THE 3-STATE POTTS MODEL AND

ROGERS-RAMANUJAN SERIES
ALEX J. FEINGOLD AND ANTUN MILAS
Abstract. We explain the appearance of Rogers-Ramanujan series in-
side the tensor product of two basic A
(2)
2
-modules, previously discovered
by the rst author in [F]. The key new ingredients are (5, 6) Virasoro
minimal models and twisted modules for the Zamolodchikov W3-algebra.
1. Introduction
Virasoro minimal models and their characters have a long (and fruitful)
history in conformal eld theory, string theory and of course in vertex algebra
theory. It is by now well-known that the character
m,n
s,t
(q) of the minimal
model L(c
s,t
, h
m,n
s,t
) is given by

m,n
s,t
(q) =
q
(h
m,n
s,t
cs,t/24)
(q)

kZ
q
stk
2
(q
k(mtns)
q
(mt+ns)k+mn
),
where 2 s, t Z are coprime, 1 m < s, 1 n < t, (q)

= (q) =

i=1
(1 q
i
) and
(1.1) c
s,t
= 1
6(s t)
2
st
, h
m,n
s,t
=
(mt ns)
2
(s t)
2
4st
.
In particular,

1,1
2,5
(q) = q
11/60

n=0
1
(1 q
5n+2
)(1 q
5n+3
)
, (1.2)

1,2
2,5
(q) = q
1/60

n=0
1
(1 q
5n+1
)(1 q
5n+4
)
. (1.3)
give the product sides of the famous Rogers-Ramanujan series which appear
in many papers on representation theory of Virasoro and ane Lie algebras.
The results in this note arose as an attempt to nd a representation
theoretic explanation of the following theorem obtained in 1983 by the rst
author [F]:
Theorem 1.1. Denote by L(
1
) the basic (level one) highest weight module
for the twisted ane Kac-Moody algebra A
(2)
2
. Then
(1.4) L(
1
) L(
1
) = L(2
1
) V
1
L(
0
) V
2
,
1
2 ALEX J. FEINGOLD AND ANTUN MILAS
such that suitably normalized and scaled characters of the multiplicity spaces
V
1
and V
2
coincide with the product sides of Rogers-Ramanujan series (1.2-
1.3).
This result was obtained in the principal mod 6 realization of A
(2)
2
also
studied in [Ca], [X], [Bo], so it is perhaps not obvious what is its reformula-
tion it in the language of vertex algebras and twisted modules. The above
result is somewhat unexpected because the coset spaces, which are clearly
unitary modules for the Virasoro algebra, are essentially given by the charac-
ters of the (s, t) = (2, 5) non-unitary minimal models! It is also interesting to
notice that the principally specialized characters of L(2
1
) and L(
0
) are
also given by above Rogers-Ramanujan series (again, suitably normalized
and scaled).
To explain the appearance of Rogers-Ramanujan q-series we recall rst a
pair of identities which can be traced back to Bytsko and Fring [BF]. (For
further identities, see [BF] and also [Mu], [Mi]):

1,2
5,6
(q) +
1,4
5,6
(q) =
1,1
2,5
(q
1/2
), (1.5)

2,2
5,6
(q) +
2,4
5,6
(q) =
1,2
2,5
(q
1/2
). (1.6)
We also mention the related identities

2,1
5,6
(q)
2,5
5,6
(q) =
1,1
2,5
(q
2
), (1.7)

1,1
5,6
(q)
1,5
5,6
(q) =
1,2
2,5
(q
2
). (1.8)
Although all these formulas can be checked directly (see the Appendix) they
are very interesting for several reasons. Their right hand sides are clearly
(scaled) Rogers-Ramanujan series. Also, unlike the identities studied in [Mu]
and [Mi], the above formulas are among characters of modules of dierent
central charges (in our case, central charge
22
5
and
4
5
). The key observation
is now that the central charge of the cosets spaces V
1
and V
2
equals
4
5
, the
central charge of (5, 6) minimal models, So we are immediately led to the
following conclusion: relations (1.5)-(1.6) should be interpreted as decom-
position formulas of the coset spaces V
1
and V
2
into irreducible Virasoro
characters of central charge
4
5
. As we shall see this is indeed the case. In
fact, there is something even deeper going on. It turns out that V
1
and V
2
are in fact (the only twisted) irreducible modules for a larger rational vertex
algebra which we end up calling J
3
_
4
5
_
, also known as the Zamolodchikov
J
3
-algebra. This algebra has already appeared in the physics literature un-
der the name 3-State Potts model and more recently in the vertex algebra
theory [KMY]. We rst show that there are (at least) four dierent ways of
thinking about J
3
_
4
5
_
:
Theorem 1.2. The following vertex operator algebras are isomorphic:
(a) The parafermionic space K
sl
2
(3, 0) L
sl
2
(3, 0) [DW].
(b) A certain subalgebra of the lattice vertex algebra V
L
, where L =

2Q
and Q is the root lattice of type A
2
(see [KMY], [Miy]).
THE 3-STATE POTTS MODEL AND ROGERS-RAMANUJAN SERIES 3
(c) The coset vertex algebra J
L
sl
3
(2
0
)
L
sl
3
(
0
)L
sl
3
(
0
)
[KW].
(d) The simple ane J-algebra L(
4
5
), obtained via Drinfeld-Sokolov re-
duction [Ara], [FKW].
In the physics literature equivalence of (b), (c) and (d) is more or less
known. Construction (b) is more recent (again, see [KMY]).
Having enough knowledge about J
3
_
4
5
_
we can now return to the cosets
V
1
and V
2
. These are not ordinary modules for J
3
_
4
5
_
, but rather -twisted
J
3
_
4
5
_
-modules. Our main result is the following theorem about J
3
_
4
5
_
.
Theorem 1.3. For the rational vertex algebra J
3
_
4
5
_
the following holds:
(a) Aut(J
3
_
4
5
_
) = Z
2
.
(b) If we denote by the nontrivial automorphism of J
3
_
4
5
_
, then J
3
_
4
5
_
is -rational (i.e. J
3
_
4
5
_
has nitely many irreps and every -
twisted module is completely reducible).
(c) The algebra J
3
_
4
5
_
has precisely two inequivalent representations,
J

(1/40) = L
_
4
5
,
1
40
_
L
_
4
5
,
21
40
_
, and
J

(1/8) = L
_
4
5
,
1
8
_
L
_
4
5
,
13
8
_
.
(d) (J

(1/40)) =
1,2
2,5
(q
1/2
) and (J

(1/8)) =
1,1
2,5
(q
1/2
).
Now we connect results from Theorem 1.1 with those in Theorem 1.3.
Denote by the principal automorphism of order 6 of sl
3
, and let L
sl
3
(
0
) be
the ane vertex algebra associated to

sl
3
of level one. The basic A
(2)
2
-module
L

sl
3
(
1
) can be viewed as a -twisted L
sl
3
(
0
)-module, and its character is
given by
tr
L(
1
)
q
L

(0)c/24
= q
1/72

n=0
1
(1 q
(6n+1)/6
)(1 q
(6n+5)/6
)
,
where L

(0) is the -twisted Virasoro operator.

