BSC 1020 EXAM 1 Study Guide

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BSC 1020 The Biology of Humans EXAM 1 Study Guide Exam Instructions
Exam

1 is scheduled for Saturday, February 9th from 11:00-12:15

- It will be held on the Tampa campus in two lecture halls ISA 1051: For students whose last names start with A-K ISA 1061: For students whose last names start with L-Z - If you cannot come to USF-Tampa that day, it is your responsibility to arrange for an alternate site. (Refer to the syllabus for more details)
Please The It

bring your student ID and a pencil. I will provide you with the scantron sheet

exam covers Chapters 1 to 7.

will consist of 50 multiple-choice questions, including 10 that are True/False.

Study Recommendations:
Re-read Take

each chapter ahead of time; study the PowerPoint lecture handouts (PDF files)

the online practice quizzes (Reading, Activities and Post-quiz). In fact, take them at least a couple of times. Some of the exam questions may be the same or very similar.
Take

the quizzes found at the end of each chapter in the textbook (Please refer to the syllabus for the recommended questions) Study Material:
To

help you focus your studies as much as possible, I have composed a large number of questions. Please try to answer them, referring to the lecture notes and textbook. They are designed to help you process and review course material. Questions on the exam will deal with these topics, but will be specific and in a M/C and T/F format. Also, please note that ALL QUESTIONS on the exam will come from this list!
Right

off the bat, you are NOT responsible for ANY of the Biology and Society or Process of Science or Evolution Connection sections in each chapter. For example, in Chapter 1, these three sections have the following titles: - Biology and Society: Biology All Around Us - Process of Science: Are Trans Fats Bad For You? - Evolution Connection: Evolution in Our Everyday Lives

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Chapter 1: Introduction: Biology Today 1. List the seven characteristics of life as it is known on Earth. Cells, metabolism, growth, reproduction, irritability, adaptation, movement. 2. Rank the levels of life from atoms and molecules to the biosphere.

atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organ and organ system, organisms, population, community, ecosystems, and biosphere.
3. What is the difference between EUKARYOTES and PROKARYOTES? Classify each of the following organisms as eukaryotic or prokaryotic: bacteria, Archaea, protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

eukaryotes are larger, more complex, nucleus is enclosed in a membrane, and contains many types of organelles prokaryotes are smaller, simpler structure, DNA is concentrated in nucleoid region without a membrane, and lacks most organelles
4. What are the three domains of life? Which organisms belong to each domain?

Bacteria, archaea, and Eukarya Bacteria - prokaryotes Archaea - prokaryotes Eukarya- plants animals fungi
5. What are Darwins two main observations and his inescapable conclusion?

observation- overpopulation and competition, and individual variation. conclusion- unequal reproductive success
6. Compare and contrast natural and artificial selection.

natural causes adaptation and mechanism for evolution. It is used in survival artificial is by humans and we select instead of environment
7. Compare and contrast discovery science and hypothesis-driven science.

discovery science- describes observations and used inductive reasoning and seeks natural causes for natural phenomenas hypothesis driven science- explains a set of observations. uses scientific method, deductive reasoning, scientific method,

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8. What are the steps of the scientific method?

observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, conclusion

9. What is the difference between a scientific hypothesis, theory, and law?

hypothesis
a proposed explanation for a set of observation

theory
much broader in scope than a hypothesis , a comprehensive explanation for a large number of observations and has varied and extensive evidence.

Law
must always apply under the same condition, also implies a casual relationship
Chapter 2: Essential Chemistry for Biology 1. What is matter? What are its three physical states?

anything that has mass and takes up space

solid, liquid and gas.

2. What is an element? How many elements occur naturally? How many are essential for life? Which 4 elements are most abundant in living things (including humans)? What are trace elements?

an element is a substance that cannot be broken down any further

92 25
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen

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elements that are important but are not very abundant in the body. iodine, iron, and fluorine
3. What are compounds?

compounds are substances that contain two or more elements in a fixed ratio
4. List the 3 main subatomic particles, their charge, and their location in the atom. 5. Define the atomic number and the mass number of an atom. If given these, be able to calculate the number of each subatomic particle.

the number of protons = atomic mass

mass number = protons + nuetrons 6. What are ions? What are ionic bonds?

ions are charged atoms due to gain or loss of an electron ionic bonds are formed between two oppositely charged ions
7. What are covalent bonds? What are hydrogen bonds?

covalent bonds are when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons in the outermost shell they are weak attractions between molecules in water between the oxygen and hydrogen.
8. Explain why the covalent bonds in H2O are polar covalent bonds.

because the electrons are not shared equally. this causes opposite charges on the ends like a negative O and a positive H
9. What are the two components of a chemical reaction?

products and reactants

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10. Why do water molecules stick to other water molecules? What is surface tension?

because there is hydrogen bonding of water molecules it causes them to stick together in cohesion surface tension is how difficult it is to break or stretch the surface of a liquid. hydrogen bonds give water a very high surface tension
11. What is the relationship between solution, solute and solvent?

solute is the substance that is being dissolved solvent is what the solute is being dissolved in

solution is a liquid with a homogenous mixture with one or

more substances
12. What is an acid? a base? Complete the following sentence by circling the correct choice or filling in the blank with the correct term: At lower pHs, there are more/less (circle one) _______ (a.k.a. ________ ions) present in the solution; at higher pHs there are more/less (circle one) _______ present in the solution.

