Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION TO Click to edit Master SCIENCE subtitle style BY: Ms Sumathi

What is Science?
Science

is the systematic method of gathering knowledge about the universe word science comes from the Latin word scientia, which means knowledge is a study of natural phenomenon

The

Science

What is Natural Phenomena?

A

natural phenomena is a non-artificial event which takes place in our environment. It is not produced by humans They are occurrences which take place naturally around us whether they involve living things or non living things

Examples of natural phenomena

Natural disasters such as lighting, drought, earthquake and volcanic eruption. Development of embryo into fetus and the development of baby into an adult Formation of seeds and fruits in plants Fall of objects due to gravity pull Animals such as snake, chicken and turtle lays eggs to produce offspring Occurrence of day and night because Earth rotates on its own axis

Natural disasters

Development of embryo into fetus

Growth of baby into adult

Formation of fruit and seeds in plants

Fall of object due to gravity pull

Importance of Science
Study

and understand the nature Solve problems in a scientific way Develop various new technology

Fields of Study in Science

Geology Chemistry Biology

Physics

Fields of Study

Botany

Astronomy Ecology

Meteorology

Contribution of Field of Science

1)BIOLOGY The study of living organisms 2)PHYSICS The study of force and energy 3)CHEMISTRY The study of compositions and chemical properties of matters 4)GEOLOGY The study of rocks and minerals

5)ASTRONOMY The study of planets and stars 6)BOTANY The study of plants and their structures 7)ENTOMOLOGY The study of insects 8)METEOROLOGY The study of weather and climate 9) ECOLOGY

CAREERS RELATED TO SCIENCE

BIOLOGY- Biologist(Biotechnologist, Microbiologist, Research officer, Nutritionist PHYSICS- Engineer, Research officer CHEMISTRY- Chemist, Research officer GEOLOGY-Geologist ASTRONOMY-Astronomer, Astronaut, Research officer BOTANY-Botanist, Estate Mananger ENTOMOLOGY-Entomologist METEOROLOGY-Meteorologist

Safety Rules in the Laboratory

You

should not enter a science laboratory without your teachers permission. You are not allowed to bring food and drinks into the science laboratory Materials and apparatus should be handled correctly to avoid damages and accidents Always check the label on a bottle before using it. You must not taste any chemicals unless instructed by your teacher

 Use a lighter or match to light up Bunsen burner and do not point the mouth of boiling tube to yourself or your friend You must report any accident or injury such as cuts and burns to your teacher immediately You should not play or run in the laboratory Switch off all electrical appliances and Bunsen burners before leaving the science laboratory When any chemicals comes into contact with your body or clothing, you should wash it with plenty of water

Common Laboratory Apparatus

HAZARD SYMBOLS

Radioacti ve

Examples of hazardous substance

Highly flammable-Phosphorus, alcohol, petrol, kerosene Explosive- Potassium, hydrogen, sodium, lithium Toxic or poisonous-Mercury, lead, cyanide, hydrogen sulphide, formaline Corrosive-Concentrated acid and alkali Harmful or irritant-Ammonia, iodine, chloroform Radioactive-Uranium, radium, plutonium

STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS

IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM
1.

MAKE A SMART GUESS OR HYPOTHESIS PLAN AN EXPERIMENT CONTROL THE VARIABLES Manipulated variable- A changed factor Responding variable-Results or observation Constant variable-A fixed factor

i. ii. iii.

CARRY OUT THE EXPERIMENT COLLECT DATA ANALYSE AND INTERPRET THE DATA MAKE THE CONCLUSION WRITE A REPORT

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND THEIR UNITS

Physical

quantities are the basic quantities. They are quantities that can be measured SI units(International System of Units) are international units used by the scientist in the whole world. It makes sharing data easier

 The table above shows five physical quantities(also known as base quantities), which are used in measurement All other quantities such as velocity, area, volume and force are derived quantities since they are derived from the base quantities by

1.

Prefixes are useful in expressing physical quantities that are either very big or very small.

EXERCISE 1.1
1. a) b) c) d) e) f)

Change the values of the physical quantities below to the prefix forms 200g = ___________kg 0.005 A = ___________Ma 4 000 000 g = _________Mg 0.02m = __________cm 760m = ___________km 0.008m = ____________mm

2. State the prefix value of a) kilo b) mega c) deci d) milli 3. Give the standard form of 1000km

Exercise 1.2
1.

Complete the following correctly. The way of getting scientific knowledge is known as _______. An opinion that is considered true, although it is not yet tested is a _______. The aim of carrying out an experiment is to collect _____. From the data collected, a scientist is able to _____, and from here_____ about the investigation that is carried out.

2.