Similarly, the characters of the two standard level two A
(2)
2
-modules (if
viewed as -twisted L
sl
3
(2
0
)-modules) are given by
tr
L(2
1
)
q
L

(0)c/24
= q
1/72

n=0
1
(1 q
(6n+1)/6
)(1 q
(6n+5)/6
)

1,2
2,5
(q
1/3
)
and
tr
L(
0
)
q
L

(0)c/24
= q
1/61/72

n=0
1
(1 q
(6n+1)/6
)(1 q
(6n+5)/6
)

1,1
2,5
(q
1/3
).
4 ALEX J. FEINGOLD AND ANTUN MILAS
Now, formula (1.4) implies a q-series identity
q
1/72

n=0
1
(1 q
(6n+1)/6
)(1 q
(6n+5)/6
)
=
1,2
2,5
(q
1/3
)
1,2
2,5
(q
1/2
) +
1,1
2,5
(q
1/3
)
1,1
2,5
(q
1/2
),
after we canceled tr
L(
1
)
q
L

(0)c/24
from both sides of (1.4). This gives the
main result of our paper.
Theorem 1.4. As -twisted L
sl
3
(2
0
) J
3
_
4
5
_
-module:
(1.9) L

sl
3
(
1
) L

sl
3
(
1
)

= L

sl
3
(2
1
) J

(1/40) L

sl
3
(
0
) J

(1/8).
We also have
tr
V
1
q
L(0)c/24
=
1,2
2,5
(q
1/2
)
tr
V
2
q
L(0)c/24
=
1,1
2,5
(q
1/2
). (1.10)
where L(0) is the coset Virasoro operator for the tensor product.
Finally, we mention that (1.7)-(1.8) can be also explained in terms of
representations of J
3
_
4
5
_
. This requires a modular invariance theorem for
-twisted modules [DLM2]. This was pursued in the last section.
Remark 1.1. The algebra J
3
_
4
5
_
and some of its modules also appear in
[Ma], where the coset Virasoro construction is applied to the investigation
of the branching rule decomposition of level-1 irreducible E
(1)
6
-modules with
respect to the ane subalgebra F
(1)
4
.
2. The 3-state Potts model vertex algebra
Let us recall a few basic facts about the Virasoro algebra and its repre-
sentation theory. We use M(c, h) to denote the Virasoro Verma module of
central charge c and lowest conformal weight h, and denote its lowest weight
vector by v
c,h
. We let V (c, 0) = M(c, 0)/L(1)v
c,0
, the vacuum vertex al-
gebra. We denote by L(c, h) the unique irreducible quotient of M(c, h).
Recall (1.1). We will focus on the central charge c
5,6
=
4
5
. It is well-known
that L(
4
5
, 0), viewed as a vertex algebra, has (up to equivalence) precisely
10 irreducible modules [W]:
L
_
4
5
, 0
_
, L
_
4
5
,
1
8
_
, L
_
4
5
,
2
3
_
, L
_
4
5
,
13
8
_
, L
_
4
5
, 3
_
,
L
_
4
5
,
2
5
_
, L
_
4
5
,
1
40
_
, L
_
4
5
,
1
15
_
, L
_
4
5
,
21
40
_
, L
_
4
5
,
7
5
_
. (2.11)
It is also known that L(
4
5
, 0) L(
4
5
, 3) can be equipped with a simple
vertex operator algebra structure (cf. [KMY]). Of course, one can always
dene a vertex operator algebra structure on V M, where M is any module
with integral grading by dening the action of M on M to be trivial. But
THE 3-STATE POTTS MODEL AND ROGERS-RAMANUJAN SERIES 5
such vertex algebra is not simple. As we shall see, there is a unique vertex
operator algebra structure on L(
4
5
, 0) L(
4
5
, 3).
Let us also recall that the space of irreducible characters of L(
4
5
, 0) is
10-dimensional (i.e. the characters are linearly independent).
Proposition 2.1. Let (V, Y, 1) be a vertex algebra such that V

= L(
4
5
, 0)
L(
4
5
, 3) as a module for the Virasoro algebra and such that Y [
L(
4
5
,3)L(
4
5
,3)
,=
0. If another vertex algebra W

= L(
4
5
, 0) L(
4
5
, 3) satises the same prop-
erty, then W

= V .
Proof. We certainly have an isomorphism f = f[
L(
4
5
,0)
f
2
[
L(
4
5
,3)
between
V and W viewed as Virasoro modules (f is unique up to a choice of two
nonzero scalars). Because of Y (1, x) = id, the map f
1
is uniquely deter-
mined sending the vacuum of V to the vacuum of W. Observe that in V ,

Y
V
:= Y [
L(
4
5
,3)L(
4
5
,3)
denes an intertwining operator of type
_
L(
4
5
,0)
L(
4
5
,3) L(
4
5
,3)
_
(otherwise this would contradict I
_
L(
4
5
,3)
L(
4
5
,3) L(
4
5
,3)
_
= 0). The same holds
for

Y
W
. According to [FHL], this intertwining operator is unique up to a
nonzero constant. Thus, after identication via f, we can nd ,= 0 such
that

