HSTAR

Contents
1
Introduction
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1 Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2 Specified Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2 Convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2 Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2 Applied Heat Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3 Method of Solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3
Analysis
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1 Steady State Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1 Transient Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1 Radiation View Factor Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2 Thermo-Electric Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2 Loads and Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3 Prescribed Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3 Convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3 Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3 Applied Heat Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3 Heat Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3 Time and Temperature Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3 Thermal Stress Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-4 Thermal Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-4 Bonding of Meshes with Noncompatible Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-5
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COSMOSM Advanced Modules
Contents
Examples of Bond Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-6 Guidelines for Using the Bond Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-7 Phase Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-10 Thermostat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-10
Description of Elements
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1
Brief Description of Commands

Command Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1 Material Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1 Loads and Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1 Time and Temperature Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-2 Thermal Stress Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-3 Thermal Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-3 Thermal Analysis Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-4 Postprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-4 Commands Likely to be Used for a Given Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-4 Steady State Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-5 Transient Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-6
Detailed Examples
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-1 Temperature Distribution on a Plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-1 Given . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-2 GEOSTAR Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-5 An Example of Thermal Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-5 Given . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-5 GEOSTAR Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-6 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-9 Listing of Session File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-9
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Part 1 HSTAR Heat Transfer Analysis
Verification Problems
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-1
Index
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Contents
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Introduction
Introduction
The transport of heat can occur through the following modes.
Conduction: Thermal energy is transported from one point in a medium to

another point through the interaction between the atoms or molecules of the matter. No bulk motion of the matter is involved.
Convection: Thermal energy is transported by the moving fluid. Fluid particles

act as carriers of thermal energy.
Radiation: Thermal energy is transported by electromagnetic waves. No

medium is necessary for this type of heat transfer. Our main interest is to consider the conduction heat transfer with the effects of convection and radiation appearing as boundary conditions.
Theory
The governing equation for conduction heat transfer is as follows.
(EQ 1-1)
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Chapter 1 Introduction
where, T t C Q = Temperature = Time = Density = Specific heat = Volumetric heat generation rate
kx, ky, kz = Thermal conductivities in global X, Y and Z directions, respectively
Boundary Conditions
Following boundary conditions can be associated with the heat conduction equation.
Specified Temperature
Temperature can be prescribed on a part of, or on the whole, boundary of the finite element domain.
Convection
Heat flux = q = hc (T - T) hc T T = Heat transfer coefficient = Surface temperature = Ambient temperature
(EQ 1-2)
Radiation
Heat flux = q = (T 4 - T4)
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(EQ 1-3)
= Stefan-Boltzmann constant = Emissivity
1-2
T T
= Surface temperature = Ambient temperature
Applied Heat Flux

q = Applied heat flux = - K K = Thermal conductivity = Normal temperature gradient
(EQ 1-4)
Method of Solution
The governing equation along with the specified boundary conditions can be solved using various solution methods. Some of the solution methods commonly used are finite difference and finite element method. Finite element method is more popular because of its ability to handle complicated geometry and the ease with which boundary conditions can be implemented. HSTAR program is based on finite element method.
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Analysis
Introduction
The following types of analysis can be performed using HSTAR.
Steady state Transient
Steady State Analysis

Steady state implies that temperature at any given point in the medium is constant with time. In the steady state analysis, the only material property that is needed is the thermal conductivity.
Transient Analysis
Transient analysis implies that temperature at any given point in the medium varies with time. In the transient analysis, in addition to thermal conductivity, we also need to specify density and specific heat of the material. Whether we consider steady state or transient analysis, nonlinearity comes into picture, when any one of the following conditions is encountered. Temperature dependent material properties Temperature dependent convection coefficient
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Chapter 2 Analysis
Temperature dependent heat generation rate Radiation boundary condition
Radiation View Factor Calculation

The Heat Transfer module (HSTAR) has the capability to perform Radiation View factor calculation for 2D, 3D, and Axisymmetric models. The process requires the definition of a set of radiation source entities along with a pattern of target entities. It is also possible to specify a pattern of blocking entities. Blocking geometric entities stand between the source and target entities and reduce the view factor. The view factors are calculated between each element associated with the source entity and each element associated with the pattern of target entities. If blocking is to be considered, it is necessary to first define the set involving the source and target entities with the blocking option activated. Next a pattern of blocking entities is specified independently. For 2D and Axisymmetric models, the target and blocking entities must be curves, while for 3D models, they can be surfaces or regions. For more details, refer to the RVFTYP and RVFDEF (Analysis > Heat_Transfer > RVF Entity Type and RVF Source/Target) commands. An adaptive view factor calculation option has also been implemented for 3D models. The program will calculate the view factor starting from 4 divisions for each radiation element, and will continue to increase the number of divisions until the computed error is within the user specified tolerance or the number of divisions reaches the maximum allowed which is (20). It is noted that the adaptive calculation method basically corresponds to the adjustment in the number of divisions required for numerical integration. Refer to the RVFTYP (Analysis > Heat_Transfer > RVF Entity Type) command for details.
Thermo-Electric Coupling
The electric current flow in a conducting medium can produce a considerable amount of heat and this effect is known as Joule heating. HSTAR considers the coupling of the electrical and thermal conduction in which the heat generated due to the current flow along with other specified boundary conditions is used to calculate the temperature distribution. When thermo-electric coupling is considered, we also need to specify the electrical conductivity of the material. At present, only steady state analysis is available.
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Loads and Boundary Conditions

The following thermal boundary conditions and loads are considered in HSTAR.
Prescribed Temperature
Temperature on a part or whole of the boundary of the model is specified.
Convection
When a solid is thermally interacting with its surrounding fluid, heat transfer takes place through the convection process in which the motion of the surrounding fluid contributes to the thermal exchange between the solid and the fluid. The boundary condition is applied by specifying the heat transfer coefficient and the ambient temperature of the surrounding fluid.
Radiation
Generally, heat transfer by radiation becomes significant at high temperatures. The analysis handles radiation between a surface and ambient atmosphere. The user may also specify radiation exchange between bodies.
Applied Heat Flux

Heat flux entering a surface can be prescribed as a boundary condition. This is equivalent to specifying temperature gradient at the surface.
Heat Generation
Whereas the above four boundary conditions are applied to a surface heat generation is applied within the material. Joule heating (in which heat is generated within the material due to the resistance to current flow) is an example of heat generation. Heat generation can be prescribed at a node or in an element.
Time and Temperature Curves

Time curves are used to specify the variation of thermal loads and boundary conditions as function of time. All the thermal boundary conditions and loads discussed above can vary with time and this variation is specified by defining a time curve and associating this curve with the corresponding boundary condition or load. Temperature curves are used to specify the variation of material properties with temperature and they are also used to prescribe the variation of heat transfer coefficient, heat generation rate and surface emissivity with temperature.
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Chapter 2 Analysis
Thermal Stress Analysis

Once a thermal analysis is completed, resulting temperature distribution can be used to calculate thermal stresses in the material. It is now possible to transfer temperature results from transient analysis solution steps as thermal loading to static analysis (up to a maximum of 50 steps).
Thermal Bonding
The thermal bonding feature allows the user to connect finite element meshes without having to preserve the element type compatibility or mesh continuity at the interface. The geometric entities and corresponding element groups that can be bonded together are shown in the Table 2-1.
Table 2-1. Geometric Connections for Using Bond
P rimary E ntity S e condary E ntity To Conne ct . . . E xample Primary or secondary
CR
CR
PLANE2D to PLANE2D, or SHELL to SHELL Primary or secondary
Bonding interface
Se c
CR
SF or RG
SHELL to SHELL, or SHELL to SOLID
ond
ary
Bonding interface
P rimary
SF or RG
SF or RG
SOLID to SOLID
Primary or secondary
Primary or secondary
Bonding interface
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Bonding of Meshes with Noncompatible Elements

The bond feature allows the user to connect finite element meshes between any two intersecting geometries without having to preserve the element type compatibility or mesh continuity at the interface. The geometric entities and corresponding element groups that can be bonded together are shown in Table 2-1. In the above table, SHELL refers to all 3-node triangular and 4- or 9-node quadrilateral shell elements that are supported in COSMOSM. Similarly, SOLID refers to 8- or 20-node hexahedral solid elements as well as 4- or 10-node TETRA and 4-node TETRA4R solid elements. Some of the typical applications of the bond command are also shown in the above table.
The bond feature is currently applicable to linear static, nonlinear structural, and
heat transfer analyses only. The bond capability is specified using the BONDING submenu from LoadsBC > STRUCTURAL. The BONDDEF (LoadsBC > STRUCTURAL > BONDING > Define Bond Parameter) command bonds faces of elements associated with the selected geometric entities. The user specifies a primary bond entity (curve, surface, or region) and a pattern of target entities (curves, surfaces, or regions). All geometric entities must have meshing completed before issuing this command in order to generate the bond information. Element edges/faces associated with the primary geometric entity are bonded with edges/faces of the secondary entities. The command is useful in connecting parts with incompatible mesh at the interface. The BONDLIST (LoadsBC > STRUCTURAL > BONDING > List) command can be used to list a pattern of bond sets previously defined by the BONDDEF (LoadsBC > STRUCTURAL > BONDING > Define Bond Parameter) command. A typical listing is as follows:
Stype CR CR CR CR CR Source 53 50 47 44 41 Ttype SF SF SF SF SF #Target 1 1 1 1 1 Targets 7 7 7 7 7
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Chapter 2 Analysis
Examples of Bond Connections

The following figures show examples of non-compatible connections where bonding is useful.
Figure 2-1a. Solid-to-Shell Connection
Figure 2-1b. Shell-to-Shell Connection
Figure 2-1c. Solid-to-Solid Connection
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Part 1 HSTAR Heat Transfer Analysis Figure 2-1d. Shell-to-Shell Connection
Figure 2-1e. Shell-to-Shell Connection
Guidelines for Using the Bond Capability

