contains carbon nanotubes, each about one millionth of a centimetre thick, which act as an electrode. The nanotubes are embedded in a sheet of paper soaked in ionic liquid electrolytes, which conduct the electricity. The flexible battery can function even if it is rolled up, folded or cut. Although the power output is currently modest, Professor Linhardt said that increasing the output should be easy.

Firstly, a common Xerox paper of desired shape and size is taken. Next, by conformal coating using a simple Mayer rod method, the specially formulated ink with suitable substrates (known as CNT ink) is spread over the paper sample. The strong capillary force in paper enables high contacting surface area between the paper and nanotubes after the solvent is absorbed and dried out in an oven. A thin lithium film is laminated over the exposed cellulose surface which completes our paper battery. This paper battery is then connected to the aluminium current collectors which connect it to the external load. The working of a paper battery is similar to an electrochemical battery except with the constructional differences. The paper battery is designed to use a paper-thin sheet of cellulose (which is the major constituent of regular paper, among other things) infused with aligned carbon nanotubes. The nanotubes act as electrodes, allowing the storage devices to conduct electricity. The battery will currently provide a low, steady power output, as well as a super capacitors quick burst of energy. While a conventional battery contains a number of separate components, the paper battery integrates

Construction and Structure Construction:

A very brief provided. explanation has been

Cathode: Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) Anode: Lithium metal (Li+) Electrolyte: All electrolytes (incl. bio electrolytes like blood, sweat and urine) Separator: Paper (Cellulose) The process of construction can be understood in the following steps:

all of the battery components in a single structure, making it more energy efficient and lighter.

Another method of manufacturing

One more method of manufacture, developed by scientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and MIT, begins with growing the nanotubes on a silicon substrate and then impregnating the gaps in the matrix with cellulose. Once the matrix has dried, the material can be peeled off of the substrate, exposing one end of the carbon nanotubes to act as an electrode. When two sheets are combined, with the cellulose sides facing inwards, a super capacitor is formed that can be activated by the addition of the ionic liquid. This liquid acts as an electrolyte and may include salt-laden solutions like human blood, sweat or urine. The high cellulose content (over 90%) and lack of toxic chemicals in paper batteries makes the device both biocompatible and environmentally friendly, especially when compared to the traditional lithium ion battery used in many present-day electronic devices and laptops.

there are several applications for these Power Paper batteries, including: Smart cards and tags - Power Paper batteries can be laminated onto smart cards and other micro-devices and replace ordinary tickets and tags. It is possible that tickets to major sporting events could use this technology to limit counterfeiting. And imagine a ticket that could not only grant you admission, but also give you directions to your seat! Disposable medical devices - Single-use delivery and diagnostic devices could have Power Paper incorporated into their construction to allow for sensors and smart labels.

Paper batteries recharge from moisture in the air, seemingly defy laws of nature:
Some like working with clay, some like carving from stone, and others etch out of silicon, but the team at CENIMAT apparently really likes plain oil paper. The researchers there proved they could print transistors on the stuff back in 2008, and now they're making paper batteries too. But that's nothing new; others have made Mache cells for years. What's exciting here are that these batteries Charge with water, and they don't need very much of the stuff to juice up. Just 40 percent humidity in the air is enough to regain their potency, a threshold that might put them out of the realm of possibility for self-recharging power for Vegas lights, but something tells us the voltage coming out of this pulp couldn't cope with that kind of strain anyhow.

Products using paper batteries

Power Paper Products There are already several products available that Power Paper batteries can be integrated with; and with devices becoming increasingly smaller, the market for thin power sources is huge. Currently,

Electronic games and entertainment devices - The possibilities are endless for using Power Paper batteries in novelty items, baseball cards, greeting cards and lottery tickets. Labels on just about any product could become interactive.

Uses
The paper-like quality of the battery combined with the structure of the nanotubes embedded within gives them their light weight and low cost,

making them attractive for portable electronics, aircraft, automobiles, and toys. Their ability to use electrolytes in blood makes them potentially useful for medical devices such as pacemakers. The medical uses are particularly attractive because they do not contain any toxic materials and can be biodegradable They are ultimately easier to manufacture, more environmentally friendly and usable in a wide range of devices. The use of carbon nanotubes gives the paper battery extreme flexibility; the sheets can be rolled, twisted, folded, or cut into numerous shapes with no loss of integrity or efficiency, or stacked, like printer paper, to boost total output.

extreme conditions it can operate within -75 to +150C. Rechargeable: It can be recharged up to 300 including bio-salts such as sweat, urine and blood. No Leakage & Overheating: Owing to low resistance, it does not get overheated even under extreme conditions. Since there are no leaky fluids, so even under spontaneous or accidental damage, there is no leakage problem. Very Light Weight & Flexible. Easily Mouldable into Desired Shapes and sizes Customizable Output Voltage: o By varying CNT concentration. o By stacking & slicing.

LIMTATIONS&DISADVANTAG ES OF PAPER BATTERIES:

It would not be logical only to ponder over the miraculous properties and applications of Paper Batteries .Things need to be discussed at the flip side as well. Following are some of them: Have Low Shear strength: They can be torn easily.

ADVANTAGES OVER EXISTING BATTERIES: Biodegradable & Non Toxic: Since its major ingredients are of organic origin, it is a biodegradable and nontoxic product. Biocompatible: They are not easily rejected by our body's immune system if implanted into human body. Easily Reusable & Recyclable: Being cellulose based product it is easily recyclable and reusable, even with the existing paper recycling techniques. Durable: It has a shelf life of three years (at room temperature). Under

The Techniques and the Set-ups used in the production of Carbon Nanotubes are very expensive and very less efficient. These are: (I) Arc discharge (ii) Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) (iii) Laser Ablation (IV) Electrolysis When inhaled, their interaction with the Microphages present in the lungs is similar to that with Asbestos fibres, hence may be seriously hazardous to human health.

CONCLUSION
Paper battery is a leading innovation technology that makes the future of technology so comfortable and reliable.