Multicast in Wireless

Multicast in Wireless
Cisco Systems Inc.
Presentation_ID
2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Confidential
Agenda
Multicast Overview
Why Multicast in Wireless?

Multicast Challenges in Wireless Legacy Multicast Architecture
Reliable Multicast Feature IPv6 in CUWN
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
Unicast, Broadcast and Multicast
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
What is IP Multicast?
Bandwidth Conserving Technology
Delivers source traffic to multiple receivers

Multicast Group Concept
Multicast packets are replicated in the network
Multicast delivery to hosts is controlled by:

Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) on IPv4 networks Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) on IPv6 networks
Inside a routing domain Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) or MOSPF are used
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
L3 Multicast Addressing
Controlled by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Multicast Employs Class D Destination Address format
Multicast Range: 224.0.0.0- 239.255.255.255 224.0.0.0/24 Link Local, Reserved for Routing Protocols 224.0.1.0 through 238.255.255.255 Globally Scoped
239.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255 Administratively Scoped

233.0.0.0/8 Reserved for GLOP
Addressed to a Group of Intended Listeners

High order 4 bits set to 1110 followed by 28-bit Multicast group ID
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
L2 Multicast Addressing
Network interface cards receive only packets destined for their burned-in MAC address or the broadcast MAC address LAN specifications made provisions for the transmission of broadcast and/or multicast packets With Multicast Addressing, Multiple hosts receive same packet and still be capable of differentiating among multicast groups
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
Mapping L3 to L2 (Class D to Ethernet)

Allows IP multicasting to take advantage of the hardware-level multicasting supported by network interface cards
Map low-order 23 bits of Class D address into low-order 23 bits in the Ethernet MAC to correspond to the IP multicast group address Available Ethernet MACs: 0100.5e00.0000 to 0100.5e7f.ffff
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
Sample L3 to L2 Mapping
Multicast group address 224.10.8.5 (E0-0A-08-05) mapped into an Ethernet (IEEE-802) multicast address
Mapping may place up to 32 diff. IP groups into same Ethernet addr because upper 5 bits of IP multicast group ID are ignored
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
Transmission & Delivery of Multicast

Sender & Receiver on Same Subnet:
Source addresses IP packet to the multicast group Network interface card maps Class D to IEEE-802 multicast address
Interested Receivers notify their IP layer that they want to receive datagrams addressed to the group
Sender & Receiver on Different Subnets:

Routers required to implement multicast routing protocol that permits construction of multicast delivery trees and supports multicast data packet forwarding
Each router needs to implement a group membership protocol that allows it to learn about the existence of group members on its directly attached subnetworks
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
Internet Group Management Protocol

Allows hosts to inform local routers of their intention to receive transmissions addressed to a specific group
Dynamically registers hosts in a multicast group on a particular LAN
Hosts identify group memberships by sending IGMP messages to their local multicast router Routers listen to IGMP messages and periodically send out queries to discover which groups are active or inactive on a particular subnet
IGMP v2 Packet Structure

Type is Membership Query (0x11), Membership Report (IGMPv1: 0x12, IGMPv2: 0x16), Leave Group (0x17) ; IGMPv3 adds type Membership Report (0x22)
+ 0 32
Presentation_ID
Bits 0 - 7 Type
8 - 15 Max Resp Time
16 - 23
24 - 31
Checksum
Group Address
Cisco Confidential
10
IGMP Snooping
Allows L2 Switches to Snoop L3 Multicast Data for IGMP Control Messages between hosts and routers
Allows switch to add or delete the hosts port number to the associated multicast table entry Since Multicast is like Broadcast, IGMP Snooping limits traffic to ports that need to receive data Highly CPU intensive, recommended on High End Switches with Special ASICs that perform IGMP checks in hardware
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
11
Simple IP Multicast Network

A network designed to deliver a multicast service (like video) using IGMP might use this basic architecture
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
12
Multicast Distribution Trees

Shortest Path Tree
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
13
Multicast Distribution Trees

Shared Tree Rendezvous Point (RP)
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Cisco Confidential
14
Multicast Forwarding
Unicast Forwarding only cares about destination IP
Multicast Forwarding checks source and destination

