2.

PROCESE TEHNOLOGICE DE VALORIFICARE A

PETROLULUI
CUPRINS
2.1.3DUWLFXODULW LOHLQGXVWULLORUGHSURILOFKLPLF
2.2.Petrolul-UHVXUV HQHUJHWLF LGHPDWHULLSULPH
3UHOXFUDUHDSHWUROXOXLvQUDILQ ULH

2.4.

,QGXVWULDSHWURFKLPLF

2.1. ParticularLW

LOHLQGXVWULLORUGHSURILOFKLPLF

&KLPLD HVWH R FRPSRQHQW  D YLH LL VRFLDOH SULQ LPSOLFDUHD VD FX FDUDFWHU SHUPDQHQW vQ
SUREOHPHOH GH DOLPHQWD LH vPEU F PLQWH ORFXLQ H V Q WDWH L LJLHQ  PLMORDFH GH WUDQVSRUW L
FRPXQLFD LL PHGLFLQ  HWF 'H IDSW QX H[LVW  QLFL XQ GRPHQLX vQ YLD D VRFLHW

LL PRGHUQ  vQ FDUH

FKLPLDV QXILHLPSOLFDW 
'H]YROWDUHDLQGXVWULHLGHDXWRPRELOHLDDYLD LHLDGHWHUPLQDWFUHWHUHDSURGXF LHLGHODFXUL
LYRSVHOHLvQORFXLUHDXOHLXULORUQDWXUDOHFXFHOHGHSURYHQLHQ
0DWHULDOHOH

SODVWLFH

L

U LQLOH

VLQWHWLFH

VXQW

SHWURFKLPLF 

XWLOL]DWH vQ

SURGXF LD

GH

DXWRPRELOH

DHURQDXWLF HOHFWURWHKQLF FRQVWUXF LLDJULFXOWXU LDUWLFROHFDVQLFH

&KLPLD UH]ROY  L XQHOH SUREOHPH OHJDWH GH FDUDFWHUXO OLPLWDW DO UHVXUVHORU QDWXUDOH L D

ofertei de materiale strategice.

Chimia siliciuluiDDYXWXQUROKRW UkWRUvQDSDUL LDLGH]YROWDUHDHOHFWURQLFLLFDUHV-a bazat
LQL LDO -SHWUDQ]LVWRULGDUGXS PLFURHOHFWURQLFDV-a dezvoltat pe baza circuitelor
integratH 7RW vQ DFHVW GRPHQLX VH IRORVHVF VXEVWDQ H L UHDFWLYL FX XQ vQDOW JUDG GH SXULWDWH
Nanotehnologiile FH XWLOL]HD]  SURFHGHH SHQWUX FDUH GLPHQVLXQLOH  SDUWLFXOHORU VXQW GH RUGLQXO GH
-13
P ULPH
10-15LPSOLF GH]YROWDUHDFRPSRQHQWHORUPLQXVFXOHGH nivel molecular sau atomic,
cu structuri controlate, apelnd n majoritatea cazurilor la chimie.
2E LQHUHD catalizatorilor superactivi, FDWDOL]D VWHUHRVSHFLILF  vQ VLQWH]D SROLPHULORU L
FDWDOL]D HQ]LPDWLF

 DX FUHDW SRVLELOLW

L SUDFWLF QHOLPLWDWH SHQWUX RE LQHUHD GH QRL SURGXVH RUJDQLFH

L ELRHQHUJHWLFH 'H IDSW QLYHOXO GH WUDL HVWH GHWHUPLQDW vQ PDUH P VXU  GH GHVFRSHULUHD XQRU
PDWHULDOHQRLFRPSHWLWLYHLFKLDUVXSHULRDUHFHORUWUDGL LRQDOH

S-a extins paleta de medicamente SURGXVH GH VLQWH]

YLWDPLQHGHWHUPLQkQGRFUHWHUHDGXUDWHLGHYLD

 RUJDQLF  DQWLELRWLFH VXOIDPLGH

DRDPHQLORU

S-DX H[WLQV L GLYHUVLILFDW SURGXVHOH GH VS ODUH GH OD V SXQXUL OD GHWHUJHQ L SH ED]  GH
PDWHULLSULPHSHWURFKLPLFHLV-au multiplicat sortimentele de produse cosmetice.
Prin descoperirea materialelor compozite SROLPHULFH FX PDWULFH PHWDOLF  L FHUDPLFH D IRVW
SRVLELO  GH]YROWDUHD FRQVWUXF LLORU DHURVSD LDOH D WHKQLFLL PLOLWDUH D FRQVWUXF LHL DXWRPRELOHORU
DYLRDQHORULQDYHORULQGXVWULDHOHFWURQLF LHOHFWURWHKQLF GLYHUVLILFDUHDEXQXULORUGHFRQVXP
$DYXWORFRGH]YROWDUHGHRVHELW vQGRPHQLXO

biomaterialelor HVXWXULLSLHOHDUWLILFLDO

L

GLIHULWHRUJDQHDOHFRUSXOXLRPHQHVFGHODLPSODQW ULRVRDVHODULQLFKLSO PkQLDUWLILFLDOL

De fapt, dezvROWDUHD GHRVHELW  SH FDUH DX FXQRVFXW-R LQGXVWULLOH GH SURILO FKLPLF VH H[SOLF
prin deosebita diversitate a produselor, utilizate n toate celelalte ramuri ale economiei.

&DUDFWHULVWLF SHQWUX SURFHVHOH WHKQRORJLFH FKLPLFH HVWH L GLYHUVLWDWHD RSHUD LLORU L

proceselor

DSOLFDWLYH UHDF LL GH R[LGR

-reducere, polimerizare, hidrogenare, cracare, izomerizare

HWFSUHFXPLDOWHUQDQ DXQRUID]HWHKQRORJLFHvQFDUHSUHGRPLQ WUDQVIRUP ULOHIL]LFHFXDOWHOHGH

QDWXU FKLPLF DGLF GH

schimbare a structurii materialelor.

Baza de materii prime SHQWUX LQGXVWULD FKLPLF  L SHWURFKLPLF

 R FRQVWLWXLH vQ SULPXO UkQG

SHWUROXOJD]HOHQDWXUDOHLGHVRQG F UEXQLLLPDWHULLOHSULPHYHJHWDOHODFDUHVHDGDXJ V UXULOH

DQRUJDQLFH FORUXUL FDUERQD L VXOIXUL R[L]L HWF DHUXO L DSD 'H FHOH PDL PXOWH RUL VH XWLOL]HD] 
GUHSW PDWHULL SULPH DPHVWHFXUL GH VXEVWDQ H DD FXP VH J VHVF vQ QDWXU  VDX FX GLIHULWH JUDGH GH

puritate.
'HVI XUDUHD SURFHVHORU WHKQRORJLFH vQ FRQGL LL HILFLHQWH HVWH FRQGL LRQDW  GH FDOLWDWHD

matHULLORU SULPH L GH UHVSHFWDUHD VWULFW

 D SDUDPHWULORU GH OXFUX WHPSHUDWXU  SUHVLXQH GHELWH

YLWH] GHFXUJHUHHWF

Din toate aceste motive fluxurile tehnologice de valorificare a materiilor prime pentru
LQGXVWULLOHGHSURILOFKLPLFFXSULQGGRX FDWHJRULLGLVWLQFWHGHRSHUD LLLDQXPH

-RSHUD LLGHQDWXU
-RSHUD LLGHQDWXU
6XFFHVLXQHD

VDX

IL]LF GHVHSDUDUH SXULILFDUHDPDWHULLORUSULPHLDSURGXVHORURE LQXWH

FKLPLF DGLF GHWUDQVIRUPDUHDPDWHULLORUSULPHvQSURGXVH

GHVI XUDUHD

FRQFRPLWDQW 

D

DFHVWRU

RSHUD LL

FRPSOLF 

VFKHPHOH

WHKQQRORJLFH L GLIHUHQ LD]  QHW SURFHVHOH GLQ LQGXVWULLOH GH SURILO FKLPLF FKLPLH DOLPHQWDU 
PHWDOXUJLHGHFHOHGLQLQGXVWULDH[WUDFWLY VDXHQHUJHWLF 
7UDQVIRUP ULOHFKLPLFHDOHVXEVWDQ HORUVHUHDOL]HD] vQXWLODMHQXPLWH

reactoare chimice, n

FDUH GDWRULW  XQRU IHQRPHQH IL]LFH GH GLIX]LH WUDQVIHU WHUPLF DPHVWHFDUH HWF VH FUHHD]  FRQGL LLOH
QHFHVDUHSHQWUXDVHSURGXFHUHDF LLFKLPLFH
$OHJHUHD WLSXOXL GH UHDFWRU UHSUH]LQW  R SUREOHP  GH R GHRVHELW  LPSRUWDQ

 SHQWUX

HFRQRPLD XQXL SURFHV WHKQRORJLF L HVWH GHWHUPLQDW  vQ SULQFLSDO GH FDUDFWHUXO WUDQVIRUP ULL
FKLPLFHGHFRPSR]L LDUHDFWDQ LORUUHYHUVLELOLWDWHDUHDF LHLFKLPLFHHIHFWXOWHUPLFDOSURFHVXOXLGH
WLSXOGHFDWDOL]DWRULIRORVL LHWF

CD

R

FRQFOX]LH

SXWHP

VSXQH

F 

SURFHVHOH

WHKQRORJLFH

GLQ

LQGXVWULD

FKLPLF 

VH

FDUDFWHUL]HD]

prin:
- grad de complexitateULGLFDWQXPDL UDUHRULRvQWUHSULQGHUHFKLPLF

 HVWHVSHFLDOL]DW  SHXQ

VLQJXUSURGXVGHUHJXO DUHORFGLYHUVLILFDUHVRUWLPHQWHORU GHSURGXVHRE LQXWHGLQDFHHDLPDWHULH

SULP  VDX SULQ YDORULILFDUHD FRSURGXVHORU 6 D LPSXV DVWIHO LQWHJUDUHD WHKQRORJLF  VXE UDSRUWXO

ELODQ XULORU GH PDWHULDOH L HQHUJHWLFH GH XQGH WHQGLQ D GH FRQFHQWUDUHD D LQGXVWULHL FKLPLFH L

petrochimice pe platformH LQGXVWULDOH GH PDUH FDSDFLWDWH $FHVWHD DVLJXU

 R YDORULILFDUH HILFLHQW 

FRPSOH[  L FRPSOHW  D PDWHULLORU SULPH L LQWHUPHGLDULORU FX FKHOWXLHOL PDL PLFL GH GHSR]LWDUH L
WUDQVSRUWSUHFXPLYDORULILFDUHDLQWHUQ DHQHUJLLORUVHFXQGDUH