The following points should be considered in the application of this command:
The BONDDEF (LoadsBC > STRUCTURAL > BONDING > Define Bond
Parameter) command internally uses constraint equations to match the dis-
placements and rotations of the two parts. The quality assurance tests have shown that for parts with reasonable stiffness properties and mesh densities, the maximum displacement and stress values obtained from the bond command are within ten percent of those values obtained from a merged model with compatible elements and coincident nodes.
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Chapter 2 Analysis
The above command is currently applicable to linear static analysis, buckling,

natural frequency computations, heat transfer analysis, and nonlinear structural analysis only.
Figure 2-2. Uni-directional and Bi-directional Bonding
Unidire c t iona l
For both types of bonding:

Source Target Source or Target Target or Source
Primary or the source entity is always the one that has fewer degrees of freedom Secondary or the target entity is always the one that has larger number of degrees of
(Same Element Type)
(Same Element Type)
Source
Target
Source
Target
(Same Element Type)
(Same Element Type)
Bidire c t iona l
Source
Target
Source or Target
Target or Source
(Same Element Type)
(Same Element Type)
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The BONDDEF (LoadsBC > STRUCTURAL > BONDING > Define Bond
Parameter) command offers the option of choosing between uni-directional
bond (i.e. connecting all the nodes on primary entity to the elements on the secondary entity) or bi-directional bond (i.e. connecting the nodes on each entity to the elements on the other entity). The one directional bond should be used when connecting lower order elements of the primary (source) entity to lower or higher order elements of the secondary (target) entity. The bi-directional bond should be used in connecting higher order elements of the primary entity to higher order elements of the secondary entity. The following figure illustrates uni-directional and bi-directional bonding.
When bonding solids and shells, it is advisable to use shells as the source and
solids as the target irrespective of the element order.
When shell elements are connected to solid elements, the common nodes at the
boundary should not be merged as this will free the rational degrees of shell at that node. Actually, it is advantageous not to have coincident nodes at all in such problems. In shell to shell, or, solid to solid connections, merging of the coincident nodes at the boundary is allowed.
In problems where the stress concentration at the bonded intersection is critical,

both parts should have a fine mesh in this region, even though the two meshes are not matching (see figure below). You may first perform an analysis with coarse mesh to determine the area requiring fine mesh.
Figure 2-3
Replace the gap by a surface or a region type entity and fill with a fine mesh.
e lat pp To
te pla
m tto Bo
Bonding surface. Use fine mesh in this area based on results from a coarse one.
Bonding curves
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Chapter 2 Analysis
The results obtained from the BONDDEF (LoadsBC > STRUCTURAL >
BONDING > Define Bond Parameter) command may deteriorate in problems where a rigid part is connected to a relatively flexible part. The bonded area in the flexible part undergoes warping or has high displacement gradients. The results will improve if the mesh density for the flexible part is increased in the bonded area.
The actual constraint relations between the nodes of source and target geometric
entities are formed and computed in the analysis stage.
Phase Change
When a material changes its phase from/to solid, liquid, or gas, it either generates or absorbs heat. The heat associated with phase change is called latent heat. HSTAR supports phase change by associating the material property enthalpy with a temperature curve, with a sudden rise or drop at the temperature of phase change. HSTAR uses this information to calculate and use the latent heat absorbed or generated by the material.
Thermostat
In transient studies, you can control heat power and heat flux conditions by defining a thermostat. The thermostat is defined by a sensor location (node), a temperature range (cut-in and cut-out temperatures), and a temperature curve to determine the associated heat generation/dissipation boundary conditions. The thermostat is considered a heater if the cut-in temperature is lower than the cutout temperature and a cooler if the cut-in temperature is higher than the cut-out temperature regardless of the associated boundary conditions. Before starting a solution step, the program checks the temperature of the sensor. If the thermostat is a heater, the thermostat is turned on during the next solution step if the temperature of the node at the sensor is lower than the cut-out temperature and the device is generating heat. If the thermostat is a cooler, the thermostat is turned on during the next solution step if the temperature of the node at the sensor is higher than the cut-out temperature and the device is dissipating heat. Refer to the THSTAT (LoadsBC, THERMAL, THERMOSTAT, Define) command for details.
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Description of Elements
Introduction
The table on the next page lists the elements supported by the HSTAR module.
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Chapter 3 Description of Elements Table 3-1. Elements for Thermal Analysis (HSTAR) Element Type 2D Spar/Truss 2D Elastic Beam 3D Elastic Beam 3D Spar/Truss General Mass Element Radiation Link Convection Link 2D 4- to 8-node Plane Stress, Strain, Body of Revolution 3D 3- to 6-node Plane Stress, Strain, Body of Revolution Triangular Thick Shell Quadrilateral Thick Shell 6-Node Triangular Thin Shell 6-Node Triangular Thick Shell 3D 8- to 20-node Continuum Brick 8-node Composite Solid 3D 4-node Tetrahedron Solid 3D 4-node Tetrahedron Solid with Rotation 3D 10-node Tetrahedron Solid Quadrilateral Composite Plate and Shell Triangular Thin Shell Quadrilateral Thin Shell 4-node Hydraulic Link Element Thermal-Fluid Element Element Name TRUSS2D BEAM2D BEAM3D TRUSS3D MASS RLINK CLINK PLANE2D TRIANG SHELL3T SHELL4T SHELL6 SHELL6T SOLID SOLIDL TETRA4 TETRA4R TETRA10 SHELL4L SHELL3 SHELL4 HLINK FLUIDT
We can also broadly categorize the elements based on the dimensionality of the problem. TRUSS2D, TRUSS3D, BEAM2D, and BEAM3D elements are used for one dimensional analysis. PLANE2D, TRIANG, SHELL3T, SHELL4T, SHELL3, SHELL4, and HLINK are used for two dimensional problems. SOLID, SOLIDL, TETRA4 and TETRA10 are used for three dimensional problems. CLINK and RLINK elements could be used for any type of problem. SHELL4L is used for analyzing layered composite materials. For a detailed description of all the above elements, refer to the Element Library chapter in the COSMOSM Users Guide.
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Chapter 3 Description of Elements
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Chapter 3 Description of Elements
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Brief Description of Commands

Command Summary
Solving a typical thermal problem using finite element method involves generating a proper finite element mesh, imposing initial and boundary conditions and running the analysis. The following sections give a brief description of commands that are used in prescribing boundary conditions, specifying analysis options and solution parameters. Commands used for a typical 2D analysis are described and similar commands are available for 3D analysis.
Material Properties
For a steady state analysis we need only to specify thermal conductivity and for a transient analysis, in addition to thermal conductivity we also need to define density and specific heat. For thermo-electric coupling, it is also necessary to define the value of electrical conductivity. All the material properties are defined using MPROP (Propsets > Material Property) command from the Propsets menu.
Loads and Boundary Conditions

Nodal temperatures at individual nodes and all nodes associated with a curve, contour, region, surface and volume are defined using the LoadsBC > THERMAL > TEMPERATURE menu. Convection film coefficients and the associated ambient temperatures are specified using the LoadsBC > THERMAL > CONVECTION
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Chapter 4 Brief Description of Commands
submenu. Radiation energy exchange between a surface and the ambient atmosphere is specified using the LoadsBC > THERMAL > RADIATION menu. Heat flux entering or leaving a surface can be prescribed using LoadsBC > THERMAL > HEAT FLUX menu. Heat generation can be specified at point or volumetric sources. Nodal heat generation is specified using the LoadsBC > THERMAL > NODAL HEAT menu. Element heat generation is specified using the LoadsBC > THERMAL > ELEMENT HEAT menu. For modeling heat transfer due to flow in a pipe, the HLINK element can be used and the input for thermal boundary conditions is specified using LoadsBC > THERMAL > HYDRAULIC FLOW menu. For radiation heat exchange between multiple bodies, the view factors are automatically calculated by the program using the following commands from Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER menu: RVF Entity Type (RVFTYP), RVF Source/ Target (RVFDEF), Del Rad View Factor (RVFDEL) and List Rad View Factor (RVFLIST).
Time and Temperature Curves

Time curves are used to specify the variation of thermal loads and boundary conditions as function of time. All the thermal boundary conditions and loads can vary with time. Temperature curves are used to specify the variation of material properties with temperature and they are also used to prescribe the variation of heat transfer coefficient and heat generation rate with temperature. Using a time or temperature curve involves the following steps.
Define time or temperature curve using the CURDEF (LoadsBC > FUNCTION
CURVE > Time/Temp Curve) command. This curve is automatically activated.
Define the entity of interest (boundary condition, load, material property, etc.). Deactivate the curve using ACTSET (Control > ACTIVATE > Set Entity) command so that this curve is not inadvertently associated with some other entity defined later on. For example, we want to prescribe a time varying temperature boundary condition. First issue CURDEF (LoadsBC > FUNCTION CURVE > Time/Temp Curve) command to define time curve. Next, define the nodal temperature at the beginning of the curve. Deactivate the curve association after you have finished the timedependent input.
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Geo Panel: LoadsBC > THERMAL > TEMPERATURE > Define Nodes (NTND) Define nodal temperatures ... Geo Panel: Control > ACTIVATE > Set Entity (ACTSET) Set label > TC: Time Curve Time curve label > 0
An example of the use of a temperature curve for prescribing a material property variation is (after defining the temperature curve):
Geo Panel: Propsets > Material Property (MPROP) Define thermal conductivity (kx) ... Geo Panel: Control > ACTIVATE > Set Entity (ACTSET) Set label > TC: Temperature Curve Temperature curve label > 0
Thermal Stress Analysis

