RAY OPTICS

PLANE MIRROR 1. During reflection, frequency, wavelength and speed dont change. Intensity and amplitude usually decreases. 2. Phase change of if reflection takes place from denser medium, no phase change in reflection from rarer medium and refraction. 3. Deviation for plane mirror: = 2i 4. If keeping the incident ray fixed, the mirror is rotated by an angle about an axis in the plane of the mirror, the reflected ray is turned through 2 5. For two mirror inclined at angle , the number of images formed 360 0 360 0 is even, n = 1 360 0 360 0 is odd, object lies symmetrically, n = 1 360 0 360 0 is odd, object lies asymmetrically, n = 360 0 If the two plane mirrors are placed parallel to each other, n = = 0 6. If object moves with velocity v, its image in the plane mirror moves with velocity 2v. 7. When the object is steady and the plane mirror is moved through a distance x than image also moves through a distance x and vice versa. 8. If both are moved through x in opposite direction, then the image moves through a distance 3x. CURVED MIRROR 9.

1 1 1 = + f v u

f f v I v m= = = = O u f u f

m axial

f v v f = = f u = f u

v 2 du dv du dv 1 1 1 Velocityimage = m 2 Velocityobject = + v 2 u2 =0 = 2 u dt f v u dt dt dt 11. Newtons formula: If object and image distances are measured from focus x 0 xi = f 2

10.

REFRACTION
1 12. 2 =

2 c / v 2 v1 = = 1 c / v1 v 2

1 = 2

12
d ap = 2 1 d ac

13. Object in medium 1 viewed from medium 2

Object viewed from denser medium d ap > d ac Object viewed from rarer medium d ap < d ac Object moving in air with velocity v viewed from medium ( ) Object moving in medium ( ) with velocity v viewed from air
v o = v & v I = (v ) v vo = v & v I =

14. Ray travelling from denser to rarer medium i < c , deviation = r i , max =
For i > c , = 2i , and max = 2 c

15. Total Internal Reflection

Incident ray in denser (1) medium:

c = sin 1

2 1
Shift
1 S = t 1

16. Lateral Displacement 17. For n slabs =

d =t
i

sin(i r ) cos r

t t /
i

For two liquids with t1 = t 2

i

2 1 2 1 + 2

REFRACTION FROM CURVED SURFACES 18. Object (1), refracting medium (2)

2
v

u R 1 1 2 1 1 1 = 19. For thin lens of 2 placed in 1 1 R R = v u f 1 2 1 20. The minimum distance between object and its real image in case of convex mirror is 4f. n 1 1 21. Focal length of lenses in contact = f i =1 f i 1 1 1 d = + For two lenses separated by distance d f f1 f 2 f1 f 2

2 1

22. Silvered Lens

n 1 1 , f i is the focal length or lens or mirror to be repeated as many times as = f i =1 f i refraction or reflection takes place.

PRISM 23. Cauchy law = A +

B

Deviation = (i r1 ) + (e r2 )

A + m sin 2 r1 + r2 = A , At minimum deviation i = e & = A 2 Condition for no emergence A >

c
2

r 24. Dispersive Power = v y 1

Dispersion without average deviation Average deviation without dispersion

y 1 A' = ' A y 1
A'

)
'

( A ( =

'

y y

) 1)
1