Reverse Path Forwarding
Forwards multicast traffic away from the source, rather than to the receiver Makes use of the existing unicast routing table to determine the upstream and downstream neighbors RPF check helps to guarantee that distribution tree will be loop-free
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
15
Multicast Routing
Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM)
Uses unicast routing information to perform multicast forwarding function (RPF checks)
PIM Dense Mode

Push Model to flood Multicast Traffic
PIM Sparse Mode

Pull Model to deliver Multicast Traffic
Sparse Dense Mode

More efficient to choose sparse or dense on a per group basis rather than a per router interface basis
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
16
SAP and SDP

Session Directory Protocol (SDP)
Assists in advertising multimedia conference sessions and in communicating setup information to participants who want to join the session
Commonly used by a client to announce a conference session by periodically multicasting an announcement packet to a well-known multicast address and port using SAP
Session Directory Announcement Protocol (SAP)

Used by SDP as its transport protocol
SAP and SDP display multicast session names and correlate the names with multicast traffic
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
17
References
Cisco IOS IP Multicast Configuration Guide, Rel. 12.4 http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/ios/ipmulti/configurati on/guide/12_4/imc_12_4_book.html
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Cisco Confidential
18
Why Multicast over Wireless?
MAIN DRIVERS
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
19
Why Multicast over Wireless?

Increasing real time collaboration demands
Videoconferencing, Telepresence, Training, Surveillance etc.
Demand for Wired and Wireless System Integration High throughput (better PHY and MAC) on 802.11n will improve multicast delivery over wireless
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
20
Enterprise Video Applications

Understanding Diverse Application Models
Streaming
Application
Video Surveillance Live Digital Media/ Recorded Playbacks Few to Many
Interactive
TelePresence Collaboration Desktop Collaboration
VoD
Video on Demand
Model Direction of Flows/Type
Many to Few
Many to Many Client <> Client MCU <> Client (Unicast)
Many to Many Client <> Client MCU <> Client (Unicast)
Few to Many
Storage > Storage Source >Clients Storabe >Client (Multicast) Source > Client (Multicast) IP Convergence Opening up usage and applications Higher quality video requirements driving higher bandwidth (up to 34 Mbps per camera) Demand for higher quality video increases each stream (SD: 18 Mbps with Full Motion HD/DVD: 720 Mbps)
Storage <> Client (Unicast)
Traffic Requirements/ Trends
High-def video requires up to 412 Mbps per location
Collaboration across geographies Growing peerto-peer model driving higher on-demand bandwidth (Under 1 Mbps)
Tremendous increase in applications driving more streams (SD: 14 Mbps; HD: 6 10 Mbps)
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
21
Sensitivity of Video Applications to QoS Requirements

Latency Jitter Throughput Packet Loss
Video Teleconferencing
HD Video Teleconferencing Video on Demand
High
High
Low
Medium
High Low
High Low
High Medium
High Low
Live Streaming Video
Medium
Medium
Medium
High
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
22
Enterprise Video Trends

Planned uses of Enterprise Video
Videoconferencing Employee Training Video surveillance Sales Mtgs/Training Recorded playbacks Exec Communication/Live Streaming
0 10 20
61.5 54.4 44.9 41.3

40.8 34.3
30 40 50 60 70
% of customers
Where Employees watch Enterprise Video

On demand on their PCs/Laptops Live on their PCs/Laptops On TVs in lobby, training rooms, etc. On their mobile phones Other
0
Presentation_ID 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
73.6 56.8 54.3

6.8 3.8
20 40 60 80
23
% of customers
Source: IDC Video in the Enterprise: Snapshot, Sept 2009
Multicast in Wireless
CHALLENGES
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
24
Streaming Video Challenges Today

Radio Frequency Limitations
Cant deliver multicast video at scale Video overloads network and degrades other application performance Unable to deliver business quality video
Video Streaming Without Reliable Multicast
WLC
SWITCH
AP
AP
AP
AP
POOR PERFORMANCE
POOR PERFORMANCE
25
Streaming Video Challenges