Once a thermal analysis is completed, resulting temperature distribution can be used to calculate thermal stresses in the material. The following steps can be used to calculate thermal stresses.
Complete the thermal analysis. Use TEMPREAD (LoadsBC > LOAD OPTIONS > Read Temp as Load) command to specify the time step at which thermal stress analysis is to be done.
Activate the thermal loading using the A_STATIC (Analysis > STATIC > Static
Analysis Options) command.
Run the static analysis using R_STATIC (Analysis > STATIC > Run Static
Analysis) command.
Thermal Bonding
The bonding feature can be used to handle problems in which adjacent geometric entities (as curves, surfaces or regions or combinations of these) are meshed in an incompatible manner. The BONDDEF (LoadsBC > STRUCTURAL > BONDING > Define Bond Parameter) command is used to specify the interfaces along which mesh incompatibility exists.
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Thermal Analysis Options

HSTAR is capable of solving both steady state and transient problems. The type of analysis (steady state or transient) is set using the A_THERMAL (Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER > Thermal Analysis Options) command. By default, steady state analysis is performed. A_THERMAL (Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER> Thermal Analysis Options) command also specifies convergence parameters for nonlinear problems and analysis options for thermo-electric coupling. For transient problems, the total solution time and time step are prescribed using the TIMES (LoadsBC > LOAD OPTIONS > Time Parameter) command. Initial distribution of temperature is input by the INITIAL (LoadsBC > LOAD OPTIONS > Initial Cond) command. The printing and plotting of output results from a transient analysis is controlled by the HT_OUT (Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER > Thermal Output Options) command.
Postprocessing
The output generated by the thermal analysis can be viewed graphically in GEOSTAR. Issue the Results > PLOT > Thermal command to load temperature, gradient or heat flux values into memory and plot the loaded data. We can also look at the time history of temperature, gradient, etc. at any node. First issue the ACTXYPOST (Display > XY PLOTS > Activate Post-Proc) to load proper data into memory and then issue XYPLOT (Display > XY PLOTS > Plot Curves) to plot the time history.
Commands Likely to be Used for a Given Analysis

The following section gives a brief description of commands that may be necessary to run a given type of analysis once a proper finite element mesh is generated. This is intended as a general guideline only because the problem at hand may not need all the commands that are mentioned below or it may need some other commands which are not mentioned. The commands are given for a typical 2D problem and similar commands are available for 3D problems.
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Steady State Analysis

Command (Cryptic) MPROP (Propsets > Material Property) RCONST (Propsets > Real Constant) NTCR (LoadsBC > THERMAL > TEMPERATURE > Define Curves) CECR (LoadsBC > THERMAL > CONVECTION > Define Curves) QESF (LoadsBC > THERMAL > ELEMENT HEAT > Define Surfaces) QSF (LoadsBC > THERMAL > NODAL HEAT > Define Surfaces) HFND (LoadsBC > THERMAL > HEAT FLUX > Define Nodes) NPRND (LoadsBC > FLUID FLOW > PRESSURE > Define Nodes) HXCR (LoadsBC > THERMAL > HEAT FLUX > Define Curves) RECR (LoadsBC > THERMAL > RADIATION > Define Curves) RVFTYP (Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER > RVF Entity Type) RVFDEF (Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER > RVF Source/Target) Intended Use Specify material properties Specify real constants
Specify nodal temperature boundary conditions Specify convection boundary conditions Specify element heat generation rate Specify nodal heat generation rate Specify nodal fluid flow rate (for HLINK element) Specify nodal pressure (for HLINK element) Specify heat flux boundary condition Specify radiation boundary condition Specify analysis options for thermal radiation exchange Specify radiation exchange between bodies
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Command (Cryptic) CURDEF (LoadsBC > FUNCTION CURVE > Time/Temp Curve) BONDDEF (LoadsBC > STRUCTURAL > BONDING > Define Bond Parameter) A_THERMAL (Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER > Thermal Analysis Options) R_THERMAL (Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER > Run Thermal Analysis)
Intended Use Specify temperature curve for defining temperature dependent material properties Define bonding at interfaces of geometric entities which are meshed in an incompatible manner Specify thermal analysis options
Run the analysis
Transient Analysis
In addition to the above commands for a steady state problem, it is necessary to issue the following commands for a transient problem.
Command (Cryptic) CURDEF (LoadsBC > FUNCTION CURVE > Time/Temp Curve) TIMES (LoadsBC > LOAD OPTIONS > Time Parameter) INITIAL (LoadsBC > LOAD OPTIONS > Initial Cond) HT_OUTPUT (Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER > Thermal Output Options) Intended Use Define a time curve which specifies the time variation of loads and boundary conditions Specify the total solution time and time step Specify the initial temperature distribution Specify printing and plotting intervals for the results from thermal analysis
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Detailed Examples
Introduction
This example is a typical heat transfer analysis problem solved by the HSTAR module of COSMOSM through GEOSTAR. A detailed description of the required steps to set up and solve the problem is furnished.
Temperature Distribution on a Plate

Determine the temperature distribution in a plate subjected to temperature and convection boundary conditions. Consider the effect of constant heat generation on the plate. The plate is shown in Figure 5-1.
Figure 5-1
Y B C h = 0.0001 BTU / in 2 - sec - F T = 10 F h A a D X
Z T = 100 F
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Chapter 5 Detailed Examples
Given
Thickness of plate Side of plate Temperature on edge AB Ambient temperature Constant heat generation Convective heat transfer coefficient on the edge DC = h = 1 in = a = 10 in = 100 F = 10 F = 0.001 BTU/in3 sec = 0.0001 BTU/in2 sec F
Thermal conductivity of steel = 0.0006688 BTU/in sec F
GEOSTAR Input
Input the problem step-by-step with GEOSTAR commands and perform thermal analysis. Node generation commands will not be discussed in detail.
1.
Define the element group. For this example, the 2D plane stress element is selected.
Geo Panel: Propsets > Element Group (EGROUP) Element group > 1 Element category > Area Element type (for area) > PLANE2D Accept defaults ...
2.
Define the Thickness of the Plane Stress element.

Geo Panel: Propsets > Real Constant (RCONST) Associated element group > 1 Real constant set > 1 Start location of the real constants > 1 No. of real constants to be entered > 2 RC1: Thickness > 1 RC2: Material angle (Beta) > 0.0
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Part 1 HSTAR Heat Transfer Analysis 3.
Define thermal conductivity.

Geo Panel: Propsets > Material Property (MPROP) Material property set > 1 Material property name > kx Property value > 0.0006688
Since the material is isotropic, this thermal conductivity value is used by default in all directions, i.e., Kx = Ky = Kz.
4.
The geometry of the model is created next. Change the view to X-Y using the viewing icon. Define the X-Y plane on which the surface is created as follows: Define the xy plane.
Geo Panel: Geometry > GRID > Plane (PLANE) Rotation/sweep axis > Z Offset on axis > 0.0 Grid line style > Solid Geo Panel: Geometry > SURFACES > Define w/4 Coord (SF4CORD) Surfaces > 1 XYZ-coordinate value of Keypoint 1> 0,0,0 XYZ-coordinate value of keypoint 2 > 10,0,0 XYZ-coordinate value of keypoint 3 > 10,10,0 XYZ-coordinate value of keypoint 4 > 0,10,0
5.
Define elements and nodes through mesh generation.

Geo Panel: Meshing > PARAMETRIC MESH > Surfaces (M_SF) Beginning surface > 1 Ending surface > 1 Increment > 1 Number of nodes per element > 4 Number of elements on 1st curve > 5 Number of elements on 2nd curve > 5 Spacing ratio for 1st curve > 1.0 Spacing ratio for 2nd curve > 1.0
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Chapter 5 Detailed Examples 6.
See the Auto scale icon to properly view the model. Define temperature boundary conditions along curve 3.
Geo Panel: LoadsBC > THERMAL > TEMPERATURE > Define Curves (NTCR) Beginning curve > 3 Value > 100 Ending curve > 3 Increment > 1
7.
Define convection boundary conditions along curve 4.

Geo Panel: LoadsBC > THERMAL > CONVECTION > Define Curves (CECR) Beginning curve > 4 Convection coefficient > 0.0001 Ambient temperature > 10 Ending curve > 4 Increment > 1 Time curve for ambient temperature > 0
8.
The constant heat generation rate is specified using the QESF (LoadsBC > THERMAL > ELEMENT HEAT > Define Surfaces) command.
Geo Panel: LoadsBC > THERMAL > ELEMENT HEAT > Define Surfaces
(QESF)
Beginning surface > 1 Value > 0.001 Ending surface > 1 Increment > 1
9.
The thermal analysis option by default is steady state thus the A_THERMAL (Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER > Thermal Analysis Options) command is not required. Just use the R_THERMAL (Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER > Run Thermal Analysis) command to run the heat transfer program.
When the analysis is completed, the program will return to GEOSTAR. Next use the EDIT (FILE > Edit a File) command or your favorite editor to view the output file (*.TEM). Use the ACTTEMP and TEMPPLOT (Results > PLOT > Thermal) commands to generate a temperature contour plot.
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Results
Temperature at node 24: Analytical solution HSTAR solution = 76.0306 F = 76.0307 F
An Example of Thermal Bonding

The following example illustrates the use of the BONDING feature in thermal analysis. The problem is to find the temperature distribution in a plate which is subjected to temperature boundary conditions. To illustrate the bonding capability of the HSTAR program, the plate is divided into two surfaces which are meshed in such a way that the meshing is incompatible at the interface of the two surfaces.
Figure 5-2
Y Node 49
b T = 0 C
T = 100 C
Given
Thickness of the plate Length of the plate Width of the plate = 1 cm =l=2m =1m
Temperature on edge AB = 0 C Temperature on edge CD = 100 C Thermal conductivity of the material

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= 1 W/m - K
5-5
GEOSTAR Input
The following is a step by step procedure to generate the required input and perform the thermal analysis.
1.
Define the element group 2D Plane stress element is selected.