Y
V
=

Y
W
. Therefore (u, v) (f
1
(u),
1

f
2
(v)),
2
= denes the
wanted automorphism between V and W.
Existence of the vertex operator algebra satisfying conditions in Proposi-
tion 2.1 has been established in [KMY]. We shall denote it by J
3
_
4
5
_
. More
precisely, we have [KMY]
Theorem 2.1. The vertex algebra J
3
_
4
5
_
is rational with the following irre-
ducible modules (we also write their decompositions viewed as V ir-modules):
J(0) = L
_
4
5
, 0
_
L
_
4
5
, 3
_
, J(2/5) = L
_
4
5
,
2
5
_
L
_
4
5
,
7
5
_
,
J(2/5, +) = L
_
4
5
,
2
3
_
, J(2/5, ) = L
_
4
5
,
2
3
_
,
J(1/15, +) = L
_
4
5
,
1
15
_
, J(1/15, ) = L
_
4
5
,
1
15
_
.
Now we prove the equivalence of (b) and (d) in Theorem 1.2.
Theorem 2.2. Vertex algebras J
3
_
4
5
_
and L(
4
5
) are isomorphic.
Proof. Recall rst that L(
4
5
) is the unique irreducible quotient of the univer-
sal ane J-algebra M
sl
3
(
4
5
), modulo the maximal ideal. We can think of
M
sl
3
(
4
5
) as the vertex algebra obtained via Drinfeld-Sokolov reduction from
a universal ane vertex algebra associated to

sl
3
, or constructed by using
free elds via Miura transformation. Either way, it is known that M
sl
3
(
4
5
)
is freely generated by the conformal vector and another primary vector
of degree three, w
1
1, that is L(0)w
1
1 = 3w
1
1 and L(n)w
1
1 = 0 for
6 ALEX J. FEINGOLD AND ANTUN MILAS
n 1. It is also known that Y (w
1
1, x)w
1
1 is nonzero both in M
sl
3
(
4
5
)
and in the quotient L
vac
(
4
5
). Let us record
tr
M
sl
3
(
4
5
)
q
L(0)
=
1
(q
2
; q)

(q
3
; q)

,
where (a; q)

i=0
(1aq
i
). More importantly, by using Kac-Wakimotos
character formula (proven by Arakawa [Ara]), we compute the character of
L(
4
5
) as
tr
L(
4
5
)
q
L(0)1/12
= q
1/12
(q)
2

m,nZ

wS
3

w
q
|5w()+20n
1
+20m
2
4|
2
40
,
where S
3
is the Weyl group of sl
3
,
1
and
2
are simple roots, is the
half-sum of positive roots and [[
2
= , is normalized such that [[
2
= 2
for each simple root . An easy computation shows that
tr
L(
4
5
)
q
L(0)1/12
= q
1/30
(1 + q
2
+ 2q
3
+ 3q
4
+ ).
In fact we can show (by expanding both sides in q-series) that the following
identity holds for m 50:
(2.12) tr
L(
4
5
)
q
L(0)1/24

1,1
5,6
(q) +
1,4
5,6
(q) mod q
m
,
Thus, the character of L(
4
5
) equals the character of J
3
_
4
5
_
up to degree
50. Let us consider the Virasoro submodule M L(
4
5
) generated by and
w
1
1. By Proposition 2.1, it is sucient to show U(V ir)1 = L(
4
5
, 0) L(
4
5
)
and U(V ir) w
1
1 = L(
4
5
, 3). Indeed, if that is the case, then L(
4
5
, 0) is a
rational subalgebra of L(
4
5
), which decomposes as a sum of L(
4
5
, 0)-modules
with integral conformal weights. But classication of L(
4
5
, 0)-modules and
(2.12) implies L(
4
5
)

= L(
4
5
, 0)L(
4
5
, 3), and the rest of the proof now follows
from Proposition 2.1.
Denote by M
1
the cyclic Virasoro module U(V ir) 1 and by M
2
the
cyclic module U(V ir) w
1
1. By the universal property of Verma modules,
these cyclic modules are quotients of M(
4
5
, 0) (even V (
4
5
, 0)) and M(
4
5
, 3),
respectively. We claim that M
1
M
2
= 0. If not, M
1
M
2
is a nontrivial
submodule of a quotient of M(
4
5
, 0) and of M(
4
5
, 3). Embedding structure for
Verma modules among the minimal series shows that this is impossible (the
two modules belong to dierent blocks). If we let
W
(q) = tr
W
q
L(0)c/24
,
we get

L(
4
5
)
(q)
M
1
(q) +
M
2
(q)
1,1
5,6
(q) +
1,4
5,6
(q),
where has an obvious meaning for two q-series with non-negative integer
coecients. Now, relation (2.12) implies

M
1
(q) +
M
2
(q)
1,1
5,6
(q) +
1,4
5,6
(q) mod q
50
.
Thus
M
1
(q) =
1,1
5,6
(q) and
M
2
(q) =
1,4
5,6
(q), and hence U(V ir)1 = L(
4
5
, 0)
and U(V ir)w
1
1 = L(
4
5
, 3).
THE 3-STATE POTTS MODEL AND ROGERS-RAMANUJAN SERIES 7
Remark 2.1. The previous theorem gives a representation theoretic proof
of the q-series identity
q
1/12
(q)
2

m,nZ

wS
3

w
q
|5w()+20n
1
+20m
2
4|
2
40
=
1,1
5,6
(q) +
1,4
5,6
(q),
which presumably can be checked directly by applying methods similar to
those used in the Appendix.
Theorem 2.3. Denote by J
sl
3
(1)sl
3
(1)
sl
3
(2)
the coset vertex algebra obtained via
the embedding L
sl
3
(2, 0) L
sl
3
(1, 0) L
sl
3
(1, 0). Then, as vertex operator
algebras, J
3
_
4
5
_

= J
sl
3
(1)sl
3
(1)
sl
3
(2)
Proof. Observe rst that the central charge of the coset vertex algebra is
4
16
5
=
4
5
,
with the Virasoro generator

1
1 +1
1

2
,
where
k
stands for the Sugawara generator of level k ,= 3. This coset
is unitary so (as a Virasoro module, or L(
4
5
, 0)-module) it decomposes as
a direct sum of irreducible modules of central charge 4/5. The graded di-
mension can be now easily computed by using the rationality of L(
4
5
, 0).
Alternatively, we can recall a result from [KW], where the character of
J
sl
3
(1)sl
3
(1)
sl
3
(2)
is computed by using modular invariance. Either way,
J
sl
3
(1)sl
3
(1)
sl
3
(2)
= L
_
4
5
, 0
_
L
_
4
5
, 3
_
,
as Virasoro modules. Finally to nish the proof we need
Y
L(
4
5
,3)L(
4
5
,3)
,= 0
in the coset algebra. This was proven by Bowknegt et al. in [BBSS] [BS],
where it was shown that J
sl
3
(1)sl
3
(1)
sl
3
(2)
has a degree 3 generator w
1
1 such
that the brackets [w
n
, w
m
] satisfy the relations as in L(
4
5
).
3. -twisted J
3
_
4
5
_
-modules and the structure of A