- grad avansat de automatizare SHQWUX FRQWUROXO SHUPDQHQW DO SDUDPHWULORU GH OXFUX L
optimizarea valorilor acestora. Aceasta a dus la introducerea calculatoarelor de proces n multe
vQWUHSULQGHULFKLPLFHFDUH XUP UHVF PLFRUDUHD FKHOWXLHOLORU PDWHULDOH L HQHUJHWLFH L PD[LPL]DUHD

efectelor economice;
- PDQRSHU  UHGXV
YDORULDOHSURGXFWLYLW

 GDU FDOLILFDW  L vQDOW FDOLILFDW  $FHDVWD SRDWH GXFH OD RE LQHUHD XQRU

LLPXQFLLPDUL

Q HODERUDUHD RULF UXL SURFHV WHKQRORJLF L IDEULFDUHD SURGXVHORU FKLPLFH GH RULFH QDWXU 
WUHEXLHV VH LQ VHDPDGH

-DVLJXUDUHDSURWHF LHLPHGLXOXLvQFRQMXU WRU

-FRPEDWHUHDFRUR]LXQLLLQVWDOD LLORUWHKQRORJLFH
- SRVLELOLWDWHD DGDSW ULL WHKQRORJLLORU L D IRORVLULL XWLODMHORU L LQVWDOD LLORU H[LVWHQWH SHQWUX
DOWH FRQGL LL GHFkW FHOH LQL LDOH IOH[LELOLWDWH GHRDUHFH LQGXVWULD FKLPLF  HVWH YXOQHUDELO  OD XQHOH
VFKLPE ULH[WHUQHSURFHVHORUSLD DPDWHULLORUSULPHFRVWFDQWLWDWHFDOLWDWHIDFWRULFRQMXQFWXUDOLDL
SLH HLSURGXVHORUFKLPLFH

n mod deosebit industriile de profil chimic sunt sensibile la introducerea progresului tehnic
LWLLQ LILFRULFHU PkQHUHvQXUP DYkQGHIHFWHHFRQRPLFHQHJDWLYHDVXSUDSURGXF LHL
$FHVWHDLPSXQSHUIHF LRQDUHDFRQWLQX DWHKQRORJLLORUSUHFXPLPRGHUQL]DUHDLQVWDOD LLORU

Decizia de a investi sau nu la momentul oportun n anumite domenii chimice este unul din
principiile importante care reduc efectele negative ale factorilor conjuncturali externi asupra unor
DJHQ LHFRQRPLFLDe obicei extinderea de capacitate nu aduce profituri adecvate pe termen lung. Cu
FkWRvQWUHSULQGHUHHVWHPDLIOH[LELO vQDVHDQJDMDVDXDUHQXQ DODRDIDFHUHFXDWkWPDLEXQHYRUIL

rezultatele ei financiare.

2.2. Petrolul -UHVXUV

HQHUJHWLF

LGHPDWHULLSULPH

3HWUROXOFDUHVXUV

Petrolul  L HLXO XQXO GLQ FHL PDL LPSRUWDQ L FRPEXVWLELOL IRVLOL HVWH SUDFWLF LQXWLOL]DELO vQ
VWDUHD vQ FDUH D IRVW H[WUDV GLQ ] F PkQW 3UHOXFUDW SULQ GLIHULWH SURFHVH WHKQRORJLFH GXFH OD
RE LQHUHDXQHLJDPHODUJLGHSURGXVHGHLPSRUWDQ

GHRVHELW SHQWUXRHFRQRPLHPRGHUQ 

3URGXVHOHRE LQXWHGLQSHWUROUHSUH]LQW DSURDSHMXP WDWHGLQWRWDOXOUHVXUVHORUHQHUJHWLFHSH

SODQPRQGLDO LVXQWXWLOL]DWHQXQXPDLSHQWUXPRWRDUHOHGHDXWRPRELOH WUDFWRDUHFDPLRDQHQDYH
DYLRDQHLUDFKHWHGDULSHQWUXvQF O]LUHDORFXLQ HL

Q PRG GLUHFW SULQ DUGHUH VDX LQGLUHFW SULQ SURGXFHUH GH HOHFWULFLWDWH SHWUROXO UHSUH]LQW  R
VXUV GHOXPLQ DUWLILFLDO 
)UDF LLOH SHWUROLHUH VXQW IRORVLWH SHQWUX D RE LQH ILUH L ILEUH SHQWUX LQGXVWULD WH[WLO 

cauciucuri sintetice, mase plastice, deWHUJHQ L

V SXQXUL YRSVHOH ODFXUL LQWHUPHGLDUL SHQWUX

SURGXF LDGHIHUWLOL]DQ LSHVWLFLGHPHGLFDPHQWHHWF

'HRDUHFHVXQWQHFHVDUHUHVXUVHLPSRUWDQWHGHFDSLWDOLWUHEXLHUHDOL]DWHPHUHXQRLLQYHVWL LL

de obicei n acest domeniu sunt implicate firme

PDUL GH VWDW VDX SDUWLFXODUH FDUH UHDOL]HD] 

RSHUD LLOH GHH[SORUDUHH[SORDWDUHWUDQVSRUWSUHOXFUDUHLYkQ]DUHD SHWUROXOXLQHSUHOXFUDWSUHFXP

LDSURGXVHORUGHULYDWH
'HRDUHFH HVWH LQGLVSHQVDELO vQ WLPS GH SDFH J VLUHD ] F PLQWHORU GH SHWURO UHSUH]LQW  R
SUHRFXSDUH FRQVWDQW  DWkW SHQWUX ILUPH FkW L SHQWUX QD LXQL $FFHVXO OD UH]HUYHOH GH SHWUROHVWH XQ
GRPHQLXSULRULWDUDOSROLWLFLORUFRPHUFLDOHLJXYHUQDPHQWDOH
8QVWXGLX DO,QVWLWXWXOXL&DQDGLDQ&(5,RIHU RSURJQR] LQWHUHVDQW DSUH XOXL

petrolului

pe plan mondial n perioada 1991-2006 (fig.2.1)

)LJ9DULD LDSUH XOXLSHWUROXOXLSHSODQPRQGLDO

3HQWUX ILUPHOH SURGXF WRDUH GH SHWURO SHUVSHFWLYD XQXL SODIRQ ULGLFDW DO SUH XOXL SHWUROXOXL
GLUHF LRQHD]  LQGXVWULD UHVSHFWLY  VSUH VSRULUHD HIRUWXULORU vQ GRPHQLXO DFWLYLWDWLL GH FHUFHWDUH L
GH]YROWDUHXUPDULQGFUHWHUHDHILFLHQ HLSURFHVHORUWHKQRORJLFHLUHGXFHUHDFRVWXULORUvQVSHFLDOvQ
FD]XOXQRUPDULSURLHFWHQHFRQYHQ LRQDOHGHGH]YROWDUH

2.2.2. PropriHW

LOHSHWUROXOXL

3HWUROXO HVWH XQ OLFKLG GH FXORDUH EUXQ vQFKLV SkQ  OD QHJUX FX IOXRUHVFHQ
DOEDVWU  &RQ LQH SHVWH  KLGURFDUEXUL OLFKLGH VROLGH L JD]RDVH L FDQWLW

L PLFL GH FRPSXL

RUJDQLFLFXVXOID]RWR[LJHQ&RPSR]L LDHOHPHQWDU DSHWUROXOXLYDULD] vQOLPLWHOH

14% H, 0,05-6216HPDLJ

VHVFLXQHOHPLFURHOHPHQWH

 YHUGH VDX

-86% C, 12-

+LGURFDUEXULOH GLQ SHWURO IDF SDUWH GLQ XUP WRDUHOH FODVH  DOFDQL  VDX  KLGURFDUEXUL
SDUDILQLFHFLFORDOFDQLVDXQDIWHQHLKLGURFDUEXULDURPDWLF

e.

1XH[LVW SHWUROFDUHV QXFRQ LQ WRDWHFHOHWUHLFODVHGHKLGURFDUEXULGDUSURSRU LDvQFDUH

VH J VHVF GLIHU  PXOW DWkW OD SURGXVXO LQL LDO FkW L OD IUDF LLOH FDUH VH RE LQ SULQ SUHOXFUDUH $FHVW
DVSHFW SUH]LQW  R LPSRUWDQ

 GHRVHELW  SHQWUX VWDELOLUHD YDORULL  L  SRVLELOLW

LORU  GH SUHOXFUDUH  D

ILHF UXLWLSGHSHWURO
&RPSXLL FX VXOI DX IRVW LGHQWLILFD L vQ SHWURO VXE GLIHULWH IRUPH  KLGURJHQ VXOIXUDW
PHUFDSWDQL VXOIXUL L GLVXOIXUL HWF 3UH]HQ D DFHVWRU VXEVWDQ H HVWH G XQ WRDUH vQWUXFkW SURYRDF 
JUHXW

LODSUHOXFUDUHDSHWUROXOXL6XQWFRUR]LYLLDF LRQHD] FDRWU YXULSHQWUXFDWDOL]DWRUL

3HWUROXO FX XQ FRQ LQXW GH  VXOI VH J VHWH UDU SHWUROXULOH URPkQHWL VH vQFDGUHD]  vQ

DFHDVW JXUS GHFHOHPDLPXOWHRULFRQ LQH

3 % sulf (unele petroluri din Orientul Mijlociu

L0H[LFFRQ LQSHVWHVXOI
&RPSXLLFX R[LJHQ VHJ VHVF vQSHWUROvQSURSRU LHGH L V DXLGHQWLILFDW VXE IRUP 

GHDFL]LQDIWHQLFLDOLIDWLFLIHQROVXEVWDQ HKHWHURFLFOLFHHWF

&RPSXLL FX D]RW VXQW SUH]HQ L vQ  FDQWLW

L IRDUWH  PLFL VXE   1 FX H[FHS LD XQRU

petroluri din Mexic, America de Sud (0,2 1LGLQ&DOLIRUQLDSHVWH18QHRULHVWH
QHFHVDU  vQGHS UWDUHD ORU GHRDUHFH SURGXF GH]DFWLYDUHD FDWDOL]DWRULORU IRORVL L vQ SURFHVHOH GH

prelucrare.
6XEVWDQ HOH U LQRDVH L DVIDOWHQHOH VXQW FRPSXL SROLFLFOLFL FX VWUXFWXU  FRPSOH[  vQ
FRPSR]L LDF URUDLQWU &+2 6 L1/DGLVWLODUHDSHWUROXOXLDFHVWHVXEVWDQWHVHFRQFHQWUHD] vQ
UH]LGXXLQIOXHQ kQGFDOLWDWHDS FXULLLFRPSRUWDUHDDFHVWHLDODSUHOXFUDUHDXOWHULRDU 
0HWDOHOH VXQW SUH]HQWH vQ SHWURO ILH VXE IRUP  GH  V UXUL DQRUJDQLFH FD VXOID L FORUXUL VDX
RUJDQLFHILHVXEIRUP GHFRPELQD LLFRPSOH[HFXVWUXFWXU PDFURPROHFXODU 
'HLVHJ VHVFvQFDQWLW

LPLFLSUH]HQ DDFHVWRUVXEVWDQ HSUH]LQW LQFRQYHQLHQWHvQFHHDFH

SULYHWH SUHOXFUDUHD SUHFXP L FDOLWDWHD SURGXVHORU RE LQXWH GHRDUHFH P UHVF DF LXQHD FRUR]LY  D
SHWUROXOXL IDYRUL]HD]  IRUPDUHD HPXOVLLORU VWDELOH L GHFL IDF GLILFLO  VHSDUDUHD DSHL

din petrol,

P UHVF FRQ LQXWXO vQ FHQX  DO FRPEXVWLELOLORU SURGXF GH]DFWLYDUHD FDWDOL]DWRULORU IRORVL L vQ
SURFHVHOHGHSUHOXFUDUHDIUDF LLORUSHWUROLHUH
'HQVLWDWHD SHWUROXOXL HVWH FXSULQV   vQWUH 

0,97 g/cm3 'XS

 GHQVLWDWH VH GHRVHEHVF petroO XRU ERJDW vQ KLGURFDUEXUL SDUDILQRDVH FX GHQVLWDWHD PDL PLF  GH  JFP3; - petrol
mijlociu bogat n hidrocarburi semiparafinoase, cu densitatea 0,85 0,88 g/cm3; -petrol greu,
asfaltos cu densitatea mai mare de 0,88 g/cm3.