Geo Panel: Propsets > Element Group (EGROUP) Element group > 1 Element category > Area Element type (for area) > PLANE2D Accept defaults ...
2.
Define the thickness of the Plane stress element through a real constant set.
Geo Panel: Propsets > Real Constant (RCONST) Associated element group > 1 Real constant set > 1 Start location of the real constants > 1 No. of real constants to be entered > 2 RC1: Thickness > 0.01 RC2: Material angle (Beta) > 0.0
3.
Define thermal conductivity.

Geo Panel: Propsets > Material Property (MPROP) Material property set > 1 Material property name > kx Property value > 1.0
4.
Define the geometry of the model. Change the view to X-Y using the Viewing icon. Define the X-Y plane on which the surface is created as follows:
Geo Panel: Geometry > GRID > Plane (PLANE) Rotation/sweep axis > Z Offset on axis > 0.0 Grid line style > Solid
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Geo Panel: Geometry > SURFACES > Define w/4 Coord (SF4CORD) Surface > 1 XYZ-coordinate of keypoint 1 > 0,0,0 XYZ-coordinate of keypoint 2 > 1,0,0 XYZ-coordinate of keypoint 3 > 1,1,0 XYZ-coordinate of keypoint 4 > 0,1,0
Generate an additional surface by translating the first surface in the x-direction by 1 m.

Geo Panel: Geometry > SURFACES > GENERATION MENU > Generate
(SFGEN)
Generation number > 1 Beginning surface > 1 Ending surface > 1 Increment > 1 Generation flag > Translation X-displacement > 1.0 Y-displacement > 0.0 Z-displacement > 0.0
5.
Use the Auto scale option to see the model clearly. Define elements and nodes through mesh generation. Note that the two surfaces are meshed separately to create incompatibility at the interface of the two surfaces.
Geo Panel: Meshing > PARAMETRIC MESH > Surfaces (M_SF) Beginning surface > 1 Ending surface > 1 Increment > 1 Number of nodes per element > 4 Number of elements on 1st curve > 5 Number of elements on 2nd curve > 5 Accept defaults ... Geo Panel: Meshing > PARAMETRIC MESH > Surfaces (M_SF) Beginning surface > 2 Ending surface > 2 Increment > 1 Number of nodes per element > 4
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Number of elements on 1st curve > 5 Number of elements on 2nd curve > 4 Accept defaults ...
6.
Merge the coincident nodes

Geo Panel: Meshing > NODES > Merge (NMERGE) Accept defaults ...
7.
Define temperature boundary conditions along the left and right edges of the plate.
Geo Panel: LoadsBC > THERMAL > TEMPERATURE > Define Curves (NTCR) Beginning curve > 3 Value > 0 Ending curve > 3 Increment > 1 Geo Panel: LoadsBC > THERMAL > TEMPERATURE > Define Curves (NTCR) Beginning curve > 5 Value > 100 Ending curve > 5 Increment > 1
8.
Define bonding between the two surfaces

Geo Panel: LoadsBC >STRUCTURAL >BONDING >Define Bond Parameter
(BONDDEF)
Bonding set > 1 Primary geometric entity type > Curve Primary curve > 4 Secondary geometric entity type > Curve Beginning curve > 4 Ending curve > 4 Increment > 1 Direction flag > Bi Dir
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Part 1 HSTAR Heat Transfer Analysis 9.
Run the thermal analysis.

Geo Panel: Analysis > HEAT TRANSFER > Run Thermal Analysis
(R_THERMAL)
After the analysis is completed, the program will return to GEOSTAR. Use the ACTTEMP and TEMPPLOT (Results > PLOT > Thermal) command to generate a temperature plot.
Results
Temperature at node 49: Analytical solution HSTAR solution (with bonding) HSTAR solution (without bonding) = 50 C = 50 C = 75.9 C
Listing of Session File

EGROUP,1,PLANE2D,0,1,0,0,0,0,0, RCONST,1,1,1,2,0.01,0, MPROP,1,KX,1.0, PLANE,Z,0,1, VIEW,0,0,1,0, SCALE,0, SF4CORD,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0, SFGEN,1,1,1,1,0,1.0,0,0, M_SF,1,1,1,4,5,5,1,1, M_SF,2,2,1,4,5,4,1,1, NMERGE,1,66,1,0.0001,0,1,0, NTCR,3,0.0,3,1, NTCR,5,100.0,5,1, BONDDEF,1,0,4,0,4,4,1,2, R_THERMAL
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Verification Problems
Introduction
In the following, a comprehensive set of verification problems are provided to illustrate the various features of the heat transfer analysis module (HSTAR). The problems are carefully selected to cover a wide range of applications in the field of thermal analysis. The input files for the verification problems are available in the ...\Vprobs\ HeatTransfer folder. Where ... denotes the COSMOSM installation folder. For example the input file for problem TL01 is ...\Vprobs\HeatTransfer\TL01.GEO.
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Linear Heat Transfer Analysis
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TL01: Steady State Heat Conduction in a Square Plate

TYPE: Steady state heat conduction with prescribed temperature boundary conditions, SHELL3T elements are used. REFERENCE: Carslaw, H. S., and Jaeger, J. C., Conduction of Heat in Solids, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 1959. PROBLEM: Determine the temperature at the center of a square plate with prescribed edge temperatures. GIVEN: Thermal Conductivity Boundary Conditions: Along the edge AB, temp. = 0 C Along the edge BC, temp. = 0 C Along the edge CD, temp. = 0 C Along the edge DA, temp. = 100 C Width and Height of Plate = 4 m MODELING HINTS: Since the plate and boundary conditions are symmetrical about cross-section I-I, only one half of the plate is modeled using SHELL3T elements as shown in the figure. ANALYTICAL SOLUTION: Temperature at any point (x,y) in the plate is: = 43 w/m C
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Chapter 6 Verification Problems
Where a = The length of a side of plate To = The temperature at x = 0
COMPARISON OF RESULTS: At the center of the plate (Node 41).

Temperature C Theory COSMOSM Difference Figure TL01-1 25 25 0%
0 D C 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 100 0 28 19 10 1 A B 0 X 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 36 27 18
Finite Element Model
Problem Sketch
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TL02: Steady State Heat Conduction in an Orthotropic Plate

TYPE: Steady state heat conduction with convection boundary conditions, SHELL4 elements are used. REFERENCE: M. N. Ozisik, Heat Conduction, Wiley, New York, 1980. PROBLEM: Determine the temperature distribution in an orthotropic plate with a constant rate of heat generation. The boundaries at x = 0 and y = 0 are insulated, and those at x = a and y = b are dissipating heat by convection into the atmosphere which is at zero temperature. GIVEN: Thermal Conductivity along x direction = Kx = 10 w/m C along y direction = Ky = 20 w/m C Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient at the boundary BC = h1 = 10 w/m C at the boundary DC = h2 = 20 w/m2 C MODELING HINT: Plate is modeled using 200 SHELL4 elements. ANALYTICAL SOLUTION:
2
Length of the plate = a = 1 m Width of the plate = b = 2 m Thickness of the plate = 0.1 m Rate of heat generation Q = 100 w/m3
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Where: K1 = K K2 = Ky
COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
Node 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 Figure TL02-1
T = 0 C h = 20 w/m2 C 2 D C
X (m) 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Theory 8.5094 8.4832 8.4045 8.2728 8.0874 7.8471 7.5505 7.1959 6.7811 6.3038 5.7613
COSMOSM 8.5122 8.4860 8.4073 8.2757 8.0902 7.8499 7.5533 7.1985 6.7836 6.3060 5.7631
y
221 231
Insulated b T = 0 C h = 10 w/m2 C 1
Insulated A a B 1 11
Problem Sketch
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TL03: Transient Heat Conduction in a Long Cylinder

TYPE: Transient heat conduction with convection boundary conditions, PLANE2D elements. REFERENCE: J. P. Holman, Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1976, p. 117. PROBLEM: A long aluminum cylinder, 5 cm in diameter and initially at 200 C, is suddenly exposed to a convection environment at 70 C and h = 525 W/m2 C. Calculate the temperature at a radius of 1.25 cm, one minute after the cylinder is exposed to the environment. GIVEN: Radius of cylinder Thermal conductivity Mass density Specific heat Initial temperature Ambient temperature Convective heat transfer coefficient MODELING HINTS: Since the cylinder and boundary conditions are axisymmetric, PLANE2D axisymmetric elements are used to model this problem. = ro = 0.025 m = K = 215 W/m C = = 2700 Kg/m3 = C = 936.8 J / Kg C = T0 = 200 C = T = 70 C = h = 525 w/m2 C
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COMPARISON OF RESULTS: Comparison of solutions is made at r = 0.0125 m (node 21) and at t = 60 sec:
Temperature C Theory COSMOSM Figure TL03-1 118.40 119.49
Y
ro
2
8
4 1 2 3
40
42
h, T
5 ro
39
41
X Z
Problem Sketch
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TL04: Thermal Stresses in a Hollow Cylinder