Poor Wired to Wireless Network Integration
Reliability at WLC improves quality but NOT overall scale No identification of respective priority Inefficient use of overall network
Inefficient use of bandwidth on the wired port
WLC
SWITCH
AP
AP
AP
AP
GOOD PERFORMANCE
Presentation_ID 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
GOOD PERFORMANCE
Cisco Confidential
GOOD PERFORMANCE
POOR PERFORMANCE
26
Other Complexities
Variable Data Rates
Packet Loss Power Save Mode on Clients
Multicast Unreliability (due to Broadcast)
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
27
Variable Data Rates

Variable Transmit Data Rate
User experience can vary widely over time Since data rate of transmission over wireless varies over time
Depends on the distance of the client from the AP

Throughput of individual video flows and the capacity of the overall network changes with time
Choosing the Right Transmit Data Rate for Multicast

All clients should have a chance to receive the packet (but at the same time transmission is not so slow that it uses up all the airtime of the cell)
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
28
Packet Loss
Unreliability due to underlying L2 Transport
Wireless loses more packets than wired Collisions Two Wi-Fi devices attempting to transmit at the same time
Short-Term signal loss (fades) due to absorption, reflections etc.

Hunt for best data rate (some packets lost during the search process)
Combination of collisions, fades, and data rate selection can yield a packet error rate (PER) close to 5%
To compensate PER, Wi-Fi uses retransmissions whereby packets that are not successfully received and acknowledged are resent Retransmissions reduce the packet loss rate (PLR) to less than 0.1 percent, but lead to jitter and eats into overall network throughput, both of which can impact QoS
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
29
Power Save Modes

If power-save mode is disabled, AP delivers multicast traffic after each beacon (default interval = 100ms) If power-save mode is enabled, AP buffers all multicast frames and sends them after each DTIM
By default DTIM is every 1,2, or 3 beacon intervals on most APs Due to buffering substantial delay of multicast frames may occur
DTIM and Beacon interval settings must be adjusted for optimum performance of multicast
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
30
Multicast Unreliability
Multicast traffic is Broadcast over the air
On the wired network, APs subscribe to a multi-cast group, but the multi-cast traffic is then broadcast over air to all the associated clients Broadcast not only consumes over-the-air bandwidth, but it also does not take into account the types of the connected devices
No reliable flow of data (no guaranteed delivery)

Multicast packets sent as UDP broadcast do not have the error correction features (ACK mechanism) that make up the core of the 802.11 standards
No Retransmissions implies PLR is equal to PER (~5%), which can be a serious problem for video (Loss of even a single packet can result in an error that propagates for many video frames)
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
31
Video Multicast: Broadcast Delivery

Technical Challenges
802.11 Data Rates
1 2 5.5 6
Multicast packets (UDP) are sent as broadcast packets over the air per 802.11 standard Broadcast packets do not use error correction: fire and forget Broadcast packets are sent at the highest mandatory data rate: 1 MB for B/G 6 MB for A (400K actual) (2.7 MB actual)
Video Impact
Choppy, Unreliable Video
Video Stream does not utilize 802.11 N High Throughput data rates Heavy utilization of channel due to high rate of very slow packets Video delivery is not reliable causing poor Quality of Experience
B/G
12 18 24 36
48
54 M0
M1
... M14 M15
N AP 1140
Video Server
Default 802.11B/G mandatory data rates
32
Broadcasting Multicast Video Affect on AP Channel

802.11G/N AP Coverage Boundary Cell Edge
1 MB Video Stream
Channel utilization maxed out Hub environment affects ALL clients in cell
Wireless becomes unusable
1 MB Data Rate Packets
400 KB Max
Multicast video stream works fine on wired

Video stream choppy on wireless Entire WiFi cell consumed with video
33
Multicast on the Cisco Unified Wireless Network
LEGACY MULTICAST ARCHITECTURE

34
Multicast Modes on WLC

Broadcast Forwarding
Multicast Forwarding
Multicast: Unicast Multicast: Multicast
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
35
Multicast Behavior in WLC Versions

Before WLC Release 4.0.206.0
Unicast or Multicast mode, also enabled Broadcast
After WLC Release 4.0.206.0

Broadcast and Multicast traffic must be enabled separately
config network broadcast enable
If multicast mode is Unicast and broadcast is turned on, broadcast traffic is replicated and unicast to each AP If multicast mode is Multicast with a multicast address, each broadcast packet is sent via the multicast group to the APs
After WLC Release 4.2