2.2.3. Filiere de prelucrare a petrolului

&RPSR]L LD FRPSOH[  L YDULDW  D SHWUROXOXL IDFH SRVLELO  SUHOXFUDUHD OXL vQWU R JDP  ODUJ 

GH SURGXVH FDUH SRW IL XWLOL]DWH FX HILFLHQ

 HFRQRPLF  vQ GLIHULWH VFRSXUL HQHUJHWLFH VDX

tehnologice.
'DF VHFRQVLGHUDYDORDUHDSHWUROXOXLHJDO FXHDFUHWHSULQFKLPL]DUHDVWIHOIHQROGH
RUL EXWHGLHQ   RUL DFULORQLWULO  RUL SROLHWLOHQ  

-20 ori; cauciuc CAROM 18-25 ori;

RULILEUHSROLHVWHULFH-80 ori etc.

SROLFORUXU  GH YLQLO   RUL JOLFHULQ    RUL DOFRROL JUDL   RUL SROLVWLUHQ L FRSROLPHUL

40-45 orLU LQLSROLHVWHULFH-RULSROLSURSLOHQ

nainte de prelucrare, petrolul se SUHSDU  SULQ GLIHULWH SURFHVH IL]LFH  L FKLPLFH vQ VFRSXO
VHSDU ULLXQRUFRPSXLXWLOLJD]HGHVRQG EURPHWFLvQGHS UW ULLDSHLVDOLQHFDUHHVWHFRUR]LY 
SHQWUXLQVWDOD LLLSURGXFHHPXOVLLODvQF O]LUH

Cele mai importante procedee de preparare sunt :

VHSDUDUHDJD]HORUGHVRQG DDSHLLDLPSXULW

Procedeele de prelucrareDSHWUROXOXLXUP
-

LORUPHFDQLFH

GHVDOLQL]DUHDSHWUROXOXLUHVSHFWLYvQGHS UWDUHDDSHLLDV UXULORUPLQHUDOHVROXELOHvQDS 

UHVFGRX GLUHF LLSULQFLSDOH

RE LQHUHDGHFDUEXUDQ LOXEULILDQ LFRPEXVWLELOL

RE LQHUHD GH PDWHULL SULPH SHWURFKLPLFH HWHQ  SURSHQ  EXWHQH EXWDGLHQ  L]RSUHQ

hidrocarburi aromatice: benzen, toluen, xileni etc.

$FHVWH SURGXVH VH RE LQ vQ UDILQ

ULL SULQ SUHOXFUDUHD QHGLVWUXFWLY  D SHWUROXOXL L DSRL SULQ

SUHOXFUDUHD GLVWUXFWLY  D IUDF LLORU SHWUROLHUH 3URGXVHOH GH UDILQ ULH UH]XOW  SULQ SUHOXFUDUHD D FLUFD

90% din pHWUROXO

H[WUDV OD QLYHO PRQGLDO &DQWLW

LOH GH SURGXVH UH]XOWDWH VXQW GH RUGLQXO

PLOLRDQHORUGHWRQHSHDQGDUDXYDORDUHDPXOWPDLPLF GHFkWSURGXVHOHSHWURFKLPLFH

1. 3URFHVHOHGHSUHOXFUDUHSULPDU QHGLVWUXFWLYHDXODED]
disWLODUHDSHWUROXOXLODSUHVLXQHDWPRVIHULF '$
GLVWLODUHDS FXULLvQYLG'9
IUDF LRQDUHDJD]HORUGHVRQG DJD]ROLQHLIUDFWLD&5

2. 3URFHVHGHSUHOXFUDUHVHFXQGDU
-

RSHUD LLIL]LFH

C6LDJD]HORUGHUDILQ ULHHWF
-chimice:

GLVWUXFWLYHDXODED] RSHUD LLIL]LFR

SURFHVHWHUPLFHFUDFDUHPLFRUDUHDYLVFR]LW

LLFRFVDUHSLUROL] 

procese termocatalitice: cracare, reformare, hidrocracare etc.;

3. Procese de rafinare D SURGXVHORU SHWUROLHUH VH DSOLF 

DWkW SURGXVHORU UH]XOWDWH GH OD

SUHOXFUDUHDSULPDU FkWLFHORUGHODSUHOXFUDUHDVHFXQGDU 
6WUXFWXUD SULQFLSDOHORU SURFHVH WHKQRORJLFH GH SUHOXFUDUH YDULD]  vQ IXQF LH GH QDWXUD
SHWUROXOXLXWLOL]DWFDPDWHULHSULP LGHFHULQ HOHGHFDOLWDWHLPSXVHSURGXVHORURE LQXWH

Tabelul 2.1. Principalele procese de prelucrare a petrolului

Nr.
crt.

Denumire procedeu

Scop

Procese tehnologice
1. P r o c e s e

1.1.

1.2.

'LVWLODUHDDWPRVIHULF 

2E LQHUHDXQRUIUDF LXQL

LvQYLG

de distilare

)UDF LRQDUHD

L

purificarea gazelor

3URGXVHRE LQXWH

fizice
Distilare,
IUDF LRQDUH

2E LQHUHDXQRUKLGURFDUEXULVDXIUDF LLXQL

de gaze prin procese de chimizare din

FLUHFRQGHQVDUH

DEVRUE LHDGVRUE LH

*D]HOHGHUDILQ ULHEHQ]LQ 
SHWUROODPSDQWPRWRULQ 

uleiuri minerare
)UDF Li C1- C4IUDF LD&5,
heliu

JD]HOHGHVRQG VDXGHUDILQ ULH

2.1.

5HGXFHUHDYLVFL]LW

LL

&RFVDUHDvQWkU]LDW

2. P r o c e d e e d e p r e l u c r a r e
prin procese termice
Prelucarea produselor reziduale de la

&UDFDUHWHUPLF

GLVWLODUHDvQYLGLDWPRVIHULF 2E LQHUHD

Gaze: H2,C1,C2, C3, C4,

benzine, distilate cu

combustibililor lichizLLDFRFVXOXL

YLVFR]LWDWHVF ]XW SHQWUXX]

general, cocs de petrol

2.2.

Piroliza

2E LQHUHDGHROHILQHHWF

3LUROL] FXYDSRULGH

(WHQ SURSHQ 

DS VDXR[LJHQ

EXWDGLHQ

, alte produse

GHKLGURJHQ UL

3. P r o c e d e e d e p r e l u c r a r e
prin procese catalitice
3.1.

3.2.

&UDFDUHDFDWDOLWLF

5HIRUPDUHFDWDOLWLF

2E LQHUHDEHQ]LQHORUFXFLIU RFWDQLF 

gaze C3- C4PRWRULQ

pentru sinteze chimice

Transformarea benzinelor grele de distilare

FRQ LQXWULGLFDWGHDURPDWH

SULPDU LSDU LDODFHORUGHODFUDFDUHD

ULGLFDW

Hidrocracarea

%HQ]LQ FX&2ULGLFDW 

ULGLFDW LGHPDUHVWDELOLWDWH2OHILQH

WHUPLF LKLGURFUDFDUHvQEHQ]LQHFX&2

3.3.

&UDFDUHDFDWDOLWLF

2E LQHUHDGHKLGURFDUEXULXRDUH&4

- C5.

%HQ]LQHOHFX&2ULGLFDW &RPEXVWLELOL
SHQWUXUHDFWRDUHLPRWRDUH'LHVHO

Recuperarea tehQRORJLF

D+2

FX

Dehidrogenare,
%HQ]LQHFX&2ULGLFDW 
ciclizare,
hidrocarburi aromatice,
dehidrociclizare,
hidrogen
dehidroizomerizare,Hid
rocracare
Dehidrogenare,
Materii prime pentru
petrochimie, benzine,
L]RPHUL] ULFUDF UL
catalitice, hidrogenarea FDUEXUDQ LSHQWUXUHDFWRDUH
produselor nesaturate

9DORULILFDUHDSHWUROXOXLVHSRDWHIDFHvQFRQGL LLDYDQWDMRDVHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHWHK

nologic

LHFRQRPLFSULQWU RSURGXF LHHFKLOLEUDW GHPDWHULLSULPHSHQWUXSHWURFKLPLHLGHFRPEXVWLELOLGH

FDOLWDWH VXSHULRDU  vQ

SUHOXFUDUH SHWURFKLPLF

complexul petrochimic. Complexul cuprinde

UDILQ

ULD L LQVWDOD LLOH GH

 vQ FDUH VH SUHOXFUHD]  PDWHULL SULPH GHULYDWH GLQ SHWURO L GLQ PHWDQ OD

SURGXVH LQWHUPHGLDUHVDX ILQLWH&RPSOH[XO WUHEXLH V  ILHDVWIHO SURLHFWDW vQFkW V  VH SRDW  GH]YROWD
SULQLQWHJUDUHDXQRUQRLSURFHVHWHKQRORJLFHFDUHV DVLJXUHSUHOXFUDUHDSURGXVHORULQWHUPHGLDUHvQ

produse ILQLWH SHQWUX FDUH H[LVW

 FHUHUH R YDORULILFDUH FkW PDL FRPSOHW  L FRPSOH[  D PDWHULLORU

SULPHV SHUPLW SUHOXFUDUHDGHQRLPDWHULLSULPHvQIXQF LHGHFRQMXQFWXUDHFRQRPLF V PRGLILFH

tehnologia pentru diversificarea gamei de produse destinate consumului.