TYPE: Thermal stress analysis, PLANE2D axisymmetric element. REFERENCE: Timoshenko and Goodier, Theory of Elasticity, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1961. PROBLEM: The hollow cylinder in plane strain is subjected to two independent loading conditions.
1. 2.
An internal pressure Pa A steady state axisymmetric temperature distribution due to the following boundary conditions. At r = 1, temperature = 100 F At r = 2, temperature = 0 F
Pressure and Temperature Loading PLANE2D Axisymmetric Model. GIVEN: E a b = 30 x 106 psi = 1 in = 2 in
= 0.3 x = 1 *10-6/F
Kx = 1 Btu/in sec F Pa = 100 psi Ta = 100 F Tb = 0 F
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Theory Temperature in F Node 23 Node 42 59.401 23.447 59.398 23.447 COSMOSM
Stress at r=1.325 (Center of Element 7) in psi Tr(SX) T(SZ) Figure TL04-1 -398.34i -592.47i -398.14i -596.38
Pa
Tr
Problem Sketch y
31 28 16 7 1 23 8 12 14 15 30 45
a
b
C L
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TL05: Heat Conduction Due to a Series of Heating Cables

TYPE: Steady state heat conduction due to internal heat generation (PLANE2D elements). REFERENCE: J. N. Reddy, An introduction to the finite element method. McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1984, p. 260. PROBLEM: A series of heating cables have been placed in a conducting medium as shown in figure. The medium has conductivities of Kx = 10 w/cm K and Ky = 15 w/cmK. The Upper surface is exposed to a temperature of -5 C, and the lower surface is bounded by an insulating medium. Assuming that each cable is a point source of 250 w, determine the temperature distribution in the medium. GIVEN: Thermal conductivity in: x direction Kx y direction Ky Ambient temperature T Convection coefficient h = 10 w/cm K = 15 w/cm K = 268 K = 5 w/cm2 K
Rate of heat generation in the cable per unit length Q= 250 w MODELING HINTS: Since the cables are uniformly distributed throughout the medium, the problem can be simplified by analyzing only the section ABCD as shown in the figure. Because of symmetry, consider the sides AD and BC to be insulated. Since the medium is symmetric about x-y plane, plane strain option of PLANE2D elements has been selected.
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Figure TL05-1
T h = 268 K = 5 w/cm 2 K
Y Y
145 D 153 C
Cables 2
C Cabl 113
Insulated
X
A 4 B
A 1 9
Problem Sketch
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TL06: Pressure Distribution in an Aquifer Flow

TYPE: Seepage flow, PLANE2D elements. REFERENCE: J. N. Reddy, An introduction to the finite element method, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1984, p. 103. PROBLEM: A well penetrates an aquifer and pumping is done at a rate of Q = 150 m3/h. The permeability of the aquifer is K = 25 m3/(hm2). The aquifer is unconfined and radial symmetry exists in the flow field (with the origin of the radial coordinate being at the pump). A constant head of U = 50 m exists at a radial distance of L = 200 m. Determine the distribution of piezometric head. GIVEN: Permeability of aquifer Rate of pumping MODELING HINTS: This problem is modeled by PLANE2D elements. Since the distribution of pressure in the radial direction is a function of logarithm of radial coordinate, variable node spacing is used to get better results. The ratio of last division size to the first division size along the radial direction is assumed to be 6. This problem has been solved using two types of PLANE2D elements. Case A Plane strain option of PLANE2D elements has been selected. This type of model is especially useful to visualized piezometric head contours (which are concentric circles). Case B Axial symmetry of the problem is used to simplify the model. Axisymmetric option of PLANE2D elements has been selected. Note that the governing equation of this = K = 25 m3/(h m2) = Q = 150 m3/h piezometric head (at r = 200 m) = U = 50 m
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problem is similar to that of steady state heat conduction in radial direction. Hence this problem has been solved by identifying the variables as shown in Table 6-1
Table TL06-1. Interpretation of Heat Conduction Variables in Seepage Problem Variable u K Q r Steady State Heat Conduction Temperature Thermal conductivity Internal heat generation Radial coordinate Pressure Distribution is an Aquifer Flow Piezometric head Permeability coefficient Recharge Radial coordinate
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION: The governing equation for an unconfined aquifer with flow in the radial direction is given by:
Where: r Q K u = radial coordinate = recharge = coefficient of permeability = piezometric head
Note that pumping is considered to be a negative recharge. The associated boundary conditions are at r Q r u =0 = recharge =L = u0
Solution of the above differential equation is given by
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COMPARISON OF RESULTS: Piezometric head at r = 84.18246 (at Node 5)

Theory Head (m) Figure TL06-1 49.174 COSMOSM Case A 49.205 COSMOSM Case B 49.750
C L
25 31 19
Y
37 13 8 9 10 11 12 43 34 5 6 7 13 14
X
123 4 5 6 7
49
73 L 55 61 L Case A 67
C L Case B
Problem Sketch and Finite Element Model
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TL07: Potential Flow Over a Cylinder Confined Between Two Walls

TYPE: Potential flow: stream function and velocity potential formulations REFERENCE: Irving H. Shames, Mechanics of Fluids, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1982. PROBLEM: Consider an infinitely long cylinder at rest in a large body of fluid flowing uniformly at right angles to the axis of the cylinder. Assuming irrotational and incompressible flow, find the maximum velocity of the flow. Solve the problem using the Stream function formulation. GIVEN: Diameter of cylinder = d = 0.2 m Velocity = V0 = 1.0 m/s MODELING HINTS: This problem has been modeled by PLANE2D elements. Note that the model is symmetric about the axes EG and HF. Hence it is sufficient to analyze one quarter of the model with the appropriate boundary conditions on the axes of symmetry. Assume that the velocity is constant at a distance of 1 m from the axis of cylinder. Since the gradients of stream function are very high near the cylinder, variable mesh spacing has been selected. Note that the variable finite element mesh can be generated very easily using mesh generation commands.
Figure TL07-1
L E I
0 .1 m d
K J
Vo
Problem Sketch
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Stream Function Formulation The incompressible steady flow may be represented by Laplace equation:
For a two dimensional flow, the above equation can be rewritten as:
Where is called stream function. The velocity field may be obtained from stream function as:
Note that the stream function has a property that the flow normal to streamlines is zero. Hence, the fixed surfaces correspond to streamlines. Thus, the cylindrical surface IL may be treated as a streamline. Also, note that the velocity normal to the horizontal axis of symmetry is zero. Hence, the horizontal axis of symmetry may also be treated as a streamline. Similarly, the top surface (represented by line DH) is also a streamline. Since the velocity field depends on the relative difference of stream functions take the value of streamline along the horizontal axis of symmetry as zero, i.e., EI - IL = 0 Along the surface ED, u =V0 = Velocity of flow =0
Figure TL07-2
=1 D H
=V Y o
=0
E =0
X
I
Boundary Conditions
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or = -V0 Y DH - = -V0 Y and DH - = -1 Analogy between stream function formulation of potential flow and heat conduction. The governing equation of stream function formulation stream of potential flow is similar to steady state heat conduction equation with no heat generation.
Head conduction Gradients of temperature Stream function Temperature Potential flow Velocity components
Hence, HSTAR may be used to solve the potential flow problem by following the steps given below.
1. 2. 3.
Set thermal conductivity Kx = 1. Apply prescribed temperature boundary conditions wherever prescribed stream functions are to be applied. The velocity field may be obtained by calculating the gradients of stream function (please see the options in PRINT command).
COMPARISON OF RESULTS: At (x = 0, y = 0.1) (i.e., at Node 861). Stream Function Formulation

Theory COSMOSM 0 1.914 0.025
u = (/y) = (/x)
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TL08: Transient Heat Conduction in a Slab of Constant Thickness

TYPE: Linear transient heat conduction, TRUSS2D elements. REFERENCE: Gupta, C. P., and Prakash, R., Engineering Heat Transfer, Nem Chand and Bros., India, 1979, pp. 155-157. PROBLEM: A large plate of thickness 62.8 cm is initially at a temperature of 50 C. Suddenly, both of its faces are raised to and held at 550 C. Determine:
Ts
1. Figure TL08-1
Ts X
The Temperature at a plane 15.7 cm from the left surface, 5 hours after the sudden change in surface temperature. Instantaneous heat flow rate at the left surface at the end of 5 hours. Total heat flow across the surface at the end of 5 hours.
2. 3.
GIVEN: Thickness of slab Area of cross section Density Solution time Initial temperature Thermal conductivity Specific heat = L = 0.628 m = 1 m2 = = 23.2 Kg/m3 = 5 hours = Ti = 50 C = K = 46.4 J/m - hr K = c = 1000 J/Kg - K
Problem Sketch
Left and right surface temperatures = Ts = 550 C
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MODELING HINTS: Since the other Figure TL08-2 dimensions of the plate are infinitely 1 2 3 4 14 15 16 17 large, conduction 1 2 3 occurs through thick14 15 16 ness, i.e., along L x-axis. Therefore, Finite Element Model this problem can be modeled with Temperature one dimensional elements having a 1.0 total length of (L = 0.628 m) and Time 0.0 5.0 considering a cross Temp._Time Curve sectional area of (A = 1 m2). Sixteen TRUSS2D elements will be used to model this problem as shown in TL08-2. ANALYTICAL SOLUTION Let: T Ti t = Temperature at any point x = Initial temperature = Time Ts = Surface temperature
Temperature is:
(n = 1, 3, 5, ----) Instantaneous heat flow rate per unit area at any point is:
(n = 1, 3, 5, ----)
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Total heat flow during time t = 0 to t* is:
(n = 1, 3, 5, ----) COMPARISON OF RESULTS: At time t* = 5 hours:

Location Distance (m) Temp (T) Heat Flow/ Unit Time (q) Cumulative Heat Flow (Q) Figure TL08-3 0.157 0 0 Location Node No. 5 1 1 Theory 183.9 130,880 1,125,330 COSMOSM 183.81 130,030 1,092,200 Difference % 0.05 0.65 2.94
78.6001
T e m p e r 64.3000 a t u r e
Temperature Versus Time for Node 9
50.000 0.0500
2.5250
5.0000
T ime
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TL09: Heat Transfer from Cooling Fin

