ANGLE AND DIRECTION MEASUREMENT

Florence A. Galeon Assistant Professor U.P. College of Engineering

Outline
I. II. III. IV. V. Introduction Different Kinds of Meridians Means of Defining Angles and Directions Methods of Determining Angles and ` Directions Compass Traverse Sample Problem

Angle and Direction

Direction Arrows
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Three Components of an Angle

Meridian a fixed line of reference for determining direction of lines

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Different Kinds of Meridians

1. True meridian - a north-south line passing through the geographical poles of the earth.

True Meridian Illustration

Different Kinds of Meridians

2. Magnetic meridian It lies parallel with the magnetic lines of force of the earth and is indicated by the magnetic needle of a compass.

Magnetic Meridian Illustration

True Meridian vs Magnetic Meridian

Different Kinds of Meridians

3. Assumed meridian it is arbitrarily chosen. 4. Grid meridian it is a line parallel to a central true meridian.

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Map Grid

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Means of Defining Angles and Directions

1. Bearing it is the acute horizontal angle between the meridian and the line. 2. Azimuth it is given by the angle between the meridian and the line measured in a clockwise direction.

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Bearing and Azimuth Illustration

180 135 225

Due West

90

270

45 0 Due South

315

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Convert the following angles to Azimuth:

1. N 151655 E 2. S 450843 W 3. S 513030 E 4. N 830000 W 5. Due East 6. Due North

Convert the following angles to Bearing:

1. 2151655 2. 650843 3. 1513030 4. 2830000 5. 1800000

3. Interior angle is an angle inside the figure between adjacent lines in a closed polygon.

= 360 = 180

= 1080

=?

Interior Angles = (n-2) x 180

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Means of Defining Angles and Directions

4. Deflection angle is the angle between a line and the prolongation of the preceding line. 5. Angle to the right is determined by clockwise measurement from the preceding to the following line.
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Deflection Angle & Angle to the Right

angle to the right

deflection angle

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Angle to the Right

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Methods of Determining Angles and Directions

1. Transit The engineer's transit is designed to observe horizontal and vertical angles.

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Methods of Determining Angles and Directions

2. Tape If the sides of a triangle are measured, sufficient data are obtained for computing the angles in the triangle.

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Determining Angle Using Tape

By cosine law:
c = a + b 2abcosC
b

C a

cosC = a + b c 2ab

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Methods of Determining Angles and Directions

3. Direction Theodolite It refers to an extremely precise transit which originally has only horizontal motion.

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Methods of Determining Angles and Directions

4. Magnetic Compass It is useful as a means of approximately checking horizontal angles measured by more precise methods.

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Sample Magnetic Compass

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E & W marks interchanged

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Methods of Determining Angles and Directions

5. Plane Table and Alidade Using a plane table which is essentially a drawing board mounted on a tripod, and an alidade which is a straight edge with parallel line of sight, angles can be determined graphically.

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Plane Table & Alidade Set-up

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Methods of Determining Angles and Directions

6. Sextant Using the sextant, an angle may be measured while the observer is moving.

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Sextant Geometry

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Methods of Determining Angles and Directions

7. Total Station an incorporated digital

transit and electronic distance measuring device

LEICA TCA2003 TPS1200 Trimble DTM-302

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Methods of Determining Angles and Directions

8. Global Positioning System or GPS

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Actual GPS Survey

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Methods of Determining Angles and Directions

9. Smart Station an incorporated total station and GPS

Leica TPS1200 Series

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Compass Traverse Sample Problem

The following are observed bearings of a closed compass traverse. Compute the interior angles and correct them for observational error. Adjust the bearing of the lines.
LINE DISTANCE FORWARD BEARINGS 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-1 110 m 105 95 100 N 45 S 48 S 45 N 46 E E W W BACK BEARINGS S 45 N 45 N 47 S 43 W W E E
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Forward & Back Bearings Illustration

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Plotting the Traverse

2
45 48

45

1
43

45

3
45

46

47

4
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Interior Angles Computation

2
45 48

45

93 92
45

1
43

90
45

93
46 47

4
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Total Error and Correction Computation

Interior Angles 1 = 92 2 = 93 3 = 90 4 = 93 = 368 Error = 8 Corr/Angle = 2 Corr
-2 -2 -2 -2

Corrected Interior Angles 90 91 88 91

360

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Applying Corrections from Best Line

2
45

Best line

45

91 90 88 91 3

4
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Applying Corrections to Bearings

2
45 46

45

91 90
46

1
45

88
46

91
45 46

4
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Adjusted Bearings of Lines

LINE

DISTANCE

FORWARD BEARINGS N 45 E S 46 E S 46 W N 45 W

BACK BEARINGS S 45 W N 46 W N 46 E S 45 E

1-2 2-3 3-4 4-1

110 m 105 95 100

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