Q JHQHUDO SURGXF LD DFHVWRU PDUL XQLW

L LQGXVWULDOH HVWH RULHQWDW  VSUH IDEULFDUHD GH

PDWHULDOH SODVWLFH HODVWRPHUL ILUH L ILEUH VLQWHWLFH DQWLG XQ WRUL GHWHUJHQ L DJHQ L IULJRULILFL
ODFXULVROYHQ LSODVWLILDQ LHWF

n tabelul 2.1.
petroliere.

VXQW SUH]HQWDWH SULQFLSDOHOH SURFHGHH GH SUHOXFUDUH D SHWUROXOXL L D IUDF LORU

3UHOXFUDUHDSHWUROXOXLvQUDILQ

ULH

'LVWLODUHDSHWUROXOXLODSUHVLXQHDWPRVIHULF

LvQYLG'$9

3UHOXFUDUHD QHGLVWUXFWLY  D SHWUROXOXL VH UHDOL]HD]  SULQ GLVWLODUH DWPRVIHULF  FkQG VH RE LQ
IUDF LL SHWUROLHUH FDUH FRUHVSXQG XQRU SURGXVH DOEH VROLFLWDWH GLUHFW GH FRQVXPDWRUL VDX FDUH VXQW
SUHOXFUDWH vQ FRQWLQXDUH GLVWUXFWLY ,QVWDOD LLOH GH GLVWLODUH DWPRVIHULF  SRW V  IXQF LRQH]H

independent, sDXFXSODWHFXLQVWDOD LLGHGLVWLODUHODSUHVLXQHUHGXV 

3UHOXFUDUHD VH UHDOL]HD]  SULQ GLVWLODUHD IUDF LRQDW
sau rectificare

FDUH UHSUH]LQW  R

VXFFHVLXQH GH YDSRUL] UL L FRQGHQV UL UH]XOWDWH GLQ VFKLPEXO GH F OGXU  L GH PDV  vQWUH YDSRUL L

reflux (condensatul returnat n coloana de distilare).

6HUHDOL]HD] DVWIHOXQSURFHVGHYDSRUL]DUH-condensare la echilibru.
Q FD]XO vQ FDUH GLVWLODUHD IUDF LRQDW  VH DSOLF  GLUHFW SHWUROXOXL L DUH ORF OD SUHVLXQHD
DWPRVIHULF  SRDUW  GHQXPLUHD GH GLVWLODUH SULPDU  VDX DWPRVIHULF  '$ LDU FkQG VH DSOLF 
UH]LGXXOXL GH OD GLVWLODUHD SULPDU  UHVSHFWLY S FXULL DUH ORF OD SUHVLXQH VF ]XW  YLG L VH QXPHWH
GLVWLODUHVHFXQGDU VDXvQYLG
'LVWLODUHSULPDU

DWPRVIHULF

3ULQGLVWLODUHSULPDU VHRE LQIUDF LLSH

troliere cu intervale de fierbere diferite:

gaze necondensabile;
EHQ]LQH XRDUH PHGLLJUHOH FX WHPSHUDWXUL GHGLVWLODUH vQWUH 

-2000C reprezentnd circa 12-

16% din petrol

white-spirit n intervalul 160-2050C ,circa 2-6% din petrol
petrol lampant, n intervalul 200-2500C, circa 18% din petrol
0
PRWRULQHXRDUHLPHGLLvQLQWHUYDOXO-350 C, circa 5% din petrol
0
S FXUDUH]LGXXGHGLVWLODUHSHVWH C, circa 40-55% din petrol.
,QVWDOD LD GH GLVWLODUH DWkW SULPDU  FkW L VHFXQGDU  HVWH IRUPDW  GLntr-XQ FXSWRU WXEXODU L R

FRORDQ FXWDOHUHLFORSRWH
&XSWRUXO WXEXODU HVWH DOF WXLW GLQWU R FDPHU  SDUDOHOLSLSHGLF  GH F U PLG  UHIUDFWDU  vQ FDUH VH

DIO XQHFUDQGH HYLSHQWUXFLUFXOD LDSHWUROXOXLLvQFDUHVHDUGHPHWDQVDXS FXU *D]HOHDUVHWU

printr-XQVFKLPE

ec

WRUGHF OGXU FDUHUHFXSHUHD] RSDUWHGLQHQHUJLH

2SHUD LDGHSXQHUHvQFRQWDFWDSHWUROXOXLOLFKLGLDYDSRULORUGHSHWUROVHUHDOL]HD] vQFRORDQD

C) spre vrf (400).

Schematic elementele unei astfel de coloane sunt prezentate n fig. 2.2.

FXWDOHUHLFORSRWHDOF UHLUHJLPWHUPLFYDULD] GHODED] 

)LJ6HF LXQHSULQFRORDQDGHGLVWLODUH

L -lichid; V -vapori; 1-taler; 2-clopot; 3-preplin.

7DOHUXO HVWH R SODF  RUL]RQWDO  SUHY ]XW  FX WX XUL DFRSHULWH FX FORSR HL SRW IL FkWHYD VXWH SH
ILHFDUH WDOHU 9DSRULL FDUH XUF  SULQ WX  GDWRULW  FORSRWXOXL FXIXQGDW vQ OLFKLGXO GH SH WDOHU FDUH
UHDOL]HD] vQFKLGHUHDKLGUDXOLF YRUEDUERWDSULQOLFKLG

Amestecul care trebuie separat este introdus pe un anumit taler al coloanei, curge din taler prin
SUHDSOLQ SLHU]kQG WUHSWDW FRPSRQHQ LL PDL XRU YRODWLOL FDUH ILHUE OD WHPSHUDWXU  PDL VF ]XW  vQ
WLPS FH FRPSRQHQ LL PDL JUHL DL YDSRULORU FH XUF  vQ FRQWUDFXUHQW FRQGHQVHD]  vQ FRQWDFW FX

lichidul.aflat mai suVLQFRORDQ

GHFLODRWHPSHUDWXU PDLFRERUkW 

QFXUVXODFHVWXLSURFHVRSDUWHGLQOLFKLGXOPDLYRODWLOVHYDSRUL]HD] LRSDUWHGLQYDSRULLPDL
SX LQ YRODWLOL VH FRQGHQVHD]  DVWIHO vQFkW ID]D JD]RDV  VH vPERJ

HWH vQ FRPSRQHQ L  PDL XRU

volatili,LDUOLFKLGXOvQFRPSRQHQ LPDLJUHXYRODWLOL
/D LHLUHD GLQ FRORDQ  YDSRULL VXQW FRQGHQVD L vQWU-XQ VFKLPE WRU GH F
condensat se ntoarece ca reflux, iar restul condensatului este evacuat ca produs.

OGXU  R SDUWH GLQ

5ROXO UHIOX[XOXL HVWH V  FRQGHQVH]H FRPSRQHQ LL JUHL DL YDSRULORU UHDOL]kQG R vPEXQ W
FDOLW

LUH D

LLSURGXVHORU

/D SDUWHD LQIHULRDU  D FRORDQHL VH LQMHFWHD]  DEXU VXSUDvQF O]LW FHHD FH SURYRDF  R QRX 
YDSRUL]DUH D OLFKLGXOXL LDU YDSRULL IRUPD L XUF  GLQ WDOHU vQ WDOHU DVLJXUkQG FRQFHQ

trarea lichidului

SULQYDSRUL] ULVXFFHVLYH
3HQWUXDRE LQHFRPSR]L LLFRQVWDQWHDOH IUDF LLORUVHXUP UHWH WHPSHUDWXUDSHWUROXOXLODLHLUHD
GLQFXSWRUSUHFXPLGHELWHOHLWHPSHUDWXULOHUHIOX[XULORU
*UDGXO GH VHSDUDUH L FDOLWDWHD SURGXVHORU RE LQXWH OD GLVWLODUH GHSLQG GH QXP UXO GH WDOHUH GLQ
FRORDQDGHIUDF LRQDUHLGHGHELWXOUHIOX[XOXL
5H]LGXXO GH OD GLVWLODUHD SULPDU  S FXUD UHSUH]LQW  PDWHULD SULP  SHQWUX IDEULFDUHD XOHLXULORU
PLQHUDOHLDSDUDILQHLSRDWHILXWLOL]DW ODFUDFDUHVDXGUHS

t combustibil.

Distilarea n vid
3HQWUXRE LQHUHD XOHLXULORUS

FXUD

este

GLVWLODW

vQYLGDVWIHO vQFkWV ILHFRERUkW  WHPSHUDWXUD

GHILHUEHUHDFRPSRQHQ LORUDFHVWHLDVSUHDQXVHSURGXFHGHJUDG ULWHUPLFH

'LVWLODUHD vQ YLG D S FXULL VH H[HFXW  vQ LQVWDOD LL DVHP Q WRDUH FHORU GH OD GLVWLODUHD SULPDU 

,QVWDOD LDHVWHDOF WXLW GLQWU XQFXSWRUWXEXODUvQFDUHS FXUDHVWHvQF O]LW ODFFD &GXS FDUH

LQWU vQFRORDQDFXWDOHUHLFORSRWH
)LHFDUHIUDF LHRE LQXW XOHLXRUPHGLXJUHXHVWHVXSXV XQHLRSHUD LLGHUDILQDUH
'LQ FRQVLGHUHQWH HFRQRPLFH LQVWDOD LLOH GH GLVWLODUH DWPRVIHULF  VH FRQVWUXLHVF FXSODWH FX
LQVWDOD LLOH GH GLVWLODUH vQ YLG UHDOL]kQGX VH R LQVWDOD LH GH GLVWLODUH DWPRVIHULF  L vQ YLG '$9

fig. 2.3.

)LJ,QVWDOD LH'$9

1-cuptor tubular; 2-FRORDQ

GHGLVWLODUHDWPRVIHULF  FRORDQ GHGLVWLODUHvQYLG

&RQVXPXULOHGHFRPEXVWLELOLPDWHULDOHDX[LOLDUHUDSRUWDWHODPDWHULDSULP SUHOXFUDW VFDGSH

P VXU  FH FUHWH FDSDFLWDWHD GH SUHOXFUDUH D LQVWDOD LHL &DSDFLWDWHD RSWLP  VH VLWXHD]  OD FFD 

milioane tone petrol/an.