IGMP Snooping Introduced
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
36
Enabling IGMP Snooping

Enabled from Controllers > Multicast menu
Plays an important role to facilitate client roaming

IGMPv1 and v2 are only supported currently
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
37
Multicast: Unicast
Doing Multicast conversion at the Controller puts a burden on the Controller. In addition it strains the network resources (higher streams)
Processor Intensive
One multicast packet in LWAPP Encapsulated Packets
Multiple Copies of the same Multicast Packet Encapsulated with LWAPP Unicast packets out to each AP
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
38
Multicast: Multicast
Network replicates packet as needed
More efficient than Unicast. Less Processor Intensive.
One multicast packet in
LWAPP
Multicast Group
One LWAPP Encapsulated multicast packet out
Improved multicast performance over wireless networks Multicast packet replication occurs only at points in the network where it is required, saving wired network bandwidth Pre-requisite: Multicast Enabled network between the Controller and APs
39
Multicast Source on Wired LAN

Multicast: Multicast
AP downloads LWAPP multicast group addr. during join process AP issues IGMP JOIN to the controller LWAPP multicast group
Controller becomes multicast source and AP as multicast receiver
Client sends IGMP report to JOIN a multicast stream

Controller intercepts (IGMP snoop) and parses the report
Builds MGID database of multicast groups required by client Sends proxy JOIN report to multicast router Forwards multicast to ALL APs using Multicast LWAPP tunnel
AP forwards the multicast stream to client

Based on MGID database subscription entries
Duplicates a copy to each WLAN with a subscription Sends multicast packets as broadcast on default WLAN QoS priority
40
Multicast Source on Wireless LAN

AP to WLC: Similar to normal wireless traffic
Multicast packet from client is LWAPP-encapsulated and unicast from AP to WLC
Controller makes two copies of the multicast packet:

One copy is sent out the VLAN associated with the WLAN SSID on which it arrived. This enables receivers on the wired LAN to receive the multicast stream and the router to learn about the new multicast group. The second copy of the packet is LWAPP-encapsulated and is sent to the LWAPP multicast group so that wireless clients can receive the multicast stream.
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
41
Multicast Source on Wired LAN

No IGMP Snooping
Clients IGMP Join request is bridged to the router Controller forwards multicast packets to the LWAPP multicast group address using its management interface at the lowest QoS level
Mcast Traffic
IGMP
All APs in multicast group receive the packet and broadcast it to all the BSSIDs mapped to the interface on which clients receive multicast
Broadcast
LWAPP
Broadcast
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
42
The IGMP Join No IGMP Snooping

Client sends an IGMP join
Mcast Traffic
Controller bridges the IGMP join through the upstream switch to the PIM enabled router IGMP is Bridged
ROUTER#show ip igmp groups IGMP Connected Group Membership Group Address Interface Uptime 233.0.0.1 Vlan119 3w1d
Expires 00:01:52 Last Reporter 10.1.1.130
(*,G)
Cam Table Entry Added

01:00:5E:XX:XX:XX
Controller IP 10.1.1.2
IP 10.1.1.130
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
43
The IGMP Leave No IGMP Snooping

Client sends an IGMP leave
Mcast Traffic
Controller bridges the IGMP leave through the upstream switch to the PIM enabled router
(*,G)
Cam Table Entry Deleted

01:00:5E:XX:XX:XX
IGMP is Bridged
IP 10.1.1.130
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
44
Multicast Delivery With IGMP Snooping

Introduced 4.2
Controller acts as IGMP proxy and facilitates roaming Controller periodically sends IGMP queries to clients to update its MGID database Controller forwards Multicast (either unicast or multicast) to all APs
Mcast Traffic
IGMP
Only those APs that have active clients subscribed (based on MGID table) to the multicast group broadcast multicast traffic on that particular WLAN, otherwise it is dropped
SSID
Blizzard Tsunami
SSID
MGID NONE NONE
LWAPP
Blizzard Tsunami
MGID
233.0.1.1 NONE Broadcast
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
45
The IGMP Join Snooping Enabled

Client sends an IGMP join
Mcast Traffic
Controller intercepts the join and creates a table entry for the client multicast group Controller then proxies IGMP join through upstream switch to the PIM enabled router
(*,G)
Cam Table Entry Added

01:00:5E:XX:XX:XX
ROUTER#show ip igmp groups IGMP Connected Group Membership Group Address Interface Uptime 233.0.0.1 Vlan119 3w1d
Expires 00:01:52
Last Reporter 10.1.1.2
IP 10.1.1.130
This is the controller!!