(J
3
_
4
5
_
)
In this part V is a vertex operator algebra and Aut(V ) has order two.
Recall the notion of a -twisted V -module M. By denition we require a
decomposition V = V
0
V
1
, and the twisted vertex operator map Y

(, x)
Y

(u, x) (End M)[[x
1/2
, x
1/2
]]
such that
(3.13) Y

(u, x) =

nZ+
r
2
u(n)z
n1
, u V
r
u(n)v = 0, n >> 0
8 ALEX J. FEINGOLD AND ANTUN MILAS
Y

(1, x) = Id
M
and the Jacobi identity holds.
x
1
0

_
x
1
x
2
x
0
_
Y

(u, x
1
)Y

(v, x
2
) x
1
0

_
x
2
x
1
x
0
_
Y

(v, x
2
)Y

(u, x
1
).
= x
1
2
_
x
1
x
0
x
2
_
r/2

_
x
1
x
0
x
2
_
Y

(Y (u, x
0
)v, x
2
), (3.14)
where u V
r
and v V
s
. Clearly, from the Jacobi identity it follows that
M is an untwisted V
0
-module. We also require M to be graded M =

,
where the grading is induced by the spectrum of L(0) and is bounded from
below with nite dimensional graded components. If we require M to be
only
1
2
Z-gradable, then M is said to be an admissible -twisted modules (see
[DLM1]).
Let M be an irreducible -twisted V -module. Then there is such that
we have the following decomposition with respect to the spectrum of L(0):
(3.15) M =

n=0
(M
+n
M
+n+
1
2
),
so that if we let M
i
= M
+n+
i
2
, i 0, 1, the vertex operator map Y

(, x)
is compatible with this Z
2
-decomposition, a consequence of
u(m)M

M
+mdeg(u)1
,
for homogeneous u. Again, M
i
is a V
0
-module for i 0, 1. A vertex
operator algebra V is said to be -rational if every admissible -twisted
V -module is completely reducible [DLM1].
We also discuss intertwining operators among irreducible (ordinary) V -
modules [FHL]. Without giving the full denition, let us record that an in-
tertwining operator of type
_
W
3
W
1
W
2
_
is a linear map }(u, x) Hom(W
2
, W
3
)x,
u W
1
such that (among other things) the following Jacobi identity holds:
x
1
0

_
x
1
x
2
x
0
_
Y (u, x
1
)}(v, x
2
)w x
1
0

_
x
2
x
1
x
0
_
}(v, x
2
)Y (u, x
1
)w
= x
1
2

_
x
1
x
0
x
2
_
}(Y (u, x
0
)v, x
2
)w,
where u V , v W
1
and w W
2
.
Let us now focus on the twisted Jacobi identity (3.14) when u V
1
,
and v V
0
. We shall see that the corresponding identity is essentially
intertwining operator map between V
0
-modules. Because u V
1
, then
Y

(u, x) restricted on M
i
is mapped to M
i+1
where we use the mod 2
exponent notation. Denote by I(u, x) this restriction. Since v V
0
its
action on M
i
is the usual V
0
-module action, so we write Y
0
(u, x) instead
of Y

(u, x). The twisted Jacobi identity now reads (after we apply it on a
vector w):
THE 3-STATE POTTS MODEL AND ROGERS-RAMANUJAN SERIES 9
x
1
0

_
x
1
x
2
x
0
_
I(u, x
1
)Y
0
(v, x
2
)w x
1
0

_
x
2
x
1
x
0
_
Y
0
(v, x
2
)I(u, x
1
)w
= x
1
2
_
x
1
x
0
x
2
_
1/2

_
x
1
x
0
x
2
_
I(Y (u, x
0
)v, x
2
)w, (3.16)
Now, apply the substitution x
1
x
2
and x
0
x
0
. The identity is then
x
1
0

_
x
1
x
2
x
0
_
Y
0
(v, x
1
)I(v, x
2
)w x
1
0

_
x
2
x
1
x
0
_
I(u, x
2
)Y
0
(v, x
1
)w
= x
1
1
_
x
2
+ x
0
x
1
_
1/2

_
x
2
+ x
0
x
1
_
I(Y
0
(u, x
0
)v, x
1
)w. (3.17)
Because of Y (u, x)v = e
xL(1)
Y
0
(v, x)u (the skew-symmetry), the right
hand-side can be rewritten as
x
1
1
_
x
2
+ x
0
x
1
_
1/2

_
x
2
+ x
0
x
1
_
I(e
x
0
L(1)
Y
0
(v, x
0
)u, x
1
)w
(3.18) = x
1
1
_
x
2
+ x
0
x
1
_
1/2

_
x
2
+ x
0
x
1
_
I(Y
0
(v, x
0
)u, x
1
x
0
)w.
To nish the proof observe rst that, by twisted weak associativity, we can
always choose positive k N such that
x
k+1/2
2
(x
2
+ x
0
)
k
I(Y
0
(v, x
0
)u, x
2
)w
involves only positive (integral!) powers of the variable x
2
. Consider
(3.19) x
1
2

_
x
1
x
0
x
2
_
_
x
k
1
x
k+1/2
2
I(Y
0
(v, x
0
)u, x
2
)w
_
,
which also equals
(3.20) x
1
2

_
x
1
x
0
x
2
_
_
(x
2
+ x
0
)
k
x
k+1/2
2
I(Y
0
(v, x
0
)u, x
2
)w
_
,
Now, we are allowed to replace in (3.19) the x
2
variable with x
1
x
0
, so we
get
(3.21) x
1
2

_
x
1
x
0
x
2
_
_
x
k
1
x
k
2
(x
1
x
0
)
1/2
I(Y
0
(v, x
0
)u, x
1
x
0
)w
_
.
Finally, we multiply the last expression with x
k1/2
2
x
k
1
and we obtain
x
1
2