Caracteristicile produselor petroliere
3URGXVHOH SHWUROLHUH WUHEXLH V  FRUHVSXQG  FDOLWDWLY FHULQ HORU FRQVXPDWRULORU 3ULQFLSDOHOH

caracteristici sunt: interval GH GLVWLODUH GHQVLWDWH FXORDUH SURSULHW

SURSULHW

L GH XQJHUH OD OXEULILDQ L

L DQWLGHWRQDQWH OD EHQ]LQH L PRWRULQH FLIU  RFWDQLF  FHWDQLF  SXQFW GH LQIODPDELOLWDWH

etc.
Benzine
%HQ]LQHOH FRPHUFLDOL]DWH UHSUH]LQW  DPHVWHFXUL GH EHQ]LQH GH '$ FUDFDUH FDWDOLWLF  L
UHIRUPDUHFDWDOLWLF &RQ LQKLGURFDUEXULSDUDILQLFHL]RSDUDILQLFHLDURPDWLFH
'XS LQWHUYDOXOGHGLVWLODUHEHQ]LQHOHVHJUXSHD] vQ

-benzine auto cu intervalul de distilare 55-2000C;

-benzine de avion (40-1800C);
-EHQ]LQHGHH[WUDF ie (65-1200C);
benzine grele (125-2000C).
&RPSRUWDUHDEHQ]LQHORUODDUGHUHDXWRDSULQGHUHVHGHWHUPLQ FXDMXWRUXOFLIUHLRFWDQLFH&2
&LIUDRFWDQLF

UHSUH]LQW SURFHQWXOvQYROXPHGHL]R

n motorul standard sHFRPSRUW

FDLEHQ]LQDVWXGLDW 

&LIUD RFWDQLF  SRDWH DYHD YDORUL GH OD 

octanul C8H18 F

UXLD L V D DWULEXLW &2

-octan n amestec cu n-heptan care la ardere

100, alegndu-VH FD KLGURFDUEXUL GH UHIHULQ  L]R-heptanul cu CO = 0. Aceste hidrocarburi nu sunt

  L Q

FRQ LQXWH GH EHQ]LQH 'H H[HPSOX R EHQ]LQ  FX &2

  VH FRPSRUW  FD XQ DPHVWHF IRUPDW GLQ

 L]RRFWDQ L  Q KHSWDQ Q IXQF LH GH DXWRDSULQGHUH FODVHOH GH KLGURFDUEXUL VH VLWXHD]  vQ

ordinea:
parafine < naftene < izoparafine < aromate

&2 D EHQ]LQHORU VH SRDWH P UL L SULQ DG XJDUHD GH  J WHWUDHWLO

-plumb/litru, sau eteri

07%((7%(HWF%HQ]LQDFXSOXPEHVWHPDLSROXDQW GHRDUHFHHOLPLQ R[L]LGHSOXPEvQJD]HOH

GHHDSDPHQW

3ULQFUHWHUHD&2GHH[HPSOXGHODODSXWHUHDPRWRUXOXLFUHWHFXLDUFRQVXPXO

de EHQ]LQ VFDGHFX
Motorine (300-3700C interval de distilare)
3HQWUXFDUDFWHUL]DUHDPRWRULQHORUVHIRORVHWHFLIUDFHWDQLF

s-au ales : cetanul C16H34FX&&

&LIUD FHWDQLF

'UHSWKLGURFDUEXULGHUHIHULQ

-metilnaftalina (C10H7-CH3) cu CC = 0.

L

 UHSUH]LQW  SURFHQWXO vQ YROXPH GH FHWDQ vQ DPHVWHF FX DOID PHWLOQ DIWDOLQD

FDUHDUHDFHHDLVHQVLELOLWDWHODDXWRDSULQGHUHvQPRWRUXO'LHVHOVWDQGDUGFDLPRWRULQDVWXGLDW 

Motorinele au n general valori ale CC de 35 55. Motorinele cu CC 35-40 se folosesc

SHQWUXPRWRDUHFXWXUD LHPLF FHOFX&&-SHQWUXPRWRDUHOHFXWXUD LHPHGLHLDUFHOHFX&&
SHQWUXWXUD LHPDUH
3

FXUD XWLOL]DW  GUHSW FRPEXVWLELO DUH R SXWHUH FDORULF  PDUH 

-9500 kcal/kg, cu un

FRQ LQXW GH VXOI GH FFD  L FHQXH GH  6H XWLOL]HD]  OD IDEULFDUHD XOHLXULORU PLQHUDOH
FRFVXOXLPHWDOXUJLFLvQSURFHVHGHFUDFDUHWHUPLF LFDWDOLWLF 

Uleiurile minerale
8OHLXULOH PLQHUDOH OXEULILDQ L vPSLHGLF  GHJUDGDUHD VXSUDIH HORU PHWDOLFH VXE DF LXQHD
FUHWHULL WHPSHUDWXULL GHRDUHFH IRUPHD]  ILOPH SHOLFXOH FDUH GHWHUPLQ  R IUHFDUH IOXLG  FX XQ

consum de energie redus.

Q JHQHUDO XOHLXULOH VH FODVLILF  vQ XOHLXUL GH PRWRDUH L LQGXVWULDOH )LHFDUH JUXS  FRQ LQH
DSRLVXWHGHVSHFLILFD LLGHXOHLXUL3HQWUXDVDWLVIDFHFHULQ HOHGHH[SORDWDUHDPRWRDUHORUODYDULD LL
GH WHPSHUDWXU  D PHGLXOXL VH IDEULF  XOHLXUL

multigrad RE LQXWH GLQ XOHLXUL UDILQDWH FX YLVFR]LWDWH

UHGXV DGLWLYDWHFXSROLPHULGHWHUJHQ LDQWLR[LGDQ L



3UHOXFUDUHD

IUDF LLORU

SHWUROLHUH

vQ

VFRSXO

RE LQHULL

PDWHULLORU

SULPH

petrochimice
3URFHGHHOH GLVWUXFWLYH GH SUHOXFUDUH D SURGXVHORU SHWUROLHUH DX GUHSW VFRS RE LQHUHD GH
FRPEXVWLELOL VXSHULRUL L GH PDWHULL SULPH SHWURFKLPLFH 'XS  FRQGL LLOH GH OXFUX DFHVWH SURFHGHH

pot fi:
- procedee termiceFDUHDXORFVXELQIOXHQ DWHPSHUDWXULLLDSUHVLXQLL
-

SURFHGHHFDWDOLWLFHLQIOXHQ DWHGHWHPSHUDWXU SUHVLXQHLFDWDOL]DWRUL

&HOH PDL XWLOL]DWH SURFHGHH WHKQRORJLFH VXQW SLUROL]D FUDFDUHD WHUPLF  FUDFDUHD     FDWDOLWLF  L
UHIRUPDUHDFDWDOLWLF 
&UDFDUHDWHUPLF

LSLUROL]D

&UDFDUHDWHUPLF

YDORULILF VXSHULRUIUDF LLOHFHUH]XOW vQ SURFHVXO '$9&UDFDUHDWHUPLF 

VH UHDOL]HD]  SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQRU UHDF LL FH DX GUHSW HIHFW VFLQGDUHD KLGURFDUEXULORU FX PDVH
PROHFXODUH PDUL L UHGLVWULEXLUHD DWRP

olefine.

ilor de hidrogen prin dehidrogenarea parafinelor ce trec n

-5200& vQ IXQF LH GH

3URFHVXO GH FUDFDUH WHUPLF  VH UHDOL]HD]  OD WHPSHUDWXUL GH 

FRQGL LLOH GH OXFUX L GH FDOLWDWHD PDWHULHL SULPH RE LQkQG vQ SURSRU LL YDULDWH SURGXVH FX PDVH

moleFXODUHPDLPLFLLFXSURSULHW

LGHFXUJHUHDPHOLRUDWH

3ULQFLSDOHOHUHDF LLFDUHDXORFVXQW UXSHUHDODQ XOXLGHDWRPLGHFDUERQVFLQGDUHFUDFDUH

UH]XOWkQGSDUDILQHFXQXP UGHFDUERQPDLPLFLROHILQH

dehidrogenare;
formare de cocs (cocsare).
Piroliza HVWH R YDULDQW

 D FUDF ULL WHUPLFH FDUH DUH ORF OD 

-8000& L HVWH XWLOL]DW

 vQ

VSHFLDO SHQWUX RE LQHUHD ROHILQHORU GLQ JD]H GH VRQG  2OHILQHOH HWHQD L SURSHQD VXQW PDWHULL
SULPHSHQWUXRE LQHUHDPDWHULDOHORUSODVWLFHvQSHWURFKLPLH

ProcHGHHOH

WHKQRORJLFH GH SLUROL]  SHQWUX RE LQHUHD XQRU SURGXVH GH PDUH WRQDM V

-au

GH]YROWDWSHGRX GLUHF LL

 GHKLGURJHQDUHD WHUPLF  D HWDQXOXL OD HWHQ  IRORVLQG FD PDWHULH SULP  JD]HOH QDWXUDOH VDX
JD]HOHGHUDILQ ULH
FUDFDUHDWHUPLF FXYDSRULGHDS IRORVLQGFDPDWHULLSULPHIUDF LLSHWUROLHUHXRDUHPHGLL

sau grele.

Q SURFHVXO GH RE LQHUH D ROHILQHORU PDWHULD SULP  GHWHUPLQ  VWUXFWXUD FKHOWXLHOLORU GH
SURGXF LH vQ SURSRU LH GH 

-75%. Piroliza materiilor prime grele nu poate concura din punct de

YHGHUH HFRQRPLF FX SURFHGHXO GH FUDFDUH D HWDQXOXL GHFkW vQ FD]XO UHFXSHU ULL WRWDOH D ROHILQHORU

superioare.
'HFL FRVWXO PDL VF ]XW DO IUDF LLORU JUHOH HVWH DQLKLODW GH QHFHVLWDWHD XQRU LQYHVWL LL PDUL
I FXWHvQVFRSXOUHFXSHU ULLFRSURGXVHORUGH
0 ULUHD FDSDFLW

mai sus.

LORU SURGXF LHL GH ROHILQH vQ XOWLPLL DQL D IRVW GHWHUPLQDW  GH FUHWHUHD

FRQVXPXOXL GH SURGXVH GHULYDWH GLQ HWHQ  L GH SURJUHVHOH WHKQRORJLFH UHDOL]DWH vQ GRPHQLXO
YDORULILF ULLFRSURGXVHORUSURSHQ LEXWHQH

Cteva din prRGXVHOHFDUHVHSRWRE LQHGLQHWHQ

LSURSHQ VXQWSUH]HQWDWHvQFRQWLQXDUH

%XWHQHOH VHUYHVF FD PDWHULH SULP  OD IDEULFDUHD EXWDGLHQHL

intermediar la fabricarea

cauciucului sintetic.
&UDFDUHDFDWDOLWLF

Scopul acestui proces este fabricarea beQ]LQHORUFX&2ULGLFDW

LGHPDUHVWDELOLWDWHvQWLPS

FRQFRPLWHQWVHRE LQKLGURFDUEXULROHILQLFH

Randamentul n benzine a acestui procedeu este foarte ridicat, posibilitatea de formare a

SURGXVHORUJUHOHILLQGUHGXV 
&DWDOL]DWRULL IRORVL L VXQW GH WLS DOXPRVLOLFD L GH VRGLX 6L22

Al2O3. Na2O, naturali (argile

DFWLYHVDXVLQWHWLFLQSUDFWLFDLQGXVWULDO VHXWLOL]HD] FDWDOL]DWRULLVLQWHWLFL

3ULQFLSDOHOH UHDF LL FDUH DX ORF VXQW GH - cracare; - dehidrogenare; -izomerizare; -cocsare
(nedorit).
AFWLYLWDWHDFDWDOL]DWRULORU GH FUDFDUHD KLGURFDUEXULORU HVWH LQIOXHQ DW  IDYRUDELO GH DFLGLWDWH
L GH GLPHQVLXQLOH VXSUDIH HL VSHFLILFH 0RGLILFDUHD UH HOHL FULVWDOLQH VXE DF LXQHD WHPSHUDWXULL
ULGLFDWHvQSUH]HQ DDSHLVXEIRUP GHYDSRULGHWHUPLQ GH]DF

tivarea catalizatorilor.