46
The IGMP Leave Snooping Enabled

Client sends an IGMP leave
Mcast Traffic
Controller intercepts the leave and removes the table entry for the client multicast group NO leave is forwarded to network, it will time out based on the configuration of the controller
(*,G) IGMP
Cam Table Entry Remains
01:00:5E:XX:XX:XX
IGMP
IP 10.1.1.130
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
47
Multicast Group Identifier (MGID)

Assists with packet classification, identification and roaming L2 MGIDs are assigned when L2 multicast or broadcast is enabled L3 MGIDs are assigned when the client requests membership in a particular IP multicast group through the use of IGMP.
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Cisco Confidential
48
CLI to Check MGID
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Cisco Confidential
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All Multicast Groups

All multicast groups and their corresponding MGIDs:
(Controller) >show network multicast mgid summary
Layer2 MGID Mapping: InterfaceName vlanId MGID
corp1
guest management voice
260
240 320 251
11
13 0 12
Layer3 MGID Mapping: Number of Layer3 MGIDs........................... 6 Group address Vlan MGID
224.0.0.251
224.0.0.252 224.0.1.60 224.1.0.38 239.255.255.250
260
260 260 260 260
550
555 554 628 564
239.255.255.253
260
Cisco Confidential
596
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Clients Joined to Multicast Group

All clients joined to multicast group in a specific MGID:
(Controller)>show network multicast mgid detail 564
Mgid........................................ 564 Multicast Group Address..................... 239.255.255.250
Vlan........................................ 260
No of clients............................... 2 Client List................................. Client MAC 00:21:5c:88:38:e7 00:21:5c:8c:b8:81 AP Name sjc14-41b-ap5 sjc14-31b-ap3 Expire Time(mm:ss) Multicast-Status 0:43 0:59 Normal Multicast Normal Multicast Qos User Priority 0 0
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
51
Client Roaming with IGMP

The first controller transmits all the multicast group information for the listening client to the second controller.
The second controller can immediately create the multicast group information for the client. The second controller sends the IGMP reports to the network for all multicast groups to which the client was listening. This process aids in the seamless transfer of multicast data to the client.
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
52
Layer 2 Roaming Client

IGMP Join on Controller 1
Mcast Traffic
Traffic flows to client

Client ROAMS to a new controller
Router#show mac-address-table multicast vlan 119
(*,G)
IGMP
vlan mac address type learn qos ports -----+---------------+--------+-----+---+-------------------------------119 0100.5e00.0101 static Yes - Gi1/23, Gi3/28, Gi1/23,Router Router
Gi1/23
Gi3/28
IGMP
Beginning with 4.0.206.0
General IGMP Query sent from the WLC to the client, allowing traffic to flow
53
Layer 2 Roaming Client

IGMP Join on Controller 1
Mcast Traffic
Traffic flows to client

Client ROAMS to a new controller
Router#show mac-address-table multicast vlan 119
(*,G)
IGMP
vlan mac address type learn qos ports -----+---------------+--------+-----+---+-------------------------------119 0100.5e00.0101 static Yes - Gi1/23, Gi3/28, Gi1/23,Router Router
Gi1/23
Gi3/28
Beginning with 4.2
Multicast Group Information is sent with mobility exchange

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LWAPP Layer 3 Roaming Client

Mcast Traffic
IGMP Join/Leave
Both the initial join and leave (if a graceful leave happens) will be processed the same way as any other join or leave. Once a client has roamed, neither the infrastructure nor the client are required to send a new join to verify traffic follows
Multicast Source
Client that is the Source of the multicast group on the upstream router will drop the packet as the source address was received on the wrong interface
??
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References
Multicast with WLCs and LAPs Configuration Example http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk722/tk809/technolog ies_configuration_example09186a00807cc10d.shtml
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
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Reliable Multicast - Cisco VideoStream
NEW SOLUTION
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
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Video Multicast Delivery Solution

