Chapter 7 Study Guide

Plasma membrane exhibits selective permeability Amphipathic molecules Fluid mosaic model-mosaic of proteins imbedded in a fluid structure of phospholipids Gorter & Grendel found that the membrane was a phospholipid bilayer Davson & Danielli suggested the sandwhich model with the bilayer sandwiched between hydrophilic proteins Membrane proteins are amphipathic Singer & Nicholson proposed the fluid mosaic model Phospholipids in the membrane generally move laterally and dont flip flopo Membrane held together by hydrophobic interaction Saturated hydrocarbons make a membrane more viscous Cholesterol = temperature buffer Collagen = most abundant natural protein fiber in ECM Fibronectin attached to integrins imbedded in membrane Integral proteins penetrate hydrophobic core of bilayer & many are transmembrane proteins Peripheral proteins are not embedded in bilayer 6 FUNCTIONS OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS o Transport o Enzymatic activity o Signal transduction o Cel to cell recognition o Intercellular joining o Attachment to the cytoskeleton and ECM Glycolipids and glycoproteins are often used for communication with other cells Molecules that start out on the inside face of the ER end up on the outside face of the plasma membrane Nonpolar cross membrane easily Polar molecules go through transport proteins Transport membranes span the entire membrane Channel proteins are a type of transport protein Aquaporins are a type of channel proteins Carrier proteins are a type of transport proteins Diffusion is a result of thermal motion In diffusion each molecule moves randomly but diffusion of a population is directional The concentration gradient of one substance is unaffected by the concentration of other substances

In osmosis it is free water that matters, water in the shells of hydration around solute particles dont diffuse so it the concentration of free water that ends up being the same or the same concentration of solute on both side as well Tonocity-ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water Isotonic vs. hypertonic vs. hypotonic Hyper too little water Hypo too much water Osmoregulation Turgid = very firm, normal, hypotonic; flaccid = limp, isotonic; plasmolysis = hypertonic Facilitated diffusion-passive diffusion aided by transport proteins Ion channels are a type of channel proteins Many ion channels are also gated channels Active transport-transport that required energy Sodium potassium pump Membrane potential-voltage difference across a membrane Inside of cell is negative in comparison to the outside Ions dont only diffuse down a concentration gradient they diffuse down an electrochemical gradient Electrogenic pump-transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane Sodium potassium pump is main electrogenic pump in animals Proton pump is main electrogenic pump in plants fungi and bacteria Cotransport-one ATP powered pump indirectly drives the active transport of another substance Exocytosis-secretion of macromolecules through the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane Endocytosis = opposite of exocytosis Ligands-any molecule that binds specifically to the receptor of another molecule 3 types of endocytosis o Phagocytosis-extend pseudopods and engulf food creating food vacuole o Pincytosis-gulps droplets of extracellular fluid creating vesicles o Receptor mediated endocytosis-coated pit, ligands bind to receptors, forms coated vesicle