3UH]HQ D vQ PDWHULD SULP  D XQRU FRPSXL FX D]RW YDQDGLX QLFKHO FXSUX VDX ILHU FKLDU vQ
FDQWLW

L IRDUWH PLFL PRGLILF  VHQVLELO DFWLYLWDWHD L VHOHFWLYLWDWHD FDWDOL]DWRULORU vQ GHWULPHQWXO

IRUP ULLEHQ]LQHORU

Catalizatorii de FUDFDUH DX R GXUDW

 GH IXQF LRQDUH GH 

  PLQXWH GXS

 FDUH VH

UHJHQHUHD]  FX DHU FDOG L YDSRUL GH DS  SHQWUX vQGHS UWDUHD VWUDWXOXL ILQ GH FRFV GHSXV vQ WLPSXO
FUDF ULL 'XUDWD GH IXQF LRQDUH vQ FRQGL LL RSWLPH YLD D FDWDOL]DWRUXOXL D XQXL FDWDO

izator sintetic

este de 6 12 luni, iar a celui natural de 3 6 luni.

PE WUkQLUHD FDWDOL]DWRUXOXL HVWH FRQGL LRQDW  GH UHJLPXO WHUPLF GLQ UHDFWRU PDL DOHV vQ
SHULRDGDUHJHQHU ULLFkQGODWHPSHUDWXULPDLULGLFDWHVHSURGXFVLQWHUL] ULDOHVXSUDIH HL

&DWDOL]DWRUXO VH SUH]LQW  VXE IRUP  GH JUDQXOH VIHULFH FX GLDPHWUXO GH RUGLQXO ]HFLORU GH
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timp de contact sau viteza de volum.
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n strat fluidizat, ntruct acest procedeu este deosebit de eficient (fig.2.4).

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unor materii prime similare. Benzinele de cracarH FDWDOLWLF

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de regenerare.
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modul de regenerare a catalizatorului. Se cunosc procedee continue UHJHQHUDWLYH vQ FDUH H[LVW

 

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transformarea acestora n H2S, H2O, NH3 .

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2.4.2. Fabricarea cauciucurilor sintetice

Cauciucurile sintetice sunt produse macromoleculDUH FDUH OD SUHOXFUDUH VXIHU

 R GHIRUPDUH

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recum

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cauciuc natural - produs natural macromolecular a

cauciucuri sintetice (produse macromoleculare,

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vuOFDQL]DELOHFXSURSULHW

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- cauciuc de uz general folosit pentru anvelope, produse de larg consum;

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L VWUXFWXUDOH FX R

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izopren
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sintetice

cauciuc poliizoprenic
cele mai utilizate

sunt

cauciucurile

polibutadienice,

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- metilstiren.
0
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la 5-60C (procedeul UHFH Q SURFHGHXO GH FRSROLPHUL]DUH VH IRORVHVF LQL LDWRUL HPXOJDWRUL
HODVWRPHULVHRE LQHGLQPRQRPHULGHSXULWDWHULGLFDW EXWDGLHQ LVWLUHQVDX

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ologice ale cauciucului se introduce ulei mineral sau

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mai ridicate.
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caracterul nalt HODVWLF DO DFHVWRU SURGXL L RIHU

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abur.

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metilstiren 99,5 %

Preparare amestec de
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Tratarea cu antioxidant a latexului

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Formare balot
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butadien metilstirenic - CAROM

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L VXSHULRDUH FDXFLXFXOXL

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caracteristici, dar din punct de

YHGHUH DO SUHOXFU ULL SHQWUX RE LQHUHD GH  SURGXVH ILQLWH FRPSRUW 

XQHOHRSHUD LLVLPLODUH

Procesul de prelucrare a acestor produse macromoleculare este prezentat n tabelul 2.2.

Tabelul 2.2. Fluxul tehnologic de prelucrare a polimerilor

Fazele fluxului de prelucrare
2SHUD LLGHSUHOXFUDUH
'R]DUHDLQJUHGLHQ LORU

Prepararea amestecurilor
2E LQHUHDVHPLIDEULFDWHORULDXQRUSURGXVH

Malaxarea
Vl XLUH
Presare

brute

,QMHF LH

Extrudere
Calandrare
Finisare

6WUXQMLUHWDQ DUH

Gurire
Sudare,
Rectificare
'XS  FXP VH REVHUY  SUHOXFUDUHD VH UHDOL]HD]  SULQ XQHOH RSHUD LL VLPLODUH FHORU DSOLFDWH vQ
LQGXVWULDFRQVWUXFWRDUHGHPDLQL

Scopul acestor prelucrri este ob LQHUHD XQRU SLHVH VDX RELHFWH ILQLWH GH GLIHULWH GLPHQVLXQL
e au multiple utilizri.

LIRUPHJHRPHWULFHFDU

3UHOXFUDUHDPDWHULDOHORUSODVWLFHvQFHSHFXSUHJmWLUHDFRPSRQHQWHORULGR]DUHDDFHVWRUDvQ
IXQF LH GH FDOLW

LOH LPSXVH SURGXVXOXL ILQLW L SHQWUX D DMXQJH OD XQ HFKLOLEUX vQWUH DWLQJHUHD
losite.
0DWHULDOHOH GH XPSOXWXU  LQJUHGLHQ LL VXQW vQ JHQHUDO VXEVWDQ H LHIWLQH FDUH PRGLILF
propriet LOH PHFDQLFH HOHFWULFH HWF 6H XWLOL]HD] : fin de lemn, fibre textile, care confer
UH]LVWHQ m OD RFXUL D]EHVW SHQWUX FUHWHUHD WHUPRVWDELOLWm LL PLF pentru sporirea rezistivit LL
HOHFWULFH JUDILW SHQWUX UHGXFHUHD FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH IUHFDUH LQJUHGLHQ L FX DF LXQH VSHFLILF
IXQJLFLGH SHQWUX FUHWHUHD UH]LVWHQ HL OD PLFURRUJDQLVPH SODVWLILDQ L SHQWUX Prirea intervalului

VFRSXOXLSURSXVLFRVWXODGDRVXULORUIR

GHvQPXLHUHLFRORUDQ L
,QFD]XOHODVWRPHULORUvQYHGHUHDRE LQHULLDPHVWHFXULORUGHFDXFLXFGHWLSVHPLIDEULFDWHVH

nglobeaz: agen L GH YXOFDQL]DUH SODVWLILDQ L DQWLR[LGDQ L VDX VWDELOL]DWRUL QHJUX GH IXP DUMH
minerale (ulei) etc.
Prepararea amestecurilor VH UHDOL]HD]m SULQ RPRJHQL]DUHD LQJUHGLHQWHORU L VH ED]HD]m SH
IHQRPHQH GH GHIRUPDUH PHFDQLFm L WHUPLFm $FHVWH IHQRPHQH SRW FRQWLQXD L vQ WLPSXO RE LQHULL
SLHVHORU L LPSULPm vQ ILQDO DQXPLWH SURSULHWm L PDWHULDOHORU UH]LVWHQ

mecanic, elasticitate,
la ac LXQHDDJHQ LORUFKLPLFLLDWPRVIHULFLHWF
Malaxarea implic dispersarea ingredien LORU vQ PDVD SROLPHUXOXL L QHFHVLW  FRQGL LL
optime de amestecare. Se utilizeaz diferite tipuri de malaxoare. Pentru produc LLPDULHVWHXWLOL]DW
malD[RUXOFDSVXODWvQFDUHDPHVWHFDUHDVHGDWRUHWHIUHFmULLLDSmVmULLPDWHULDOXOXLvQLQWHULRUXOL
UH]LVWHQ

SHSHUH LLXWLODMXOXL

In fig.2.8 este redat schi D XQXL PDOD[RU FDSVXODW $YDQWDMHOH DFHVWXL WLS GH PDOD[RU VXQW
urmtoarele : timp de lucru redus, capDFLWDWHGHSURGXF LHPDUHSHULFROGHDFFLGHQWHUHGXVSROXDUH
redus.

)LJ6FKL DXQXLPDOD[RUFDSVXODW

Prepararea poate continua prin

O XLUH HVWH R RSHUD LH GH RPRJHQL]DUH DSOLFDW  vQ VSHFLDO

DPHVWHFXULORUGHFDXFLXF 6HUHDOL]DW SHYDO XULIRUPDWHGLQ GRLFLOLQGULGH IRQWmDH]D LRUL]RQWDO

L FDUH VH URWHVF vQ VHQV LQYHUV FX YLWH]H HJDOH VDX GLIHULWH &LOLQGULL VXQW SUHYm]X L FX GLVSR]LWLYH

de nclzire sau rcLUH D PDWHULDOXOXL vQ IXQF LH GH QHFHVLW L $PHVWHFDUHD FRQVW n trecerea
repetat a materialelor printre cilindrii de lucru, distan DGLQWUHHLSXWkQGILPRGLILFDW dup scopul
urmrit.
n general utilajele pentru amestecare sunt utilaje costisitoareFXFRQVWUXF LHUREXVWmLFX
XQ WLPS GH DPRUWL]DUH D LQYHVWL LLORU vQGHOXQJDW $FHVW IDSW GHWHUPLQ pe mul L SURGXFtori s
IRORVHVFm XWLODMHOH L GXSm DPRUWL]DUHD ORU UH]XOWDWXO ILLQG FD PRGHUQL]DUHD DFHVWXL VHFWRU Vm ILH

determinat mai ales de realizDUHDXQRUFDSDFLW LGHSURGXF LH

Prelucrarea prin presare se realizeaz la cald, n matri HSULQGRX RSHUD LL
- comprimare SHQWUX PDWHULDOH WHUPRULJLGH VDX WHUPRUHDFWLYH FDUH VXE LQIOXHQ D
temperaturii se rigidizeaz datorit FRQWLQX ULLSURFHVXOXL de polimerizare;
- LQMHF LH SHQWUX PDWHULDOHOH WHUPRSODVWLFH L HODVWRPHUL SXWkQGX-VH RE LQH RELHFWH
FRPSOLFDWHFXGLIHULWHXWLOL]mULLPDVHSkQmODNJEXFDWm