TYPE: Heat transfer analysis, truss elements and convection link elements. REFERENCE: Kreith, F., Principles of Heat Transfer, International Textbook Co., Scranton, Pennsylvania, 2nd Printing, 1959. PROBLEM: A cooling fin of square crosssectional area A, length l, and conductivity k extends from a wall maintained at temperature Tw. The surface convection coefficient between the fin and the surrounding air is h, the air temperature is Ta, and the tip of the fin is insulated. Determine the heat conducted by the fin q and the temperature of the tip T l. GIVEN: b Length of fin Wall temperature Ambient temperature Film coefficient Thermal conductivity = 1 in = (1/12) ft = l = 0.667 ft = Tw = 100 F = h = 1 BTU/hr-ft2 F = k = 25 BTU/hr-ft F = Ta = 0 F
Z
4
Figure TL09-1
Tw X h, T a b
6 12
8 13
10 14
11 2
12 15
14 16
16
17
17
18
19
2 1
3 3
4 5 7
5 9
7 11
8 13
9 15
Area of cross-section of the fin = 0.0069 ft2

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CALCULATED INPUT: The surface convection area per inch of fin length = 0.02778 ft2. MODELING HINTS: The end convection elements are given half the surface area of the interior convection elements. Nodes 11 through 19 are given arbitrary locations. COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
T at Node 9, F Theory COSMOSM Difference 68.594 68.615 0.03% q at Node 1, Btu/hr 17.504 17.529 0.13%
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TL10: Temperature Distribution Due to Electrical Heating in a Wire

TYPE: Steady state heat conduction with prescribed voltage and convection boundary conditions. REFERENCE: Rohsenow and Choi, Heat, Mass and Momentum Transfer. PROBLEM: Determine the temperature distribution in a current carrying wire. The voltage drop per foot of the wire is 0.1 volts. GIVEN: Voltage on edge AB Voltage on edge DC Ambient temperature Thermal conductivity = 0 volts = -0.1 volts = 70 F = 13 Btu/hr-ft F
A 0.03125 ft B 1.0 ft D C
Figure TL10-1
Problem Sketch
Electrical conductivity = 1.113117 E+7 mho/ft* Heat transfer coefficient on edge BC = 5 Btu/hr-ft2 F COMPARISON OF RESULTS: Temperature at node 1 = 419.99 F (COSMOSM) = 420 F (Theory)
The value of the electrical conductivity coefficient already contains the conversion factor from watt to Btu/hr.
In de x
6-24
TL11: Temperature Distribution of Air Flowing Through a Pipe With a Constant Wall Temperature
TYPE: Steady state fluid flow through a pipe using FLUIDT elements. The pipe is modeled with various types of elements as follows: TL11A 32 SHELL4 Elements TL11B 64 SHELL3 Elements TL11C 32 Solid Elements TL11D 189 TETRA10 Elements TL11E 189 TETRA4 Elements TL11F 400 TETRA4 Elements (finer mesh) REFERENCE: Rhosenow and Choi, Heat, Mass, and Momentum Transfer. PROBLEM: Find the temperature distribution of air flowing through a pipe whose wall is maintained at a constant temperature (same as problem TN06).
Figure TL11-1 Mesh of a Quarter of a Pipe with Constant Wall Temperature and Air Flow (FLUIDT Elements)
Node at inlet is outside the pipe (prescribed temperature)
FLUIDT Elements
In de x
6-25
MODELING HINTS:
Due to symmetry, only a quarter of the pipe circumference is modeled.

Therefore, the pipe cross sectional area and the mass flow rate to be input for this analysis are 1/4 of the given values.
Air flow in the pipe is modeled by 8 FLUIDT elements. The FLINKDEF

command is used to associate the FLUIDT elements with the pipe wall for convection.
The FLUIDT elements are generated by meshing a curve along the axis of the
pipe. The curve is created such that its starting point falls outside the pipe (below the pipe inlet). As a result, the node associated with the starting point will not be considered for convection, and thus it can be assigned the inlet temperature. GIVEN: Temperature of the pipe wall Temperature of air at Inlet Pipe diameter Pipe length Mass flow rate Density of Air Specific heat of air Thermal conductivity of air Dynamic viscosity of air Parameters for evaluating Nusselts number: = 93.33 oC = 37.80 oC = 0.0254 m = 0.127 m = 0.000594 Kg/s = 0.9611 Kg/m3 = 1005. J/ KgoK = 0.0294 W/moK = 1.566E-5 Pa-s C1 = 1.63 C2 = 0.08 C3 = 0.7 C4 = 0.35
In de x
6-26
Method/Element Type Temperature of Air at Pipe Outlet Error Percentage
Theory COSMOSM (2D HLINK Elements (problem TN06) TL11A (3D FLUIDT Elements and 32 SHELL4 Elements) TL11B (3D FLUIDT Elements and 64 SHELL3 Elements) TL11C (3D FLUIDT Elements and 32 Solid Elements) TL11D (3D FLUIDT Elements and 189 TETRA10 Elements) TL11E (3D FLUIDT Elements and 189 TETRA4 Elements) TL11F (3D FLUIDT Elements and 400 TETRA4 Elements)
50.5 oC 49.23 oC
N/A - 2.51%
51.145 oC
1.3%
51.145oC
1.3%
51.143oC
1.3%
51.243 oC
1.5%
50.938oC
0.9%
51.084 oC
1.1%
In de x
6-27
TL12: Temperature Distribution in a Linear Accelerator with 3 Coolant Passages

TYPE: Steady state linear heat conduction, heat convection, and fluid flow (SOLID + FLUIDT elements) REFERENCE: Los Alamos National Laboratory, LANSCE Division. PROBLEM: Find the temperature distribution in a Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) with an octagonal cross section and 3 coolant passages, due to heat flux applied to the surfaces of the accelerator cavity. The total applied heat flux is 0.982 Btu per second for a length of 3 inches. Water, initially at room temperature, is used as the coolant flowing at a bulk velocity of 15 feet per second. The accelerator is made of copper. MODELING HINTS: The cross section of the model is shown in the figure. Due to symmetry, only 1/8 of the model is considered.
Figure TL12-1. Cross Section of the Model
Heat Flux
Shaded area is 1/8 of the model
Cooling Pipes
In de x
6-28
To facilitate the application of the heat flux, a thin layer of SHELL4 elements was created (since some faces of the extruded solid elements may not be associated with the surfaces of the polyhedron). The FLINKDEF command is designed to ignore repeated areas for convection. Other data are taken from a recently completed accelerator and are therefore realistic.
Figure TL12-2. Finite Element Model of 1/8 of a Linear Accelerator with 3 Coolant Passages
Pipe A
Pipe B
Pipe C
Figure TL12-2.
Cross-section with Coolant Passages A, B, and C
Figure TL12-3.
Coolants Passages and Corresponding Convection Surfaces
Heat Flux applied to surfaces 11-16
In de x
6-29
GIVEN:
Applied Heat Flux
Surface Surfaces 11 and 12 Surface 13 Surface 14 Surface 15 Surface 16 Total Flux
Heat Flux Density 0.0734 Btu/s/in 0.0612 Btu/s/in 0.0367 Btu/s/in 0.0183 Btu/s/in2 0.0061 Btu/s/in2
2 2
Heat Flux on Surface 0.50646 Btu/s 0.30924 Btu/s 0.14753 Btu/s 0.01646 Btu/s 0.00862 Btu/s 0.9821 Btu/s
Properties of Solid (Copper)
Density Thermal Conductivity Specific Heat

Properties of Fluid (Water)
= 0.84E-3 lbf.s2/in4 = 0.52E-2 Btu/in/s/oF = 36.0 Btu.in/lbf/s2/oF
Density Thermal Conductivity Specific Heat Viscosity Temperature at inlet
= 0.93E-4 lbf.s2/in4 (or lb/in3) = 0.82E-5 Btu/in/s/oF = 390.0 Btu.in/lbf/s2/F (or BTU/lb/oF) = 0.13E-6 lbf.s/in2 (or lb/s/in) = 0.0oF (with respect to reference)
Section and Flow Properties for Passages A & B
Diameter Flow Area Bulk Velocity Mass Flow rate Film Coefficient
= 0.40 in = 0.063 in2 = 180.0 in/s = .0010546 lbf.s/in (or lb/s = (Velocity)(Density)(Area) = .0056 Btu/in2/s/oF
Section and Flow Properties for Passage C
Diameter Flow Area Bulk Velocity

In de x
= 0.50 in = 0.196 in2 = 180.0 in/s = .003281 lbf.s/in (or lb/s)
Mass Flow rate
6-30
Film Coefficient
= .0056 Btu/in2/s/oF
An energy balance between the applied energy (0.982 Btu/s) and the total energy gained by the coolant (water) gives a check on results: dE = (Ma . dTa + Mb . dTb + Mc . dTc) (g) = 0.982 Btu/s Ta = 0.51323 oF Tb = 0.57880 oF Tc = 0.41628 oF dE = [(.51323) (.0010564) + (.57880) (.0010546) + (.41628) (.003281)] (386.) = 0.973 Btu/s
Error COSMOSM
Theory
= 0.916%
Where: Ta is the temperature at the outlet of pipe A, Tb is the temperature at the outlet of pipe B, and Tc is the temperature at the outlet of pipe C. Ma , Mb, and Mc are the mass flow rates for pipes A, B, and C.
Figure TL12-4. Temperature Plot
Pipe A
Pipe B
Pipe C
In de x
6-31
In de x
6-32
Nonlinear Heat Transfer Analysis
In de x
6-33
TN01: Heat Conduction with Temperature Dependent Conductivity