In the pendulum experiment, state the

manipulated variable responding variable variable that is kept constant

2. State what the effect will be on the time taken for one complete swing, when the length of the pendulum is increased.

 Measurements

The Use of Measuring Tools

are quantitative values of objects

around us Every measurements will have a quantitative value followed by a unit 1. Measurement of length Length is the distance between two points The SI unit for length is metre(m) It can also be measured in millimeter(mm),centimeter(cm) and kilometer(km) 1km=1000m
1m=100cm 1cm=10mm

 ___________

and _________ can be used measure the length of a straight line Parallax error can be avoided when the eyes are in correct position before reading the measurement. For accurate results, measurements are _______ and the average length is calculated

A) Measuring the length of a straight line

B) Measuring the length of a curve

String

and ________ can be used to measure the length of a curve Place the string along the curved line and the length of string used is measured by using a ruler

MEASURING THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL DIAMETERS OF AN OBJECT The diameter of an object can be used using a caliper and
________ There are two types of calipers: Internal caliper to measure internal diameter of an object External caliper to measure external diameter of an object Thickness of an object can calculated as follows: External diameter- Internal diameter 2

a) b)

A vernier caliper can be used to measure the length and diameter of an object. It is more accurate compared to a ruler because the reading can be expressed in two decimal places

MEASUREMENT OF AREAS

The area of an object is the surface covered by it The SI unit for are is square meter(m2) The area of regular object can be measured by using the following formula: Square rectangle= Length Breadth Triangles= 1/2 Base Height Circle= Radius2 Trapezium= (a + b) Height Area of irregular object can be measured using a graph paper The outline of the object is traced on the graph paper before calculating the number of squares covered by the shape

MEASUREMENT OF VOLUME of an object is the space it The volume

occupies The SI unit for volume is cubic metre(m3) It can also be measured in cubic centimetre(cm3) and cubic millimetre(mm3) 1 mL is about 20 drops of water or 1 sugar cube Measured using a graduated cylinder. The water will curve in the cylinder. Hold it level with your eye and read the bottom of the curve.

A. VOLUME OF LIQUIDS
Can

be measured using a measuring cylinder, burette and pipette

 The

measuring cylinder is placed on a flat surface and same level of liquid as the meniscus is viewed

Burette

and pipette can be used to measure the volume of liquids more accurately compared to measuring cylinder A burette is used to measure up to 0.1 ml accuracy

VOLUME OF SOLIDS
Volume

of regular or irregular solid can be measured using water displacement method The measuring cylinder is filled with water and the volume of water is recorded The object tied with a string is lowered into the measuring cylinder Final volume of water is recorded

 Eg:

Initial volume of water= 30ml Volume of water + object = 40ml Volume of object = (40 -30)ml =10ml Another method used to measure the volume of solids is by using the eureka can. The volume of the water displaced is measured using a measuring cylinder. The volume of solid is equal to the volume of water displaced

MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE

a)

Temperature refers to the hotness or coldness of an object A thermometer is used to measure temperature accurately There are two types of thermometers:

Laboratory thermometer i. Used to measure temperature during scientific investigations ii. Range: -10 C to 110C b) Clinical thermometer i. Used to measure body temperature
ii. iii.

Range: 35C to 42C Mercury-based thermometer were found to be too risky to handle and have been replaced with electronic digital thermometer, digital infrared contact or non- contact

WEIGHT AND MASS

WEIGHT
Based

on the theory of universal gravitation by Sir Isaac Newton, the weight of an object is the pull of gravity of Earth on the object The SI unit for weight is Newton(N) In the laboratory, weight can be measured using spring balance and compression balance Weight varies from place to place depending on the gravitational force involved

 i. ii. iii.

Eg: Weight is heavier when measured in North Pole and South Pole than at the equator The weight of an object decreases when it moves away from the Earth The moon gravitational force is only 1/6 that of the Earth. An object weighing 60N on Earth will only weigh 10N on Moon.

Spring balance spring balance

Compression

 Mass

of an object is the amount of matter in the object The SI unit for mass is kilogram (kg). It can also be measured in _______________ and __________ Mass is measured by using: a) Lever balance b) Triple beam balance c) Beam balance d) Electronic balance e) Pan balance

MASS

 The

mass of an object is constant because it is not influenced by external force such as gravitational force The mass of solid objects can be measured by placing the object on lever balance

Lever balance Pan balance

Beam balance

Electronic balance

Differences between mass and weight

The Importance of Standard Units

In

the past, human use parts of his body and things around him as units of measurements Before the units of measurements were standardized, various units were used in measurements. For example, inches, feet, yard, chain and mile were used to measure length, meanwhile ounce, pound and kati were used to measure weight. These units can be converted to SI units as shown below:
Length/ Distances I inch = 0.02541 m 1 foot = 0.3048m 1 yard = 0.9144 m 1 mile =1.609 km Weight 1 ounce = 28.35g 1 pound = 453.49 g 1 tonne = 907.18kg

 Problem

arise when people from different countries used different units in their measurements In 1960, SI unit was introduced to standardize units in measurements and to improve international comparisons The introduction of SI units all over the world enable people to exchange information, data and knowledge more accurately

Bunsen Burner

FLAME

Luminous flame vs Non-luminous flame

a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

Yellow Easy to see Produces a lot of soot. Shape change Not very hot Incomplete burning

a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

Blue Not easy to see Does not produce soot Constant shape Very hot Complete burning Suitable for heating

h. Not suitable for heating SOOT-A black powder consisting largely of amorphous carbon, produced by the incomplete burning of organic matter .

Bunsen Burner
1.

2.

The Bunsen burner gives different flames under different conditions. When the air hole is closed, a yellow flame is produced. This is called a luminous flame. This flame is easy to see. It produces a lot of soot. When the air-hole is opened, a blue flame is produced. It is called a non-luminous flame.