Dup construc LD PDWUL HL VH SRW RE LQH XQXO VDX PDL PXOWH RELHFWH IDSW FH LQIOXHQ HDz
prelucrare se utilizeaz pentru polietilen, polistiren , PCV,
poliamide, polimetacrilat de metil etc.
3UHOXFUDUHD SULQ LQMHF LH VH FDUDFWHUL]HD] prin durata redus a ciclului de fabrica LH D
SURGXVHORULSULQFRmpleta automatizare a procesului tehnologic
Extrudarea HVWH R RSHUD LH FRQWLQX, de ob LQHUH D XQRU VHPLIDEULFDWH GLQ FDXFLXF VDX
materiale plastice. Materialul adus n stare de curgere printr-XQ WUDWDPHQW WHUPLF L PHFDQLF HVWH
WUDQVSRUWDWGHXQPHOFLIRU DWV treac printr-o filier de profil apropiat celui dorit, ob LQkQGX-se
PDWHULDOH VHPLIDEULFDWH FX VXSUDIH H L PXFKLL QHWHGH L FX VWDELOLWDWH GLPHQVLRQDO n limitele
cerute (fig.2.9).
SURGXF LD RUDU  D XWLODMXOXL $FHDVW

)LJ6FKL DXQXLH[WUXGHU

Prin extruGDUHVHSRWRE LQHWXEXULILODPHQWHIRLLILOPHVXE LULIROLLRELHFWHPDWUL DWHFX

SURILOXULFRPSOLFDWHILUHGLQHODVWRPHULQDWXUDOLLFORURSUHQ
3URGXF LDH[WUXGHUXOXLLFDOLW LOHSURGXVHORUGHSLQGGHFRPSR]L LDLVWUXFWXUDDPHVWHFXOXL
supus prelucrrii. n cazul elastomerilor, prezen DSODVWLILDQ LORUXXUHD] extrudarea compozi LLORU
DUMDWH FX QHJUX GH IXP SHUPL kQG YLWH]H GH OXFUX PDUL vQ YUHPH FH DGDXVXULOH SHQWUX Prirea
adeziunii, cum este bitumul, reduc viteza de extrudare.
Calandrarea HVWH R RSHUD LH GH ODPLQDUH DSOLFDW polimerilor pentru ob LQHUHD XQRU IRL
QHWHGHVDXSURILODWHGHRDQXPLWmJURVLPHVHDSOLFmLSHQWUXGXEODUHDIROLLORUVDXDFRSHULUHDXQRU

suporturi textile.
Calandrul este format din 2-5 cilindri de lucru suprapXL SUHYm]X L FX GLVSR]LWLYH GH
UHJODUHDGLVWDQ HLGLQWUHHLYLWH]HLGHURWD LHLWHPSHUDWXULLILJ

Exist un numr foarte mare de calandri, construc LD ORU ILLQG GHWHUPLQDW de materialul
la sutimi de mm la cca l mm.

SUHOXFUDWLFDOLWm LOHIRLORUFXJURVLPLXQLIRUPHGH

Fig.2.10. Calandri:
a)ob LQHUHDIROLLORUEGXEODUHD HV

WXULORU

Mrirea produc LHL FDODQGULORU HVWH SRVLELOm SULQFUHWHUHD OXQJLPLL FLOLQGULORU UROH L SULQ
mrirea vitezei de lucru, care poate atinge 90 m/minut.
Prelucrarea latexurilorLDVROX LLORUGHSROLPHU se realizeaz prin:
- turnarevQFDUHVSXPDRE LQXW din latex n condi LLVSHFLDOHvQSUH]HQ DXQRUVSXPDQ LL
stabilizatori de spum este turnat n matri H L YXOFDQL]DW, rezultnd spume elastice sau
rigide.Aceste spume trebuie s aib o comportare bun la comprimri repetate;
-imersie RSHUD LH vQ FDUH VH UHDOL]HD] depunerea unui film de latex pe o form adecvat,
prevzut sau nu cu un suport textil (ex. ob LQHUHDPmQXLORUFKLUXUJLFDOHVDXGHSURWHF LH
Vulcanizarea se aplic elastomerilor n scopul mbunt LULLXQRUFDUDFWHULVWLFLDOHDFHVWRUD
reducerea plasticit LLFUHWHUHDHODVWLFLW LLSHXQGRPHQLXODUJGHWHPSHUDWXULHVWHHODVWLFODUHFH
LDUODFDOGQXVHPDLvQPRDLHFUHWHUHDUH]LVWHQ HLODUXSHUHGLVSDUL LDVROXELOLW LLHWF
n principiu, vulcanizarea are loc prin nclzirea unui amestec de cauciuc cu sulf la
temperaturi mai mari dect temperatura de topire a sulfului (1150C). Durata vulcanizrii este
variabil (de la cteva minute la zeci de minute), la temperatura de 170-1800&QWLPSXORSHUD LHL
DSDU SXQ L GH VXOI vQWUH PDFURPROHFXOHOH GH FDXFLXF IRUPkQGX-se structuri tridimensionale care
duc la rigidizarea cauciucului:

Practic, vulcanizarea se realizeaz n autoclave orizontale cu aer cald sau abur pentru benzi
l mPLQWHPmQXL HWFVDXvQ SUHVH-autoclave
pentru vulcanizarea direct n matri HDRELHFWHOHORUGHJDEDULWPDUHFDvn cazul anvelopelor auto.
Din punct de vedere energetic, prelucrarea elastomerilor implic consumuri mari de
energie mecanic, electric, termic.
1HFHVDUXOGHHQHUJLHSHQWUXDFHVWHRSHUD LLSHQWUXRFRPSR]L LHFXPDVDVSHFLILF de 1000
3
kg/m este ridicat :
HODVWLFHRELHFWHPLFLFRQIHF LRQDWHGLQFDXFLXF vQF

2SHUD LD

(QHUJLDQHFHVDU *-

Malaxare........................................................ ... 3 - 4
3UHOXFUDUHSHYDO - 35
Prenclzire pe val ............... 2
Extrudare .......................................................... 1 - 3
,QMHF LH- 4
Vulcanizare ....................................................... 0,2 - 0,4
Q DFHVW VHQV DSDUH GHRVHELW GH UD LRQDO L QHFHVDU UHFXSHUDUHD HQHUJLLORU VHFXQGDUH GLQ
ID]HOHGHSUHOXFUDUHODYROXPHPDULGHFRPSR]L LLSUHOXFUDWHFRQVXPXULOHGHHQHUJLHDOHDFWXDOHORU
WHKQRORJLLFUHVFIRDUWHPXOWLVHLPSXQPmVXULDGHFYDWHSHQWUX

reducerea lor.

2.4.4. Fabricarea fibrelor sintetice

&ODVLILFDUHDILEUHORUWH[WLOHLLPSRUWDQ DORU

Fibrele textile VXQW FRUSXUL VROLGH GH RULJLQH YHJHWDO

 DQLPDO  PLQHUDO  VDX RE LQXWH SH

FDOH FKLPLF  GLQ SROLPHUL QDWXUDOL VDX VLQWHWLFL FDUDFWHUL]DWH SULQ DQXPLWH SURSULHW

mecanice, fizico-FKLPLFHLWHKQRORJLFHSXWkQGILWUDQVIRUPDWHFXXXULQ

L IL]LFR

vQSURGXVHWH[WLOH

)LEUHOHWH[WLOHVHFODVLILF vQILEUHQDWXUDOHLILEUHRE LQXWHSHFDOHFKLPLF 

Fibrele naturale sunt :

- de origine vHJHWDO EXPEDFLQFkQHS LXW 
-GHRULJLQHDQLPDO FRPSXVHGLQVXEVWDQ HSURWHLFHOkQ P WDVH
-PLQHUDOHGLQPLQHUHXULILEURDVHGLQFDUHSULQGLIHULWHSUHOXFU ULPHFDQLFHVHH[WUDJILEUH
textile), de exemplu azbest.
Fibrele chimice pot fi DUWLILFLDOH L VLQWHWLFH Fibrele artificiale VH RE LQ SULQ SUHOXFUDUHD
celulozei (de exemplu viscoza), iar cele sintetice VH RE LQ SULQ UHDF LL GH SROLPHUL]DUH VDX GH
SROLFRQGHQVDUH GLQ PRQRPHUL DGHFYD L 6H RE LQ DVWIHO ILEUHOH SROLDPLGLFH SROLDFULORQLWULOLFH L

poliesterice.
3URSULHW

LJHQHUDOHDOHILEUHORU

)LEUHOHQDWXUDOHLFKLPLFHDXRVHULHGHSURSULHW

LVSHFLILFHFDUHMXVWLILF XWLOL]DUHDDFHVWRUD

n diferite domenii.
a)

3URSULHW

LOHIL]LFHDOHILEUHORU

&HOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH SURSULHW

higroscopicitatea.
Lungimea FODVLILF

L IL]LFH DOH ILEUHORU VXQW OXQJLPHD ILQH HD XPLGLWDWHD L

 ILEUHOH vQ  ILEUH VFXUWH EXPEDFXO OkQD ILEUHOH OLEHULHQH FRWRQL]DWH

D]EHVWXO HWF ILEUH OXQJL LQXO FkQHSD LXWD HWF ILODPHQWH P WDVHD ILEUHOH RE LQXWH

pe cale

FKLPLF 
/XQJLPHD ILEUHORU RE LQXWH SH FDOH FKLPLF  HVWH SUDFWLF GHWHUPLQDW  GH P ULPHD IRUPDWHORU
IRUPHGHOLYUDUHVFXOERELQ 
)LQH HDHVWHGDW GHJURVLPHDILEUHORUWH[WLOH6HH[SULP SULQP ULPLFRQYHQ LRQDOH$VWIHO

pentru firele de bXPEDF OkQ

 L vQORFXLWRUL ILQH HD VH H[SULP  SULQ QXP

U PHWULF 1P

, care

UHSUH]LQW  QXP UXO GH PHWUL GLQWU XQ JUDP GH ILU vQ FD]XO ILUHORU VXE LUL GH WLS P WDVH ILQH HD VH

H[SULP  SULQ

den GHQ

GHQLHU

 QXP U GH JUDPH OD P ILU VDX

tex QXP

U GH JUDP

e la 1000m

fir).
2 ILQH H PDUH LQIOXHQ HD]  IDYRUDELO UH]LVWHQ D ILUXOXL GDWRULW  IDSWXOXL F  vQWU R VHF LXQH

sunt cuprinse mai multe fibre.