_
x
1
x
0
x
2
_
I(Y
0
(v, x
0
)u, x
2
)w,
= x
1
2

_
x
1
x
0
x
2
__
x
1
x
0
x
2
_
1/2
I(Y
0
(v, x
0
)u, x
1
x
0
)w.
Consequently, (3.17) and the last formula imply the following result.
10 ALEX J. FEINGOLD AND ANTUN MILAS
Proposition 3.1. The map I(, x) denes an intertwining operator among
V
0
-modules of type
_
M
i+1
V
1
M
i
_
. The identity (3.16) is equivalent to the Jacobi
identity for I(, x).
We also have the following useful result
Lemma 3.1. Let M be an irreducible -twisted V -module for a simple vertex
algebra V . Then for every nonzero u V , m M
Y

(u, x)m ,= 0.
The proof is clear (otherwise Y

(a, x)m = 0 for every a V , which
is impossible because M is cyclic). This statement, in particular, yields
M
1
,= 0 and M
0
,= 0.
We shall need a few results about -twisted Zhus algebra A

(V ) =
V/O(V ) following [DLM1], where O(V ) is the span of vectors of the form
a b = Res
x
(1 + x)
deg(a)1+r+r/2
x
1+r
Y (a, x)b,
where a V
r
and where
0
= 1 and
1
= 0, and the multiplication on
A

(V ) is induced via
a b = Res
x
(1 + x)
deg(a)
x
Y (a, x)b.
For every a V
0
, and b V
1
we have a b = 0 mod O(V ), so b = 0 as an
element in A

(V ).
Now we specialize V = J
3
_
4
5
_
= L(
4
5
, 0) L(
4
5
, 3).
Lemma 3.2. The -twisted Zhu algebra A

(J
3
_
4
5
_
) is a quotient of the
polynomial algebra k[x].
Proof. Denote by the natural projection from J
3
_
4
5
_
to A

(J
3
_
4
5
_
).
Then (v) = 0 for v A(J
3
_
4
5
_
)
1
[DLM1]. If we denote by A
0
(J
3
_
4
5
_
) =
A(J
3
_
4
5
_
), where A(J
3
_
4
5
_
) is the usual Zhus algebra of J
3
_
4
5
_
, we clearly
have an isomorphism A

(J
3
_
4
5
_
)

= A(J
3
_
4
5
_
)
0
/I where I is a certain
ideal.
We are primarily interested in irreducible -twisted J
3
_
4
5
_
-modules. Ev-
ery such module is an ordinary module for L(
4
5
, 0), so it decomposes as a
direct sum of (ordinary) modules given on the list in (2.11). Because of
(3.15), any irreducible -twisted J
3
_
4
5
_
-module is heavily constrained with
respect to the spectrum of L(0). More precisely,
Proposition 3.2. Let M be an irreducible -twisted J
3
_
4
5
_
-module as in
(3.15). Then M, viewed as a L(
4
5
, 0)-module, is isomorphic to either

iI
L
_
4
5
,
1
40
_

jJ
L
_
4
5
,
21
40
_
THE 3-STATE POTTS MODEL AND ROGERS-RAMANUJAN SERIES 11
or

kK
L
_
4
5
,
1
8
_

lL
L
_
4
5
,
13
8
_
,
where I, J, K, L are nite sets.
Proof. The spectrum of L(0) on M = M
0
M
1
must be contained inside the
set +
N
2
, where is the lowest weights of an irreducible L(
4
5
, 0)-modules
(2.11). Also, in addition M
i
,= 0. This implies, that the absolute value
of the dierence between the lowest conformal weights of M
0
and of M
1
must lie within the set N+
1
2
. Easy inspection of allowed weights gives two
possibilities: =
3
8
or =
1
40
.
The next result follows from the fusion rules for L(
4
5
, 0) [KMY], [W] (see
also [IK]).
Lemma 3.3. The module L(
4
5
, 3) is a simple current (i.e. it permutes equiv-
alence classes of irreducible modules under the fusion product ). In par-
ticular,
L
_
4
5
, 3
_
L
_
4
5
,
13
8
_
= L
_
4
5
,
1
8
_
, L
_
4
5
, 3
_
L
_
4
5
,
1
8
_
= L
_
4
5
,
13
8
_
,
L
_
4
5
, 3
_
L
_
4
5
,
1
40
_
= L
_
4
5
,
21
40
_
, L
_
4
5
, 3
_
L
_
4
5
,
21
40
_
= L
_
4
5
,
1
40
_
.
Now let us examine the number of irreducible summands in decomposi-
tions in Proposition 3.2.
Proposition 3.3. Let M be as in Proposition 3.2. Then, viewed as a V ir-
module,
M

= L
_
4
5
,
1
40
_
L
_
4
5
,
21
40
_
or
M

= L
_
4
5
,
1
8
_
L
_
4
5
,
13
8
_
.
Proof. We prove discuss the rst assertion. Because the twisted module in
question is irreducible and A

(J
3
_
4
5
_
) is commutative the top level must
be an (irreducible) one-dimensional module. Therefore the set I must be a
singleton. If [J[ 2, the direct sum

jJ
L(
4
5
,
21
40
) decomposes into at least
two irreducible L(
4
5
, 0)-modules. To rule out this case we apply the same
argument as in the proof of Lemma 5.3 [KMY]. Their argument and Lemma
3.3 yields a J
3
_
4
5
_
-module on L
_
4
5
,
21
40
_
, such that L(
4
5
, 0) acts trivially on
it. But this is clearly a contradiction, so [J[ = 1.
Theorem 3.1. Let M be an irreducible -twisted J
3
_
4
5
_
-module such that
M

= L
_
4
5
,
1
40
_
L
_
4
5
,
21
40
_
12 ALEX J. FEINGOLD AND ANTUN MILAS
or
M

= L
_
4
5
,
1
8
_
L
_
4
5
,
13
8
_
.
Then such M is unique up to isomorphism.
Proof. Recall that irreducible J
3
_
4
5
_
-modules are in one-to-one correspon-
dence with the modules for the Zhu algebra A(J
3
_
4
5
_
), which is isomorphic
to a quotient of the polynomial algebra k[x], where x = []. Every such
module is one-dimensional so the top level of an irreducible J
3
_
4
5
_
-module
must be one-dimensional.The rest follows from Proposition 3.3
In the next section (cf. Proposition 4.2) we construct two (irreducible) -
twisted J
3
_
4
5
_
-modules J

(
1
40
) and J

(
1
8
), which decompose as modules
in Theorem 3.1. Consequently, combined with Lemma 3.2 we immediately
obtain
Corollary 3.1. The vertex algebra J
3
_
4
5
_
has precisely two -twisted irre-
ducible modules. Moreover, the twisted Zhu algebra A

