Problems in Chapter 4 (Fluid Kinematics)

1. (Velocity field & Streamlines) A velocity field is given by u = y 1 and v = y 2 , where u and v are in m/s and x and y are in meters. a) Plot the streamline that passes through the point ( x, y ) = (4, 3). b) Compare this streamline with the streakline through the same point.

r j Sol) Velocity field V = ui + v = ( y 1)i + ( y 2) j Relation between a velocity field & a streamline dy v y 2 : Slope of streamline = = = dx u y 1 Slope of a function That is, or Integration The function

y 1 dy = y2

y 2 +1 dy = y2

1 1 + dy = dx y 2

y + ln( y 2) = x + C

(C: a constant)

Because this streamline passes through (4, 3), 3 + ln(3 2) = 4 + C

C = 1

y + ln( y 2) = x 1 : Streamline passing through (4, 3) - Independent to time t (Steady flow) Streamline = Streakline
As x , y 2 Then, because y 2

(ANSWER) (ANSWER)

u = y 1 > 0 (Left to right)

(4, 3) (0, 2)

2. (Acceleration) In the conical nozzle as shown, the streamlines are essentially radial lines emanating from point A and the fluid velocity is given approximately by V = C / r 2 , where C is a constant. The fluid velocity is 2 m/s along the centerline at the beginning of the nozzle ( x = 0) . Determine the acceleration along the nozzle centerline as a function of x. What is the value of the acceleration at x = 0 and x = 0.3 m?

Sol) Acceleration along the nozzle r Centerline: a = a x i

From the equation,

r r r r V u a= + (V )V = u i t x

Along the nozzle centerline,

r C C V= i= r2 (0.6 x) 2

and

2=

C
(0.6) 2

C = 0.72

By inserting this velocity into the equation of acceleration,

r a=

0.72 2 0.72 0.72 i = i (0.6 x) 2 x (0.6 x) 2 (0.6 x) 2 (0.6 x)3 0.72

2 (0.72) 2 = i 5 (0.6 x)

(Insert x = 0 and x = 0.3 m into the equation)

(ANSWER)

3. Air flows from a pipe into the region between two parallel Air flows from a pipe into the region between two parallel circular disks. The fluid velocity in the gap between the disks is closely approximated by V = V0 R / r where R is the radius of the disk, r is the radial coordinate, and V0 is the fluid velocity at the edge of the disk. Determine the acceleration for r = 1, 2, or 3 ft if V0 = 5 ft/s and R = 3 ft.

Sol)

From the equation of acceleration in streamline coordinates,

r a = an n + as s

i) a n =

V2 =0 r'

since r ' : Radius of curvature of streamline and r ' = for a straight streamline far enough from the center)

ii) a s = V

V R V R V V =V =( 0 ) ( 0 ) s r r r r

V R where V = 0 r

Since V0 = 5 ft/s and R = 3 ft,

V R V R V R V R V 2R2 225 = ft/s2 a s = ( 0 ) ( 0 ) = ( 0 )( 0 ) = 0 2 3 3 r r r r r r r

At r = 1 ft, At r = 2 ft, At r = 3 ft,

a s = 225 ft/s2 a s = 28.1 ft/s2 a s = 8.33 ft/s2

(ANSWER) (ANSWER) (ANSWER)

4. (Reynolds transport theorem) A sanding operation injects 105 particles/s into the air in a room as shown. The amount of dust in the room is aintained at a constant level by a ventilating fan that draws clean air into the room at section (1) and expels dusty air at section (2). Consider a control volume whose surface is the interior surface of the room (excluding the sander) and a system consisting of the material within the control volume at time t = 0 . (a) If N is the number of particles, discuss the physical meaning of and evaluate the terms DN sys / Dt and N cv / t . (b) Use the Reynolds transport theorem to determine the concentration of particles in the exhaust air for steady state conditions.

Sol) a)

DN sys

= 0 : Time rate of change of # of particles in the system Dt - System (at t = 0) = N particles (Tagged or Identified) - N remains constant wherever they are at t > 0.

N cv = 0 : Time rate of change of # of particles in the CV t - Using a ventilating fan, the amount of dust in the room (CV) remains constant.

b) From Reynolds transport theorem, DN sys N cv & & = + N out - N in Dt t

& & 0 = 0+ N out - N in

or

& & N out = N in

& N in : Flowrate of particles entering CV (from the sander, none across A1) = 105 particles/s & N in : Flowrate of particles leaving CV (though the ventilating fan, A2)
= 2V2 A2b2 = V2 A2 n2 = (Why? N = nV = mb = (V )b b =

where n2 : Concentration of the particles (Particles/m3) V2 A2 n2 = 105 particles/s

(ANSWER)

5. (Flowrate) Water flows through the rectangular channel with a uniform velocity as shown. Directly integrate the equations;

& Bin =

CS

bV ndA
in

&

& Bout =

CS

bV ndA
out

with b = 1 to determine the mass flowrate (kg/s) across and A - B of the control volume. Repeat for C D. Sol) b = 1 B = mb = m & B : Mass flowrate

a) Flowrate of mass entering CV, & Bin =

CS

in

bV ndA =

r where = 1000 kg/m3, b = 1 , V = 3i , and n = i

AB

bV ndA
rd

= (1000)(3) [Area of Section AB]

b) Flowrate of mass leaving CV, & Bout =

bV ndA r

r V

CS

out

bV ndA =

CD

= (1000)(3) cos dA
/2

CD

(where dA = rd width )

= (1000)(3)

/ 2

cos (1)(3)d

(ANSWER)