Umiditatea unui material textil Ur HVWH FDQWLDWHD GH DS

PRPHQWGDWH[SULPDW vQSURFHQWHID

GHPDVDPDWHULDOXOXLXVFDW

 SH FDUH DFHVWD R FRQ LQH OD XQ

3HQWUXDPHVWHFXOGHGLIHULWHWLSXULGHILEUHXPLGLWDWHDVHFDOFXOHD] DVWIHO

m1 . u1 + m2 . u2 + ... + mn .un
U =
100

,%

n care: m1 , m2 ... mn PDVDSURFHQWXDO DILEUHORUFDUHLQWU vQFRPSRQHQ DILUXOXL

u1 , u2 ... un XPLGLWDWHDILUHORUFRPSRQHQWHFDUHLQWU vQFRPSRQHQ DILUXOXL
Higroscopicitatea HVWH SURSULHWDWHD ILEUHORU WH[WLOH GH D DEVRUEL YDSRUL GH DS  GLQ PHGLXO
ambiant.
3HQWUX FD XQ SURGXV V  ILH LJLHQLF HVWH QHFHVDU FD ILEUHOH V  DLE  XPLGLWDWHD GH   OD R

temperatura de 200&ODXPLGLWDWHDUHODWLY DWPRVIHULF GH0DVDGLPHQVLXQLOHLSURSULHW

fizico-PHFDQLFHVHPRGLIF RGDW FXPRGLILFDUHDFRQ LQXWXOXLGHDS 

LOH

/D PDMRULWDWHD ILEUHORU UH]LVWHQ D OD WUDF LXQH VFDGH LDU DOXQJLUHD OD UXSHUH FUHWH FX FkW
XPLGLWDWHDHVWHPDLPDUH&XPRGLILFDUHD XPLGLW

LLILEUHORU VHVFKLPE LHODVWLFLWDWHDUH]LVWHQ D

OD IUHFDUH UH]LVWHQ D OD vQGRLUL UHSHWDWH FDSDFLWDWHD GH vQF UFDUH HOHFWURVWDWLF  VWDELOLWDWHD ID

 GH

PLFURRUJDQLVPHODDJHQ LDWPRVIHULFLHWF

$OWHSURSULHW

L

6WDELOLWDWHDILEUHORUID

GHOXPLQDVRODU

OXPLQLL VRODUH L DJHQ LORU DWPRVIHULFL VH S

LVWDUHDDWPRVIHULF

'HJUDGDUHDILEUHORUGDWRULW 

roduce din cauza procesului de oxidare. Fibrele

SROLDFULORQLWULOLFH VXQW FHOH PDL VWDELOH OD DF LXQHD OXPLQLL L D DJHQ LORU DWPRVIHULFL LDU ILEUHORU GH
P WDVHLGHYLVFR] VXQWFHOHPDLSX LQVWDELOH
5H]LVWHQ D ID

 GH PLFURRUJDQLVPH

Pentru combatereD

GH]YROW ULL PLFURRUJDQLVPHORU

ILEUHOH WH[WLOH VH WUDWHD]  FX VXEVWDQ H DQWLVHSWLFH L VH GHSR]LWHD]  vQ ORFXUL XVFDWH SUHY ]XWH FX
VLVWHPHGHFRQGL LRQDUHDDHUXOXL

Comportarea fibrelor la frecare. )UHFDUHD vQWUH ILEUH LQIOXHQ HD]

 SURFHVHOH GH ILODUH L

SDU LDO WXHXO SURGXVHORU UH]LVWHQ D OD vQWLQGHUH HODVLWLFLWDWHD UH]LVWHQ D OD X]XU  VWDELOLWDWHD
GLPHQVLRQDO HWF
&X FkW ILEUHOH FRPSRQHQWH DOH XQXL HV WXUL  DX XQ JUDG GH

elasiticitate mai mare, cu att

produsul finit are o stabilitate de dHIRUPDUHPDLPDUHGHFLDUHRYDORDUHGHvQWUHEXLQ DUHPDLPDUH

Plasticitatea este proprietatea fibrelor de a-L PHQ LQH IRUPD LPSULPDW  vQ DQXPLWH FRQGL LL
GHF WUHIRU HH[WHULRDUHFKLDUGXS FHDFHVWHDQXPDLDF LRQHD] DVXSUDILEUHORU

Fabricarea fLUHORULILEUHORUVLQWHWLFH
Fibrele sinteticeVHRE LQSULQILODUHDSURGXVHORUPDFURPROHFXODUHGLQVROX LLVDXWRSLWXUL
3HOkQJ FDSDFLWDWHDGHDILIRORVLWHvQGLIHULWHGRPHQLLFUHWHUHDSURGXF LHLGHILEUHVLQWHWLFH
DIRVWLQIOXHQ DW LGHSURSULHW

LOHDFHVWRUDGHQVLWDWHPLF VWDELOLWDWHLUH]LVWHQ

vQWLPSULGLFDWH

SUHOXFUDUHXRDU HYHQWXDOvQDPHVWHFFXILEUHQDWXUDOHLDUWLILFLDOH
&DOLW

LOH ILEUHORU VLQWHWLFH VXQW GHWHUPLQDWH GH SURSULHW

tehnologia foloVLW

LOH SROLPHULORU ILODELOL L GH

 SHQWUX WUDQVIRUPDUHD DFHVWRU SROLPHUL vQILEUH L VHFRPHUFLDOL]HD]  VXE GLIHULWH

GHQXPLUL ILLQG vQ SULQFLSDO vQORFXLWRUL GH ILEUH QDWXUDOH L DUWLILFLDOH $VWIHO SROLHVWHULL DX GHQXPLUL
FRPHUFLDOHGHWHUFRWWHUJDOWHURPLVXQWXWLOL]DWHSHQWUX HV WXULGHWLSEXPEDFLOkQ 3ROLDPLGHOH
VXQW FRPHUFLDOL]DWH VXE GHQXPLUHD GH UHORQ RUORQ GUDORQ L VXQW vQORFXLWRUL GH P WDVH
3ROLDFULORQLWULOXO FXQRVFXW VXE GHQXPLUHD GH 31$ VDX PHODQ  HVWH vQORFXLWRU GH OkQ  SHQWUX VWRIH
FRYRDUHEO QXULVLQWHWLFH
3UHOXFUDUHDILUHORULILEUHORUVLQWHWLFH

Indiferent de natura polimerului, acesta este transformat n fire sau fibre prin procesul de
filare 7RWDOLWDWHD SURSULHW LORU XQXL SROLPHUFDUHFDUDFWHUL]HD] FDSDFLWDWHD VD GH D VH WUDQVIRUPD
n firH VDX ILEUH vQ XUPD XQXL SURFHV GH ILODUH VH QXPHWH filabilitate L HVWH GHWHUPLQDW  GH
FDUDFWHULVWLFLOHVWUXFWXUDOHDOHSROLPHUXOXLFDLGHFRQGL LLOHWHKQRORJLFHGHSUHOXFUDUH

FirulUHSUH]LQW

SURGXVXOILODWGHSXVSHRERELQ I U vQWUHUXSHULSHWRDW OXQJLPHDOXLLDU

fibreleILUHVFXUWHVHRE LQvQPRGVLPLODUGDUVXQWW

rezultnd un puf similar lnei sau bumbacului.

LDWHvQSURFHVXOGHILODUHODGLIHULWHOXQJLPL

Q IXQF LH GH SURFHGHXO GH SROLPHUL]DUH VDX SROLFRQGHQVDUH DSOLFDW SHQWUX RE LQH

rea

SROLPHUXOXL ILODELO SURFHVXO GH ILODUH VH SRDWH UHDOL]D vQ GRX  YDULDQWH GLIHULWH GLQ WRSLWXU  L GLQ
VROX LH
)LODUHD GLQ WRSLWXU

presupune presarea masei topite a polimerului prin dispozitive

filiere, GXS  FDUH XUPHD]  VROLGLILFDUHD SULQ U FLUH SROLPHUXO

SUHY ]XWH FX RULILFLL ILQH QXPLWH

U PkQkQGVXEIRUP GHILODPHQW

6FKHPDIOX[XOXLGHRE LQHUHDILEUHORUSROLDPLGLFHLSROLHVWHULFHHVWHXUP WRDUHD

7RSLUHD DUH ORF SH JU WDUH OD  & LDU WRSLWXUD UH]XOWDW  HVWH SUHOXDW  GH R SRPS 
GR]DWRDUH L GLULMDW  VSUH ILOLHUH

Firul rezultat trece printr-un canal de 3-4 m lungime, unde este

-

U FLW FX DHU L VH ERELQHD]  FX  R YLWH]  GH   WXUD LLPLQXW %RELQHOH UH]XOWDWH VH
GHSR]LWHD] vQYHGHUHDXWLOL] ULLXOWHULRDUH
Q SURFHGHHOH PRGHUQH HVWH SRVLELO  ILODUHD GLUHFW GLQ WRSLWXU  I U  D PDL IL QHFHVDU 
JUDQXODUHD SROLPHUXOXL FHHD FH UHGXFH FRQVLGHUDELO FRVWXULOH GH IDEULFD LH DVLJXUkQG FDOLWDWHD
SURGXVXOXLLFDUDFWHUXOFRQWLQXXDOSURFHVXOXL
)LODUHDGLQVROX LH HDSOLF SROLPHULORUFDUHVHSRWGHVFRPSXQHODWHPSHUDWXUDGHWRSLUHL

FDUHDXIRVWRE LQX LSULQSROLPHUL]DUHvQVROX LHFXPHVWHFD]XOSROLDFULORQLWULOXOXL31$)LODUHDVH

SRDWHIDFHGLUHFWGLQDFHDVW VROX LHVDXSULQGL]ROYDUHDSXOEHULLGHSROLPHUvQ
6ROX LD GH SROLPHU VH WUHFH SULQWU R ILOLHU  L LPHGLDW SULQWU

tr-un solvent adecvat.

-o baie de coagulare de

FRPSR]L LHFKLPLF ELQHGHWHUPLQDW FDUERQDWGHHWLOHQ ODRDQXPLW WHPSHUDWXU LXQDQXPLW

WLPS /XQJLPHD E LLILLQG FRQVWDQW  WLPSXO GH LPHUVLHDOILODPHQWXOXL HVWH PRGLILFDW SULQ YDULD LD

vitezei de filare.
)LODUHD GLQ WRSLWXU  SHUPLWH YLWH]H PDUL GH ILODUH GH 

-1200 m/minut, spre deosebire de

-80 m/min.
3HQWUX RE LQHUHD vQ FRQWLQXDUH D XQRU FDUDFWHULVWLFL IL]LFR-FKLPLFH FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH  ILUHOH

ILODUHDGLQVROX LHvQFDUHGDWRULW HWDSHLGHFRDJXODUHYLWH]DHVWHGHQXPDL

RE LQXWHVXQWVXSXVHXQRURSHUD LLFXVSHFLILFWH[WLOLDQXPH

- etirare (ntindere );
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insistndu-se asupra aspectelor tehnico-economice; sunt prezentate principalele produse petroliere
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7.

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2000;
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2. Care sunt principalel procese tehnologice de prelucrare a petrolului?

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6. Care sunt principalele domenii de utilizare a materialelor plastice?

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8. Care sunt principalele procese de prelucrare a materialelor plastice?

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