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Overview
Introduction, Motivating Example Illposedness, Stabilization Numerical Test problem in FEMLAB Transformation to rectangular geometry. Mapping of Normal derivatives. Numerical solution of Test problem Conclusions, Future Work
Electrode
Center
Under electrodes
Between electrodes
The furnace material properties are temperature dependent. Problem: nd the inner shape of the furnace. Nonlinear, and (rather) complex geometry
PhD thesis: I M Skaar, Monitoring the Lining of a Melting Furnace, NTNU, Trondheim, 2001
liquid steel
liquid steel
Cauchy data
Solution:
ux = 0
(a(u)ux )x +(a(u)uy )y
ux = 0
u = g,
uy = h
Fourier analysis
By separation of variables:
T (x, y) = A0 y + B0 +
k=1
where {gk } and {hk } are the Fouriercosine coecients of g(x) and h(x) Since eky as k the problem is severely illposed!
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0 x a x
a1 0
u auy
0 y 1,
u(x, 0) uy (x, 0)
g h
The unbounded x-derivative makes the problem ill-posed! Approximation of derivative: v a(u) x x A diagonal matrix, depends on u D bounded dierentiation matrix, spectral or otherwise Resulting stable problem is solved using standard code (ode45) in Matlab.
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D(ADV )
Approximate u(x) by a least squares cubic spline s(x). Then set u(x) s(x).
Boundary Conditions u = g, u n = 0,
u n
Sides: insulated Upper boundary: 1450o Lower boundary: 800o Temperature-dependent conductivity
10
Thermal conductivity
18 16 Thermal conductivity [ W/moC ] 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
200
400
1200
1400
1600
11
Temperature and Heat-Flux data along the lower boundary is used to identify the upper boundary!
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Conformal mapping of the auxilliary domain onto a rectangle. Actual grid is ner!
14
4200
4000
3800
3600
3400
3200 2
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
15
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
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liquid steel
Cauchy data
Solve Cauchy problem. Find the isotherm v = 1450 oC. Conformal mapping of the identied curve.
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Noisy ux data
4500
4000
3500
3000 2
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
19
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Derivatives computed using 11 B-splines. Dierential equation only valid when temperature is below 1450 oC.
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21
1300
Temperature [ oC ]
1250
1200
1300 1280
1150 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1260 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Derivatives computed using 19 B-splines! Impossible to identify boundary when the temperature is not smooth
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Conclusions
Ecient solution: replace a derivative by bounded approximation, solve Cauchy problem stably using a method of lines General geometries: transform rectangle-like region to rectangle (equivalent to creating a curvilinear mesh). Solve the problem on the rectangle Transformation cheap to compute for rather general geometries (approximated by polygon) Nonlinear problems can be solved rather easily Stability theory: A stability estimate for a Cauchy problem for an elliptic partial dierential equation, Inverse Problems, vol. 21, no 5, pp. 16431653, October 2005.
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Future Work
More detailed FEMLAB model of the Furnace. More realistic simulation of measurements. Identify boundaries given other conditions (e.g. insulated boundary). Applications: The Melting Furnace Use FEMLAB to creat Test problem. Finding good test problems is very important!
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