TYPE: Nonlinear heat conduction, TRUSS2D elements are used. REFERENCE: Ozisik, M., Heat Conduction, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1980, pp. 440-443. PROBLEM: Determine the temperature distribution in a slab which is insulated on one face, and subjected to a constant temperature on the other face. Assume constant internal heat generation in the slab and a linear variation of thermal conductivity. GIVEN: Thickness of the slab Thermal conductivity Boundary conditions: At x = 0, Insulated boundary At x = L, Prescribed temperature of 100 C Twenty TRUSS2D elements have been used to model this problem as shown in the figure. ANALYTICAL SOLUTION: Steady state heat conduction equation is given by: =L=2m = K = 50 (1 + 2T) W/m C Internal heat generation = Q = 100,000 W/m3
Where: K Q = K0 (1+ T), K0 and are constants. = Rate of internal heat generation.
In de x
6-34
Associated boundary conditions are: At x = 0, At x = L, T = TL (Prescribed temperature)
Solution of this problem can be obtained by Kirchoff transformation as:
Where:
Theory At X = 0 (Node 1) C At X = 1 (Node 11) C Figure TN01-1 118.24 113.96 COSMOSM 118.25 113.97
Q = 100000.0 W/m 3 Insulated K = 50.0(1+2T) W/m C

o
T = 100.0 C
L Problem Sketch Y
1 2 3 1 234 Finite Element Model

In de x
20 20 21
6-35
TN02: Transient Heat Conduction (Nonlinear Analysis)

TYPE: Nonlinear analysis, PLANE2D elements. REFERENCES: Aguirre-Ramirez, G., and Oden, J. T., Finite Element Technique Applied to Heat Conduction in Solids with Temperature Dependent Thermal Conductivity, ASME No. 69-WA/HT-34, November, 1969. Report on Finite Element Analysis of Nonlinear Heat Transfer Problems, U. C. Berkeley. PROBLEM: Determine the temperature response of an infinitely large slab of finite thickness. The thermal conductivity assumed to vary linearly with temperature. The specific heat is constant. Initial temperature is 100 F and the temperature of left side suddenly raised to 200 F and returns to 100 F after 10 seconds. GIVEN: Thickness of slab Specific heat Thermal conductivity Assumed strip length = h = 20 in = c = 8 Btu-in/lb-s2 F = K(T) = 2 + 0.01 x T Btu/in-s F = L = 1 in
Density of the material = = 0.25 lb-s2/in4
COMPARISON OF RESULTS: Temperature Values (F):

x Reference COSMOSM 7 7 y 0 0 Node No. 15 15 3 (sec) 103.74 103.75 11 (sec) 125.41 125.41
In de x
6-36
Figure TN02-1
2 T L
4 1 2
40
42
Slab
= 100 0 F
5 h
39
41
Finite Element Model Problem Sketch
Figure TN02-2
Temperature ( 0F)
200 100
6 4 2
0 0 10 10.000001 20 Temp. - Time Curve
0 0 400
Temp. ( 0F)
Therm. Conductivity - Temp. Curve
In de x
6-37
TN03: Radiation from a Rod

TYPE: Nonlinear steady state analysis, TRUSS 2D elements and radiation link elements. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS: Prescribed temperatures at x = 0. Radiation at x = 10 m. PROBLEM: Determine the temperature distribution in a rod in which the left end has a prescribed temperature and the right end is radiating heat into the ambient atmosphere. GIVEN: Length of the rod = 10 m m2 Radiation Data Area of radiating surface = 1 m2 =1 =1 = 5.67E-8 W/m2 K4 Emissivity Stefan-Boltzmann constant Area of cross section = 1
T=1000 C
Figure TN03-1
Radiation
Thermal conductivity = K = 45 W/mC View factor Ambient temperature = T = 10C Prescribed temp. at left end = T0 = 1000C
Figure TN03-2
TRUSS 2D
1 2 9 10 11
RLINK
2 x=0
9 10 x=10
11
12
In de x
6-38
T =10.0 C
ANALYTICAL SOLUTION: Temperature distribution in a rod: Boundary Conditions: Temperature at x = 0 T = T0 Radiation at x=l Governing differential equation is: d2T/dx2 = 0 dT/dx T = C1 = C1x + C2
Figure TN03-3
T0
Boundary Conditions at x = 0, T = T0, C2 = T0 at x = l
But we have
In de x
6-39
Substitute: = 5.67E-8 W/m2 K4 =1 =1 = 1 m2 = 45 W/m K
f A K
T0 = 1000 C = 1273.15 K T = 10 C = 283.15 K
Solution of the nonlinear algebraic equation, using the NewtonRaphson method:
Let the internal heat generation Q = 0
Gradients:
In de x
6-40
Heat flow:
This should also be equal to:
Var. Temp Gx Flow Flow x 10 10 0 11 y ----z ----Node 11 11 1 12 Analytical 235.770 - 76.423 3439.030 - 3439.020 COSMOSM 235.77 - 76.423 3439.10 - 3439.10
In de x
6-41
TN04: Temperature Analysis with Phase Change

TYPE: Thermal analysis, TRUSS 2D. REFERENCE: K. Morgan, R. W. Lewis, and O. C. Zienkiewicz, An Improved Algorithm for Heat Conduction Problems with Phase Change, International Journal of Numerical Methods In Engineering, Volume 12., pp. 1191 - 1195, 1978. PROBLEM: A uniform infinite slab of liquid 1 2 3 41 is considered to be initially at zero degree temperature. Suddenly, the 4 inches temperature of the surface x = 0 is reduced to -455 F and maintained constant. The temperature distribution in slab is calculated. The lumped heat capacity matrix is employed and the optimal step is used in calculation. GIVEN: KX DENS C = 1.08 Btu/in-s F =1 lb-s2/in4
1
Temperature
Figure TN04-1. Finite Element Model
70.26
1 -1.1 -.15 Temp
Figure TN04-2.Temperature Variation at Node 11
= 1 Btu-in/lb-s2 F
-5 -10 -15
2 Time Analytical Solution COSMOS/M
Latent heat= 70.26 Btu/lb MODELING HINTS:
In de x
6-42
TN05: Temperature Distribution in a Slab Exchanging Radiation with Ambient Atmosphere

TYPE: Steady state nonlinear heat conduction problem. REFERENCE: R. Siegel and J. R. Howell, Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer. PROBLEM: Using the radiation enclosure theory, find the temperature distribution in a slab which has a prescribed radiation boundary condition. GIVEN: Length of the slab Width of the slab Heat flux on face AD Thermal conductivity Emissivity of face BC Ambient temperature = 2.0 m = 1.0 m = 10.4 w/m2 = 1.0 w/m-K = 0.5 = 100 C
1m
Figure TN05-1
2m D C
Heat Flux = 10.4 w/m 2 T

8
= 0.5 = 100C
h T
8
= 1.2 w/m 2 - K = 100 C
Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67E-8 w/m2-K4 Convection coefficient on face AB = 1.2 w/m2-K
COMPARISON OF RESULTS: Temperature at node 122 = 101.7 C (Enclosure theory) = 101.69 C (Radiation boundary condition)
In de x
6-43
TN06: Temperature Distribution of Air Flowing Through a Pipe with a Constant Wall Temperature
TYPE: Steady state fluid flow through a pipe. REFERENCE: Rhosenow and Choi, Heat, Mass and Momentum Transfer. PROBLEM: Find the temperature distribution for flow of air through a pipe whose wall is maintained at constant temperature. GIVEN: Diameter of the pipe Length of the pipe Friction factor Mass flow rate Density of air Specific heat of air Dynamic viscosity of fluid = 0.0254 m = 0.127 m = 0.001 = 0.000594 Kg/s = 0.9611Kg/m3 = 1005 J / Kg-K = 15.66 E-6 Pa-s
1 2 3 Pipe Axis 8 9 10 11 12
Figure TN06-1
Pipe Wall 17 18
Thermal conductivity of air = 0.0294 w/m-K Temperature of the pipe wall = 93.33 C Temperature of fluid at inlet = 37.8 C COMPARISON OF RESULTS: Temperature of air at pipe outlet (node 9) = 49.23 C (COSMOSM) = 50.5 C (Reference)
In de x
6-44
TN07: Open-System Steady State Radiation

TYPE: Nonlinear steady state analysis, radiation in an open system. REFERENCE: J. P. Holman, Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963, p. 193. PROBLEM:
07 Figure TN07 Radiation of a disk
l
Outer disk
A 0.5-ft-diameter black disk Middle disk is placed halfway between two black 10-ft-diameter Radius of small disk = a =0.25 ft Radius of outer disks = b = 5 ft disks that are 20 ft apart as Distance between the middle disk shown in the figure. If the and each outer disk = l = 10 ft temperature of the o R, surroundings is 0 determine the steady-state temperature of the middle disk (Tm) if the temperature of the two outer disks is 2180o R. GIVEN: a = radius of the middle disk =0.125 ft b = radius of each outer disk = 5 ft l = distance between the middle disk and the outer disks = 10 ft Stefan-Boltzmann constant = = 1.714e-9 Btu/hr.ft2. R4 To(Temperature of the outer disks)= 2180o R ANALYTICAL SOLUTION: The radiation view factor (RVF) between the outer and middle disks (Fo-m) is calculated from the formula:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 F m o = l + a + b ( l + a + b ) 4a b ( 2a )
Tenv(Temperature of the surroundings)=0o R
Thus, Fm-o= radiation view factor from the middle disk to the outer disks = 0.19992
In de x
6-45
Fenv= radiation view factor from the middle disk to the environement = 1.0 0.19992 = 0.80008. In steady state condition, the heat balance equation for the middle disk is given by: A m F env ( T m T env ) A m F m o ( T o T m ) = 0 Where: = Stefan-Boltzmann constant Am = Area of the middle disk (a2) MODELING HINTS Shell3 elements are used in this problem. COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
Theory Steady state temperature of the middle disk (R) COSMOSM Error
4 4 4 4
1457.70
1455.68
-0.14 %
In de x
6-46
TN08: Closed-System Steady State Radiation