Video Impact
Smooth, Reliable Video delivered to multiple clients Quality of Video protected in varying channel load conditions Prevents video flooding Prioritizes Business Video over other video
Technical Solution
802.11 Data Rates
1 2 5.5 6 IGMP state monitored for each client. Only send video to clients requesting Multicast packets replicated at AP and sent to individual clients at their data rate Resource Reservation Control (RRC) used to prevent channel oversubscription. Works in conjunction with Voice CAC
9
12 18 24 36
B/G
Stream Prioritization ensures important videos take precedence over others SAP/SNMP error message created when Channel Subscription violated
48
54 M0
Intelligence in the AP
M1
... M14 M15
N AP 1140
QoS Marked on CAPWAP From WLC
Video Server
Default 802.11B/G mandatory data rates
58
VideoStream Technology
Cisco VideoStream Technology is a new system-wide set of features that enable reliable and consistent delivery of quality video over the wireless network
Multicast Direct or Reliable Multicast Stream Prioritization Resource Reservation Control
VIDEO NOT AVAILABLE
MULTICAST STREAM
AP
COMPANY ALL HANDS Training Program Live Sporting Event
AP
WLC
AP
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Feature Overview
Stream Admission & Prioritization
Resource Reservation Control (RRC)
Identify specific Video Streams for preferential QoS treatment Quality of Video Enforcement by denying client when channel busy Video Bandwidth protection to prevent video from consuming wifi channel Sends multicast video stream as unicast directly to client Video QoS promotion Enables use of 11n data rates and standards packet error correction
Multicast Direct
Monitoring Roaming Support (existing) IGMP snooping (existing)
Client alert for insufficient bandwidth
SNMP trap for QoS/bandwidth problem

Roaming with pre-built multicast flows Proxy IGMP join (cross controller roam) Prevents video flooding
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
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Stream Admission & Prioritization

Identify specific Video Streams for preferential QoS treatment Configure media streams with different priorities based on importance within the organization
Can be enabled at the radio (2.4 or 5 GHz) and at the WLAN level Allows specific video streams for preferential QoS treatment (Lower priority than voice and higher priority than best effort) Clients can either be forced out of high priority level or dropped
8 Priority levels defined 8 being the highest and 1 being the lowest
E.g. Companywide address from CEO takes precedence over a replay of sporting event
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Resource Reservation Control (RRC)

RRC provides enhanced capabilities to manage admission and policy controls
Admission & policy decisions made based on the RF measurements, statistics measurement of the traffic, and system configurations Provides bandwidth protection for video clients by denying requests that would cause oversubscription (SAP messages to clients on drop) Channel utilization used as a metric to determine capacity and perform admission control
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
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Multicast Direct
Reliable Multicast
Monitors IGMP JOIN results from clients for the configured streams Signals the AP to put the video packet in the RIGHT TX queue
Video & Voice measurements are considered from the AP

RRC engine approved stream will be admitted with the JOIN response
Direct Memory Access (DMA)

On-the-fly copying of video streams at the AP (replication)
Packet header modification to Unicast Sends multicast video stream as unicast directly to the client Video QoS promotion Enables use of 11n data rates and packet error correction
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Multicast Direct Architecture

Controller Admission Control with realtime radio statistics
WLC Policy &
Configuration
AP
Measurement Engine
Multicast Direct Application
Video Resource
and Control MGID Multicast Direct Application
IGMP Snooping
Router
Forwarding Module
64
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Monitoring
Realtime SAP/SDP denial message
Immediate feedback to client
SNMP Traps sent to the controller
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
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Auto QoS
Needs to be implemented on wired side to prevent Ethernet overruns for 802.11n AP Reduces probability of drop for high priority Video frames. Much better End User Experience for multi-media
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Cisco Confidential
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Media Ready WLAN with VideoStream

