Acids and Bases

I can compare/contrast the properties of acids, bases, and neutral solutions. I can identify a substance as acidic, basic, or neutral given its pH. I can use indicators to determine whether a substance is acidic, basic, or neutral.

Acids
any compound that increases the number of hydronium ions - H3O+, when dissolved in water
hydronium ions form when a hydrogen ion separates from the acid and bonds with a water molecule

properties of acids
sour taste changes color of substances corrosive most are poisonous

Indicators of Acids
indicator - a substance that changes color in the presence of an acid or base
bromthymol blue - pale blue in water, turns yellow with acid litmus - paper strips that changes color when touching acid or base

More Acid Info...

Acids react with metals and give off hydrogen gas
2 HCl + Zn --> H2 + ZnCl2

Acids conduct electricity

acids dissolve in water and form ions - batteries

Common Acids
sulfuric acid - most widely used acid in industry nitric acid - fertilizer, rubber, plastic hydrochloric acid - refine metals, clean algae from pools, stomach Citric, Ascorbic (vitamin C), Carbonic

Bases
Any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions - OH-, when dissolved in water
NaOH --> Na+ + OH hydroxide ions give bases their properties

properties
bitter taste slippery feel many are corrosive

Examples of Bases
soap - sodium hydroxide bleach, detergents baking soda - toothpaste, mouthwash

Indicators of Bases
indicator - a substance that changes color in the presence of an acid or base
bromthymol blue - pale blue in water, turns darker blue in base litmus paper change colors

More Base info...

bases conduct electricty
OH- is a negative ion and helps with electrical current

uses of bases
sodium hydroxide - soaps, paper, oven cleaners, drains calcium hydroxide - cement, plaster ammonia - cleaners, fertilizers aluminum hydroxide - antacids

Strong Acids, Weak Acids

an acid's strength is determined by how many hydrogen ions are created when it reacts with water
strong acids - all of the molecules of the acid break down and form many ions sulfuric, nitric, hydrochloric weak acids - few molecules of the acid break down and form ions acetic, citric, carbonic

Strong Bases, Weak Bases

base's strength determined by how many OH- (hydroxide) ions are created with water
strong base - all the molecules of base form ions sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide weak base - few molecules form ions ammonium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide

Neutralization Reactions
acids and bases can react to neutralize themselves
hydrogen ions from acids react with hydroxide ions from bases to form water, which is neutral H+ + OH- --> H2O other ions from the acids and bases can combine to make salts

Antacids - eating an antacid (a base) will react and neutralize stomach acid

pH Scale
litmus paper uses the pH scale as an indicator of acids and bases
describes how acidic or basic a solution is

pH - measure of the hydronium ion concentration in a solution

scale measures from 0-14 ph of 7 is neutral - pure water bases have pH higher than 7 acids have pH less than 7 p. 375 has a good pH scale

pH Scale