(J
3
_
4
5
_
) is isomor-
phic to C[x]/(x 1/40)(x 1/8).
Theorem 3.2. The vertex algebra J
3
_
4
5
_
is C
2
-conite and -rational.
Proof. The vertex algebra J
3
_
4
5
_
contains a C
2
-conite subalgebra (i.e.
L(
4
5
, 0), with the same conformal vector) thus it is C
2
-conite itself.
To prove the rationality we follow the standard arguments as in Theorem
5.6 in [KMY], which we essentially repeat here. We only have to prove com-
plete reducibility. So let M be an arbitrary admissible J
3
_
4
5
_
-module. We
may split M = M
(1/8)
M
(1/40)
, where the weights of M
(1/8)
are contained
inside 1/8 +
1
2
N
0
, and the weights of M
(1/40)
are in 1/40 +
1
2
N
0
. Indeed,
this follows from complete reducibility with respect to L(
4
5
, 0), Lemma 3.3,
Proposition 3.1 and the fact that allowed lowest weights are
1
8
and
1
40
. Our
proof of complete reducibility of M
(1/8)
is essentially the same as the proof
for M
(1/40)
, so let us assume M = M
(1/8)
for simplicity. Consider the (top)
weight 1/8 subspace M(1/8) of M
(1/8)
. This is also an A(J
3
_
4
5
_
)-module.
Easy analysis shows that, as L(
4
5
, 0)-module, M

= L(
4
5
,
1
8
)

m
L(
4
5
,
13
8
)

n
,
with some multiplicities m and n. The multiplicity m is precisely the di-
mension of the weight 1/8 subspace. To nish the proof we have to argue
that m = n and M

= (L(
4
5
,
1
8
) L(
4
5
,
13
8
))
m
, as J
3
_
4
5
_
-modules. Choose
0 ,= v M(1/8) and consider J
3
_
4
5
_
v. We claim that J
3
_
4
5
_
v

=
L(
4
5
,
1
8
) L(
4
5
,
13
8
). Clearly there could be only one copy of L(
4
5
,
1
8
) in-
side J
3
_
4
5
_
v. Also, from the fusion rules Lemma 3.3, restriction of the
module map Y [
L(
4
5
,3)L(
4
5
,
1
8
)
where L(
4
5
,
1
8
) J
3
_
4
5
_
v, must land inside
W, where W is isomorphic to L(
4
5
,
13
8
), or is plainly zero. If the image is
zero then L(
4
5
,
1
8
) becomes an irreducible module for J
3
_
4
5
_
, contradict-
ing our classication of J
3
_
4
5
_
-modules in Proposition 3.3. We conclude
J
3
_
4
5
_
v

= L(
4
5
,
1
8
) L(
4
5
,
13
8
).
THE 3-STATE POTTS MODEL AND ROGERS-RAMANUJAN SERIES 13
Now, take a nonzero vector v

M(1/8) in the complement of Cv and

repeat the procedure. Then J
3
_
4
5
_
v

J
3
_
4
5
_
v must be trivial or L(
4
5
,
13
8
).
The latter case cannot occur because of Proposition 3.3. This way we obtain
a decomposition of submodule of M isomorphic to (L(
4
5
,
1
8
) L(
4
5
,
13
8
))

m
.
The condition m = n must be satised, otherwise we could quotient M with
the submodule (L(
4
5
,
1
8
) L(
4
5
,
13
8
))
m
and obtain a module of lowest weight
13
8
, again a contradiction.
4. Standard A
(2)
2
-modules and construction of -twisted
J
3
_
4
5
_
-modules
In this section, our focus is the Kac-Moody Lie algebra of type A
(2)
2
and its
standard modules. We will denote by a principal (order 6) automorphism
of

sl
3
, such that
sl
3
=
5

j=0
sl
3
[j], sl
3
[j] = a sl
3
: (a) =
j
a,
where is a primitive 6th root of unity. Let be a dominant weight of level
l for A
(2)
2
. We denote by L

sl
3
() the -twisted A
(2)
2
-module, which is also
an L
sl
3
(l
0
)-module [Li]. In particular, L

sl
3
(
2
) (which is of level 2) and
L

sl
3
(2
1
) are -twisted L
sl
3
(2
0
)-modules. Theorem 1.1 gives construction
of both modules inside the tensor product of the basic module L

sl
3
(
1
)
L

sl
3
(
1
). Indeed, it is easy to see that v

1
v

1
is a highest weight module for
L

sl
3
(2
1
) and the vector f
1
v

1
v

1
v

1
f
1
v

1
generates the module
L

sl
3
(
0
). Here e
0
, f
0
, h
0
, e
1
, f
1
, h
1
is the canonical set of generators of
A
(2)
2
. We denote the twisted module map with Y

(, x). In particular, for
any x sl
3
[j], we have
Y

(x(1)1, x) =

nZ
x(n +
j
6
)x
n
j
6
1
.
Consider

k=l
=
1
2(l + 3)
8

i=1
u
i
(1) u
i
(1)1 L
sl
3
(l
0
),
the Sugawara conformal vector of central charge
8l
l+3
, where u
i
and u
i

are conveniently chosen orthogonal bases such that (u

i
) =
1
( u
i
), so that
u
i
(1) u
i
(1)1 is xed under the automorphism (we can actually choose
u
i
to be a permutation of u
i
[Bo]). Thus
Y (
l
, x) =

nZ
L

k=l
(0)x
n2
.
Denote by
=
k=1
1 1
k=1

k=2
L
sl
3
(
0
) L
sl
3
(
0
)
14 ALEX J. FEINGOLD AND ANTUN MILAS
the coset Virasoro generator of central charge 2 + 2
16
5
=
4
5
, and we let
Y (, x) =

nZ
L(n)x
n2
.
For related coset constructions see [AP]. The following lemma is the
crucial technical fact.
Lemma 4.1. We have
L

k=1
(0)v

1
=
5
72
v

1
,
and
L

k=2
(0)v
2
1
=
41
360
v
2
1
, L

k=2
(0)v

0
=
13
180
v

0
.
Consequently,
L(0)v
2
1
=
1
40
v
2
1
, L(0)v

0
=
1
8
v

0
Proof. We prove only the rst formula L(0)v
2
1
=
1
40
v
2
1
, the other formula
is proven along the same lines. Recall that for the Virasoro algebra operator
L(0) we picked generators u
i
, u
i
, i 1, ..., 8 such that
(u
i
) =
j
u
i
, ( u
i
) =
6j
u
i
Thus we have to compute expressions
Coe
x
2Y