Wireless Investment Optimized for Video
Improves quality and scale of streaming content : Solved challenges associated with RF and wired / wireless integration Brings wired video quality to wireless Stream prioritization protects important content precedence
Prioritization
CRITICALITY LEVEL:
HIGH
Reliable Multicast
WLC
SWITCH
RRC
AP AP AP AP
ADMISSION CONTROL
VIDEO NOT AVAILABLE
GREAT PERFORMANCE
GREAT PERFORMANCE
Cisco Confidential
GREAT PERFORMANCE
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Benefits of Reliable Multicast

Transmissions adapt to individual client data rate Reliable retransmission minimizes loss
Ensures QoS priority and quality

Configurable and manageable bandwidth usage Co-existence with voice Fast and efficient video packet copying Pushing it out to the very edge of the network reduces the amount of traffic that flows over the wired network Because unicast requires ACK from each client, Multicast Direct makes intelligent decisions about where video shouldnt go i.e. to APs that get no requests - to conserve bandwidth.
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Cisco Confidential
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Reliable Multicast Support

Hardware Support
Controllers: Cisco 5500 series, Cisco 4400 series, Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series/7600 Series, Wireless Services Module, Cisco 3750G Integrated Wireless LAN Controller
Access Points: Cisco Aironet 1140 Series, Cisco Aironet 1250 Series, Cisco Aironet 1240AG Series*, Cisco Aironet 1130AG Series*
Software Support
J Release (7.0.XX.XX) To select customers on 6.0.188.0
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Cisco Confidential
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Reliable Multicast
CONFIGURATIONS
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
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Multicast Direct - Global

Wireless > Media Streams > General
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
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Multicast Direct Per WLAN

WLANs > Edit > QoS
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Cisco Confidential
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MGID Detail with Multicast Direct

Two clients, one with normal Multicast and the other with Multicast direct configured on WLAN
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Cisco Confidential
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Stream Prioritization on WLC

Wireless > Media Streams > Streams
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Cisco Confidential
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Media Parameters
Wireless > 802.11 (a)(b/g) > Media
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Cisco Confidential
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Reliable Multicast
PERFORMANCE METRICS
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Cisco Confidential
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Meircom Lab Testing Summary

VideoStream significantly improves the WLAN MDI
Media Delivery Index (MDI): A metric that combines delay factor and media loss rate to determine video streaming quality
Ref: Miercom Lab Testing Summary Report http://wwwin.cisco.com/ewtg/wnbu/campaigns/docs/Cisco_5508 WC_Miercom_Report.pdf
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77
End-to-End Quality Video Delivery

VideoStream Delivers Better MDI and Meets SLA
Media Delivery Index (MDI):
Metric for assessing networks ability to deliver quality video to end user
Indication of video transport performance based on network level measured via combination of Delay Factor (DF) & Media Loss Rate Delay Factor (DF): Measures Jitter or End-to-end Latency with Respect to Time
Before After
At the Higher End of Recommended Threshold of 50ms Below 2ms
DF (msec)
80 60 40 20
78 76
0
0
5x SD Streams
100000 80000 60000 40000 20000
8854
5x HD Streams
MLR (Pkts/min)
Media Loss Rate (MLR): Packets Dropped or Out-of-Order Packets Before After
Above 10 Pkts/Min Recommended Threshold. At 31% Loss for SD and 82% Loss for HD. Zero Loss
89750
5x SD Streams
5x HD Streams
VideoStream Off
VideoStream On
78
Reliable Multicast Scalability

No. of Video clients 20
Video Stream 500kbps
Quality Excellent
1500kbps
20
Very Good
3000kbps
13
Good
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
79
IPv6 and Multicast
IPV6 SUPPORT ON CUWN
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
80
IPv6 Addressing
Multicast is part of the base specification of IPv6
IPv6 does not implement broadcast, but IPv6 multicast shares common features & protocols with IPv4 multicast
Incorporates 128 bit source and destination addresses
Multicast addresses in IPv6 have the prefix ff00::/8

bit field size: 8 4 4 112
content:
11111111
flags
scope
group identification
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
81
IPv6 Multicast Addressing