TYPE: Nonlinear steady state analysis, axisymmetric radiation closed system. REFERENCE: J. P. Holman, Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963, p. 191. PROBLEM: The temperatures of the inner and outer concentric long cylinders shown in the figure are maintained at 1460o R and 560o R, respectively. Calculate the heat transfer by radiation from inner to the outer cylinder. GIVEN: Radius of the inner cylinder (r1)=0.1 ft Radius of the outer cylinder (r2)=1.0 ft Common length of the cylinders (l)= 100 ft Temperature of the inner cylinder (T1) =1460o R Temperature of the outer cylinder (T2) =560o R
PLANE2D Axisymmetric Elements 1.0 ft Finite Element Model 0.1 ft T1 T2 l=100 ft
Figure TN08-1Two Concentric Cylinders
Hollow cylinder of radii 1.0 and 1.1 ft
1.0 ft 1.1 ft solid cylinder of radius 0.1 ft
Y 0.1 ft
Emissivity of the face of the inner cylinder (1)=0.2 Emissivity of the face of the outer cylinder (2)=0.7 Stefan-Boltzmann constant ()=1.714e-9 Btu/hr.ft2.R4
In de x
6-47
ANALYTIC SOLUTION: The rate of heat transfer by radiation between the two cylinders is given by: lr 1 ( T 1 T 2 ) q 1 2 = ----------------------------------------1 1 2 -- ---- + ------------- r 1 1 2 r 2 The radiation view factor between the two cylinders is F1-2=1.0 MODELING HINTS: Axisymmetric PLANE2D elements are used to model this problem. COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
4 4
Theory Rate of heat transfer between the two cylinders (Btu/ hr-rad)
COSMOSM
Error
15073.97
15076.35
0.015 %
In de x
6-48
TN09A-D: Thermal Contact Through A Gap

TYPE: Nonlinear transient analysis, SHELL4 elements.
0.0035m F Block-1 E 0.4m A C 0.5m B D Block-2 G H 0.01m
REFERENCE: J. P. Holman, Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963, p. 191. PROBLEM: Block-1 and Block-2 are bonded together by a thin layer of epoxy as shown in the figure. Both blocks are initially at 1000C. A temperature of 5000C is applied to edge EF. Edge GH is heated to 8500C and then cooled back to 1000C. It is desired to compute the temperature of edge AB and and the amount of heat flow between the two blocks when edge GH is at 8500C, 6000C, and 1000C.
The thin layer between the two blocks is modeled using GAP elements and the
conductivity of its material. This functionality avoids difficulties that otherwise will be encountered in building the geometry and meshing complex models.
TN09A.GEO SHELL4 TN09B.GEO TETRA4 TN09C.GEO SOLID TN09D.GEO TETRA10
Problem Name
Element Type
GIVEN: Width of block-1 Width of block-2 Height of the block

In de x
=0.4 m =0.5 m =0.1 m =0.1 m
Depth of the blocks
6-49
Conductivity of the blocks
= KX = 250 W/m0C
Conductivity of the thin layer = KC= 1000 W/m0C MODELING HINTS: 2D and 3D models using various types of elements are used. Automatic generation of GAP elements is used (line-to-line for 2D models and face-to-face for 3D models). COMPARISON OF RESULTS:
Theory (Temperature/ Heat Flow) Edge GH at 8500C Edge GH at 6000C Edge GH at 1000C 636.60C 8536.6 W 539.00C 2439.0W ????
COSMOSM (Temperature/ Heat Flow) 636.60C 8536.6 W 636.60C 8536.6 W ???
In de x
6-50
In de x
6-51
In de x
6-52
Index
A ambient atmosphere 2-3, 4-2 ambient temperature 1-2, 2-3,

4-1
axisymmetric 2-2, 6-9 B bond sets 2-5 bonding 2-4, 2-8, 4-3, 4-6, 5-5 boundary conditions 2-3, 4-5 C coefficient of permeability
6-14
E electric current flow 2-2 electrical conductivity 2-2, 4-1 electromagnetic waves 1-1 element heat generation 4-2,
4-5
heat transfer coefficient 1-2,

2-3, 4-2
I initial temperature 4-6, 6-36 J Joule heating 2-2, 2-3 L latent heat 2-10 M material properties 4-1, 4-5, 4-6 N nodal heat generation 4-2, 4-5 nodal temperature 4-5 nonlinear analysis 6-36 nonlinear heat conduction
6-34, 6-43
elements for HSTAR 3-1 equation 6-17, 6-39 F film coefficients 4-1 fluid flow 6-44 G governing equation 1-1, 1-3,
6-14, 6-18
conduction 1-1, 2-2, 6-20 constant heat generation 5-2 convection 1-1, 4-1, 5-1, 5-4,
6-5, 6-7, 6-24
convection coefficient 2-1, 6-22 convection link 6-22 convective heat transfer 5-2 D density 4-1
In de x
H heat capacity matrix 6-42 heat conduction 6-18 heat flux 1-2, 1-3, 2-3, 4-5 heat generation 2-3, 4-2, 6-11,
6-34
nonlinear steady state analysis 6-38 P phase change 2-10
heat generation rate 2-2, 4-2 heat transfer analysis 5-1
I-1
Index
piezometric head 6-14 potential flow 6-16, 6-18 primary bond entity 2-5 R radiation 1-1, 2-3, 4-5 radiation exchange 2-3 radiation link 6-38 radiation view factor 2-2 real constants 4-5 recharge 6-14 S seepage flow problem 6-13 specific heat 2-1, 4-1, 6-36 static analysis 4-3 steady state 2-1, 4-4, 4-6, 5-4 steady state analysis 2-1, 4-1 steady state heat conduction
6-3, 6-5, 6-11, 6-24
stream function formulation 618
streamlines 6-17 surface emissivity 2-3 T target entities 2-2, 2-5 temperature curve 4-2, 4-3, 4-6 temperature dependent 2-1 temperature gradient 1-3, 2-3 thermal analysis 4-4, 5-9 thermal bonding 2-4 thermal conductivity 1-3, 2-1,
4-1, 5-2, 5-3, 5-5, 6-5, 6-18, 6-34, 6-36 thermal stress analysis 6-9 thermal stresses 2-4, 4-3 thermo-electric coupling 2-2, 4-1, 4-4 thermostat 2-10 THSTAT 2-10 time curve 4-2, 4-3, 4-6
time curves 2-3 transfer coefficient 2-3 transient 2-1, 4-4 transient analysis 2-1, 4-1 transient heat conduction 6-7,
6-19
transient problem 4-6 V velocity potential formulations 6-16 view factors 2-2, 4-2 voltage 6-24 voltage drop 6-24
Stefan-Boltzmann constant 1-2 stream function 6-16, 6-17, 6-18
In de x
I-2

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Contents

COSMOSM Advanced Modules

Brief Description of Commands

COSMOSM Advanced Modules

Part 1 HSTAR Heat Transfer Analysis

COSMOSM Advanced Modules

COSMOSM Advanced Modules

Conduction: Thermal energy is transported from one point in a medium to

Convection: Thermal energy is transported by the moving fluid. Fluid particles

Radiation: Thermal energy is transported by electromagnetic waves. No

COSMOSM Advanced Modules

kx, ky, kz = Thermal conductivities in global X, Y and Z directions, respectively

= Stefan-Boltzmann constant = Emissivity

COSMOSM Advanced Modules

Part 1 HSTAR Heat Transfer Analysis

= Surface temperature = Ambient temperature

Applied Heat Flux

COSMOSM Advanced Modules

COSMOSM Advanced Modules

Steady state Transient

Steady State Analysis

COSMOSM Advanced Modules

Temperature dependent heat generation rate Radiation boundary condition

Radiation View Factor Calculation

COSMOSM Advanced Modules

Part 1 HSTAR Heat Transfer Analysis

Loads and Boundary Conditions

Applied Heat Flux

Time and Temperature Curves

COSMOSM Advanced Modules

Thermal Stress Analysis

PLANE2D to PLANE2D, or SHELL to SHELL Primary or secondary

SHELL to SHELL, or SHELL to SOLID

COSMOSM Advanced Modules

Part 1 HSTAR Heat Transfer Analysis

Bonding of Meshes with Noncompatible Elements

COSMOSM Advanced Modules

Examples of Bond Connections

Figure 2-1b. Shell-to-Shell Connection

Figure 2-1c. Solid-to-Solid Connection

COSMOSM Advanced Modules

Part 1 HSTAR Heat Transfer Analysis Figure 2-1d. Shell-to-Shell Connection

Figure 2-1e. Shell-to-Shell Connection

Guidelines for Using the Bond Capability

COSMOSM Advanced Modules

The above command is currently applicable to linear static analysis, buckling,

For both types of bonding:

(Same Element Type)

(Same Element Type)

(Same Element Type)

(Same Element Type)

(Same Element Type)

(Same Element Type)

COSMOSM Advanced Modules

Part 1 HSTAR Heat Transfer Analysis

In problems where the stress concentration at the bonded intersection is critical,

COSMOSM Advanced Modules

COSMOSM Advanced Modules

COSMOSM Advanced Modules

COSMOSM Advanced Modules

Chapter 3 Description of Elements

COSMOSM Advanced Modules

Chapter 3 Description of Elements