(u
i
(1) u
i
(1)1, x),
contributing to L(0), acting on the highest weight vectors v

1
and on v
2
1
=
v

1
v

1
. For that we use a version of the Jacobi identity (3.14) with
u = u
i
(1)1 and v = u
i
(1)1, where the automorphism is now . In this
setup
Res
x
2
CT
x
0
Res
x
1
(RHS of (3.14))
= Res
x
2
CT
x
0
Res
x
1
x
1
2
_
x
1
x
0
x
2
_
j/6

_
x
1
x
0
x
2
_
Y

(Y (u
i
, x
0
) u
i
, x
2
),
which equals (by [Bo], [Li])
(4.22) Res
x
2
x
2
Y

(u
i
(1) u
i
(1)1, x
2
) + (j/6)[u
i
, u
i
](0) +
_
j/6
2
_
l,
where l is the level.
Taking the same residues, now of the left hand side of the Jacobi identity,
gives
(4.23) Res
x
2
CT
x
0
Res
x
1
(LHS of (3.14)) = CT
x
2

Y

(u
i
, x
2
)Y

( u
i
, x
2
)

,
the constant term of a twisted normally ordered product. Comparing the
formulas (4.22) and (4.23), and summing over i, gives an expression for
L

k=l
(0). It is now easy to get L

k=1
(0)v

1
=
5
72
v

1
. Next, we use the
Sugawara operator L

k=2
(0) and act on v
2
1
. The only nonzero contributions
when calculating these operators come from (j/6)[u
i
, u
i
](0) and
_
j/6
2
_
l. After
THE 3-STATE POTTS MODEL AND ROGERS-RAMANUJAN SERIES 15
we sum over i we get L

k=2
(0)v
2
1
=
41
360
v
2
1
and nally L(0)v
2
1
=
1
40
v
2
1
.

Remark 4.1. Presumably the computation in Lemma 4.1 can be carried out
via an explicit realization of A
(2)
2
on the twisted Fock space obtained in [F].
Next result comes immediately from Theorem 2.3 and [KW]:
Proposition 4.1. We have the following decomposition of L
sl
3
(2, 0)J
3
_
4
5
_
-
modules:
L
sl
3
(
0
) L
sl
3
(
0
) = L
sl
3
(2
0
) J(0) L
sl
3
(
1
) J(2/5).
Recall that a pair of vertex algebras V
1
and V
2
with autormorphisms
1
and
2
, respectively induce the automorphisms
1

2
on V
1
V
2
, (
1

2
)(v
1
v
2
) =
1
(v
1
)
2
(v
2
).
he next goal is to nd a twisted version of Proposition 4.1. The auto-
morphism acts diagonally on L
sl
3
(
0
) L
sl
3
(
0
). We have to see how it
behaves when restricted to the subalgebra L
sl
3
(2
0
) J
3
_
4
5
_
.
Lemma 4.2. The automorphism preserves J
3
_
4
5
_
. More precisely, we
have [
W
3(
4
5
)
= . Thus, [
L
sl
3
(2
0
)W
3(
4
5
)
= .
Proof. The automorphism acts (diagonally) on the tensor product
L
sl
3
(
0
) L
sl
3
(
0
). Therefore, also preserves L
sl
3
(2
0
). Since J
3
_
4
5
_
is the commutant of L
sl
3
(2
0
), by denition a
m
b = 0 for all a L
sl
3
(2
0
)
and b J
3
_
4
5
_
, m 0. But then (a
m
b) = (a)
m
(b) = 0, and hence
(b) J
3
_
4
5
_
. Recall Aut(J
3
_
4
5
_
) = Z
2
. If [
W
3(
4
5
)
= 1, then V
1
would
be an ordinary J
3
_
4
5
_
-module. Easy inspection of modules in Theorem 2.1
implies that this is impossible. The proof follows.
Consequently, we reached a desired decomposition analogous to the one
in Proposition 4.1.
Proposition 4.2. As -twisted L
sl
3
(2, 0) J
3
_
4
5
_
-modules,
L

sl
3
(
1
) L

sl
3
(
1
) = L

sl
3
(2
1
) J

_
1
40
_
L

sl
3
(
0
) J

_
1
8
_
,
where J

_
1
40
_
and J

_
1
8
_
have lowest conformal weights
1
40
and
1
8
, respec-
tively.
Proof. The vertex algebra L
sl
3
(2
0
) is -rational, thus L

sl
3
(
1
) L

sl
3
(
1
)
decomposes as a direct sum of -twisted L
sl
3
(2
0
)-modules. This decom-
position is described in Theorem 1.1. As J
3
_
4
5
_
is the commutant of
L
sl
3
(2, 0) L
sl
3
(
0
) L
sl
3
(
0
), and L

sl
3
(
1
) L

sl
3
(
1
) is a twisted -
modules by Lemma 4.2, the multiplicities spaces in Theorem 1.1 are natu-
rally -twisted J
3
_
4
5
_
-modules. The proof now follows from Lemma 4.1.
16 ALEX J. FEINGOLD AND ANTUN MILAS
5. Modular invariance
Now we are ready to explain relations (1.7) and (1.8), and in particu-
lar the negative sign appearing in both identities. First we recall a result
from [DLM2], where a version of Zhus of modular invariance theorem was
extended to general C
2
-conite rational -twisted vertex algebras (here is
at rst an automorphism of nite order).
The setup is as following. Pick a pair of commuting automorphisms (g, h)
(of nite order) of V , where V is C
2
-conite, and satises all the rationality
and niteness conditions as in [DLM2]. Then we let
T
M
(g, h, v, q) = tr
M
(h)o(v)q
L(0)c/24
,
where M is h-stable g-twisted sector. This holomorphic function in [q[ <
1, q = e
2iy
, satises the modular transformation property under =
_
a b
c d
_
, ad bc = 1:
T
M
(g, h, v, q)[
q
=

W
T
W
((g, h), q)
where the summation goes over all g
a
h
c
-twisted sectors W which are g
b
h
d
-
stable, and (g, h) = (g
a
h
c
, g
b
h
d
). Observe that the modular invariance
mixes several twisted sectors..
Now specialize g = h = , where is of order two.
Claim: M

= M for every irreducible -twisted module M.
The -twisted module M is dened via

Y (u, x) = Y

(u, x).
Because M is M = M
0
M
1
as a vector space, we let
: M M, [
M
0 = 1,
M
1 = 1
We claim that is the wanted isomorphism. If u V
0
, (Y

(u, x)m)) =
Y

(u, x)m = Y

(u, x)m, and if u V
1
, (Y

(u, x)m) = (1)Y

(u, x)m =

Y (u, x)m. This proves the claim.