Field Name Size (bits)
(Indicator) 8
Description
The first eight bits are always 1111 1111 to indicate a multicast address. Flags: Four bits are reserved for flags that can be used to indicate the nature of certain multicast addresses. At the present time the first three of these are unused and set to zero. The fourth is the T (Transient) flag. If left as zero, this marks the multicast address as a permanently-assigned, well-known multicast address, as we will see below. If set to one, this means this is a transient multicast address, meaning that it is not permanently assigned.
Flags
Scope ID
Group ID
112
Group ID: Defines a particular group within each scope level.
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
82
IPv6 Support on CUWN

IPv6 Configuration on the WLC
Multicast Mode required on WLC for IPv6 (Unicast or Multicast)
CSCsg78164: IPV6 Passthrough does not work unless Mulitcast mode is enabled
Enable IPv6 check box on the WLAN SSID
With WLC 4.2 Release:

IPv6 Bridging (Client Pass-Through), but no L2 Security on IPv6 WLAN IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling on open WLAN and Webauth WLAN.
With WLC 6.0 Release:

IPv6 pass-thru with Layer-2 security is supported.
Same WLAN can support both IPv4 and IPv6 clients

IPv6 pass-thru and IPv4 Webauth is supported on same WLAN.
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
83
IPv6 Capabilities: IPv6 over IPv4 Tunneling

Support for tunneling IPv6 over IPv4 in the Unified Solution
IPv6 Unicast and Multicast tunneling supported
| 802.11 | IPv6 |
| IPv4 | CAPWAP | 802.11 | IPv6 |
| Ethernet II | IPv6 |
AP
Controller
Client IPv6 traffic tunneled over IPv4 and bridged to Ethernet
Infrastructure must have Dual Stacks: IPv4 and IPv6

No IPv6 support on WCS, MSE and Location Appliance
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
84
IPv6 and IPv4 on same WLAN

IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling on open WLAN and Web-Auth WLAN supported today (4.2)
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
85
IPv6 Limitations in CUWN

L3 mobility across controllers doesnt work
VoWLAN or any other differentiated services dont work

Qos Prioritization doesnt work (WLCs dont understand IPv6)
ACLs dont work
Guest Access (Web Auth) doesnt work

Web Auth needs the WLC to understand IPv6 to intercept the redirect HTTP over IPv6
WLCs cannot be managed over IPv6
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
86
IPv6 Roadmap
Highly Desired (On Roadmap - Need to check)
Support for IPv6 in IPv4 Tunnels (Full Mobility support, All L2 Auth types) Support for QoS, ACLs, VoIP Support for Web-Auth
Support for Guest Mobility Anchor Tunneling

IPv6 Client Address Assignment
Native IPv6 Support: Native IPv6 on AP, Controller, MSE, WCS etc.
Presentation_ID
Cisco Confidential
87

Multicast in Wireless

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Multicast in Wireless

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Multicast in Wireless

Cisco Systems Inc.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Why Multicast in Wireless?

Reliable Multicast Feature IPv6 in CUWN

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Unicast, Broadcast and Multicast

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Delivers source traffic to multiple receivers

Multicast packets are replicated in the network

Multicast delivery to hosts is controlled by:

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

239.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255 Administratively Scoped

Addressed to a Group of Intended Listeners

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mapping L3 to L2 (Class D to Ethernet)

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transmission & Delivery of Multicast

Sender & Receiver on Different Subnets:

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Internet Group Management Protocol

IGMP v2 Packet Structure

8 - 15 Max Resp Time

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Simple IP Multicast Network

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Multicast Distribution Trees

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Multicast Distribution Trees

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Multicast Forwarding checks source and destination

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

PIM Dense Mode

PIM Sparse Mode

Sparse Dense Mode

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

SAP and SDP

Session Directory Announcement Protocol (SAP)

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Why Multicast over Wireless?

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Why Multicast over Wireless?

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Enterprise Video Applications

Model Direction of Flows/Type

Many to Many Client <> Client MCU <> Client (Unicast)

Many to Many Client <> Client MCU <> Client (Unicast)

Storage <> Client (Unicast)

Traffic Requirements/ Trends

High-def video requires up to 412 Mbps per location

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sensitivity of Video Applications to QoS Requirements

Live Streaming Video

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Enterprise Video Trends

61.5 54.4 44.9 41.3

Where Employees watch Enterprise Video

73.6 56.8 54.3

Source: IDC Video in the Enterprise: Snapshot, Sept 2009

2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.