an acid is a chemical compound that released h+ ions in a solution A base is a chemical compound that accepts H+ions in a solution

13. What is the range of the pH scale? What is the pH of pure water (a neutral solution)? What is a buffer? Chapter 3: The Molecules of Life 1. What are organic compounds? Why is carbon such a versatile atom?

contain carbon
it can have up to 4 covalent bonds, it can also bond to carbons and form a carbon skeleton
2. What is a hydrocarbon? What is the simplest one?

a compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon

methane

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3. What is a macromolecule? What are monomers and polymers? Which biological molecules form polymers? Contrast dehydration reactions and hydrolysis reactions? 4. What are the four categories of large molecules? 5. What roles do carbohydrates play in humans? Define the terms monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide. Give examples of each. 6. Define hydrophilic and hydrophobic. 7. What characteristic do all lipids share? What is a triglyceride? What is the function of lipids? 8. What is meant by saturated and unsaturated fats? 9. What are steroids? Which compound are they made from? 10. What are the functions of proteins? Give specific examples. 11. What is a polypeptide? 12. What basic structure do all amino acids have? How many amino acids are used to build proteins? What type of bond links amino acids to each other? 13. Describe the four levels of protein structure. 14. What happens when a protein is denatured?

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15. What is the function of nucleic acids? 16. What three parts does every nucleotide have? What are the four bases in DNA? 17. Describe the structure of the DNA double helix. What makes up the backbone? Which bases are bonded to each other? 18. List the three main differences between DNA and RNA. Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell 1. Give examples of unicellular and multicellular organisms. 2. How are light microscopes used? Define magnification and resolving power. 3. What are the three statements of the cell theory? 4. What are the two types of electron microscopes? How is each of them used? 5. Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. 6. What are organelles? 7. What are the components of the cell membrane? How is the bilayer structure formed? 8. Describe the structure and function of the following organelles/structures: Nucleus; Nucleolus; Ribosomes; Rough ER; Smooth ER; Golgi apparatus; Lysosomes; Vacuoles; Mitochondria; Chloroplasts; Cytoskeleton; Cilia; Flagella Chapter 5: The Working Cell 1. Define the following terms: energy; kinetic energy; potential energy; heat; entropy 2. What is the principle of conservation of energy? 3. What is a calorie? What is a food calorie? 4. What does ATP stand for? What functional group is typically removed from ATP (often transferred to another molecule) when it is used? 5. List the three types of energy-requiring work that go on in cells. 6. What is the ATP cycle?

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7. What are enzymes? How would an enzyme speed up a reaction occurring between two starting materials? Define the terms: induced fit; active site; substrate. 8. What determines in which direction a substance dissolved in water diffuses? 9. What is the difference between passive transport and active transport? 10. How is facilitated diffusion different from regular diffusion? 11. What is osmosis? Define the terms: isotonic; hypotonic; and hypertonic medium. What happens to an animal and a plant cell placed in each of these types of environments? 12. Define exocytosis and endocytosis. What are the three types of endocytosis? Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food 1. Define autotroph and heterotroph. 2. In which organelles do photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur? In which organisms? 3. In what ways is cellular respiration similar to breathing? 4. Write the equation that summarizes the process of cellular respiration. 5. What is the role of NAD+? How is it related to NADH? 6. List the three stages of cellular respiration. Where in the cell does each stage occur? 7. Make a table in which you summarize the following information for each of these three stages: 1) the starting material and final product (for example, glycolysis begins with glucose and ends with pyruvate), 2) whether electron carriers are produced, 3) whether CO2 is produced, and 4) whether ATP is produced. 8. What happens to sugar in glycolysis, which gives this pathway its name? What are the three different products that result from this pathway? 9. How many cycles of the citric acid cycle are required for the complete catabolism of one molecule of glucose? (Hint: it is important to understand how many products come out of glycolysis per glucose.) In what way is this pathway cyclical? 10. What is the electron transport chain? What happens to the energy of electrons as they travel along the chain? To what form of energy do the chain molecules transfer the energy of the electrons? How does the chain depend on oxygen? 11. What does ATP synthase do and how?

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12. Up to how many ATP molecules can be generated via cellular respiration? 13. Which food molecules, other than glucose, can be used in cellular respiration? 14. Define fermentation. What molecule must be recycled for this process to continue for a period of time? What byproduct is also produced during this type of fermentation? 15. What is yeast? Which type of fermentation do they perform? 16. Up to how many ATP molecules can be generated via fermentation? Chapter 7: Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food 1. What is photosynthesis? Which organisms use it? 2. Define the following terms: thylakoid, grana, chlorophyll, stroma, stomata. 3. Write the equation that summarizes the process of photosynthesis. 4. List the two stages of photosynthesis. 5. What is the electromagnetic spectrum? 6. Describe the types of pigments found in chloroplasts. 7. What are photons? What happens when these are absorbed by chlorophyll molecules? 8. What are photosystems? List the two types involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis. 9. Summarize how ATP and NADPH are produced during the light reactions. 10. Summarize how glucose is produced during the Calvin cycle.