Notice that not every ordinary V -module is -stable. For instance, un-
twisted J
3
_
4
5
_
-modules J(2/5, ) is not isomorphic J(2/5, +), although
the former is obtained as a -twist from the later (cf. Theorem 2.1). Thus
when g
b
h
d
,= 1 we can omit the stability condition (always satised). From
now on we are only interested in vacuum twisted characters so we let u = 1.
Consider the standard generators S and T of the modular group, corre-
sponding to y 1/y and y y +1, respectively. For the S matrix a = 0,
b = 1, c = 1 and d = 0, and for the T-matrix a = 1, b = 1, c = 0 and
d = 1.
Under the S transformation
T
M
(, 1, 1, q)[
qS
=

W
c
W
T
W
(1, , 1, q),
THE 3-STATE POTTS MODEL AND ROGERS-RAMANUJAN SERIES 17
where the summation is over untwisted modules which are -stable. Simi-
larly,
T
M
(, 1, 1, q)[
qT
=

W
d
W
T
W
(, , 1, q),
where the summation is over -twisted modules. We also have
T
M
(, , 1, q)[
qS
=

W
e
W
T
W
(, , 1, q),
where the summation is over -twisted modules (which are -xed), and
T
M
(, , 1, q)[
qT
=

W
f
W
T
W
(, 1, 1, q),
where the summation is over -twisted modules. Moreover,
T
M
(1, , 1, q)[
qS
=

W
g
W
T
W
(, 1, 1, q),
where the summation is over -twisted modules, and
T
M
(1, , 1, q)[
qT
=

W
h
W
T
W
(1, , 1, q),
where the summation is over -stable J
3
_
4
5
_
-modules. In the above for-
mulas c
W
, d
W
, ..., h
W
are some constants. We summarize all these relations
as
Corollary 5.1. The vector space spanned by
T
M
(1, , 1, q), M is untwisted, and stable
and
T
M
(,

, 1, q), M is twisted, and = 0, 1

is modular invariant.
Going back to J
3
_
4
5
_
. There are two -stable irreducible untwisted
J
3
_
4
5
_
-modules , namely J(0) and J(2/5). So the relevant modular in-
variant space has a basis:
T
W

(1/40)
(,

, 1, q) =
1,2
5,6
(q) + (1)

1,4
5,6
(q)
T
W

(1/8)
(,

, 1, q) =
2,2
5,6
(q) + (1)

2,4
5,6
(q),
where 0, 1, and
T
W(0)
(1, , 1, q) =
2,1
5,6
(q)
2,5
5,6
(q),
T
W(2/5)
(1, , 1, q) =
1,1
5,6
(q)
1,5
5,6
(q).
Thus, the left hand-sides in (1.7) and (1.8) are simply the twisted characters
of irreducible (untwisted) J
3
_
4
5
_
-modules. Combined with the expected
identities given on the right hand-sides in (1.7) and (1.8), or simply by
using modular invariance arguments, we easily get another (more natural)
basis:
18 ALEX J. FEINGOLD AND ANTUN MILAS
Proposition 5.1. For V = J
3
_
4
5
_
and as above, the vector space spanned
by expressions in Corollary 5.1 is 6-dimensional with a basis

1,1
2,5
(q
2
),
1,2
2,5
(q
2
),
1,1
2,5
(q
1/2
),
1,2
2,5
(q
1/2
),
1,1
2,5
(q
1/2
),
1,2
2,5
(q
1/2
).
6. Appendix
In this section we discuss q-series identities underlying (1.5)-(1.8). The
idea is relatively simple so we only prove (1.5) here, and leave the rest to
the reader. Similar methods can be used to prove other identities
Proposition 6.1. We have
(6.24)
1,2
5,6
(q) +
1,4
5,6
(q) =
1,1
2,5
(q
1/2
).
Proof. The left hand side of (6.24) is equal to
q
11/120
_

nZ
q
30m
2
4m
q
30m
2
+16m+2
+ q
30m
2
14m+3/2
q
30m
2
+26m+4+3/2
_
(q)

Thus it is sucient to prove

nZ
_
q
30m
2
4m
q
30m
2
+16m+2
+ q
30m
2
14m+3/2
q
30m
2
+26m+4+3/2
_
=
(q)

n=0
(1 q
(5n+2)/2
)(1 q
(5n+3)/2
)
. (6.25)
Recall the quintuple product identity

mZ
(1)
m
q
3m
2
+m
z
3m+1
+

mZ
(1)
m
q
3m
2
m
z
3m
(6.26)
= (1 + z)

n=1
(1 q
2n
)(1 q
4n2
z
2
)(1 q
4n2
z
2
)(1 + q
2n
z)(1 + q
2n
z
1
).
We rewrite the left hand-side as

mZ
q
12m
2
+2m
z
6m+1

mZ
q
12m
2
+14m+4
z
6m+4
(6.27)
+

mZ
q
12m
2
2m
z
6m

mZ
q
12m
2
+10m+2
z
6m+3
.
Substitute now in (6.26) q for q
5/2
and z for q
3/2
, and multiply the resulting
expression with q
3/2
. Then (6.26) turns into the left hand-side of (6.25). The
THE 3-STATE POTTS MODEL AND ROGERS-RAMANUJAN SERIES 19
proof now follows from an easy identity
(1 + q
3/2
)

n=1
(1 q
5n
)(1 q
10n8
)(1 q
10n2
)(1 + q
5n3/2
)(1 + q
5n+3/2
)
=
(q)

n=0
(1 q
(5n+2)/2
)(1 q
(5n+3)/2
)
.

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Department of Mathematical Sciences, SUNY-Binghamton
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, SUNY-Albany
E-mail address: alex@math.binghamton.edu
E-mail address: amilas@albany.edu