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systems
Any
kind
of
mo+on
that
repeats
itself
periodically
about
a
mean
posi+on
is
said
to
be
oscillatory
Examples
1 f= T
Amplitude
A:
The
maximum
displacement
from
the
equilibrium
posi+on
2
Circular
motion
v
Object moves in a circle around a xed point with uniform speed v In +me t, the object moves through an angle Angular speed =/t (radians per second) Time to complete 1 circle: period T=2/ Rela+onship between speed and angular velocity: v=r
v r
What
can
we
say
about
the
posi+on,
speed,
displacement
of
an
object
in
SHM?
Displacement
changes
with
+me
The
further
away
the
object
is
from
the
equilibrium
posi+on
the
lower
its
speed
The
speed
is
0
at
maximum
displacement
At
maximum
displacement
the
object
changes
direc+on
s = r cos = r cos ( t )
Velocity
ds d v = = r cos( t) = r sin( t) dt dt
Accelera+on
a= dv d = r sin( t) = r 2 cos( t) = 2 s dt dt
so
v2 s2 + 2 = 1 v 2 + s 2 2 = r 2 2 v = r 2 s 2 r 2 2 r
Example
A
mass
is
hung
at
the
bo]om
of
a
spring.
The
top
end
of
the
spring
is
xed
to
the
ceiling.
We
pull
the
mass
down
and
let
it
oscillate
with
SHM.
The
amplitude
of
the
oscilla+on
is
measured
to
be
40mm
and
the
period
is
+med
to
be
0.35s.
What
is
the
speed
of
the
mass
when
the
displacement
is
a) Zero
b) 20
mm
Example
A
steel
strip,
lamped
at
one
end,
vibrates
with
a
frequency
of
20Hz
and
an
amplitude
of
5mm
at
the
free
end,
where
a
small
mass
of
2g
is
posi+oned.
Find
a) The
velocity
of
the
end
when
passing
through
the
equilibrium
posi+on
b) The
accelera+on
at
maximum
displacement
c) The
maximum
K.E.
of
the
mass
The
net
force
is
ALWAYS
trying
to
restore
the
object
to
equilibrium
The
net
force
is
stronger
the
further
away
the
object
is
from
the
equilibrium
posi+on
10
A:
unloaded
spring
equilibrium
posi+on
B:
spring
loaded
with
mass
m
Hookes
Law:
the
extension
of
a
spring
is
in
direct
propor+on
with
the
load
applied
to
it
C:
mass
pulled
down
further
by
a
distance
s,
no
longer
at
equilibrium
a= k s = 2 s m
F = k(x0 + s) + mg = ma
Weight
T=
2 m = 2 k
11
Example
A
spring
of
natural
length
200mm
is
hung
from
the
ceiling.
We
then
hang
a
mass
of
0.2
kg
from
it
and
its
length
becomes
260mm
at
the
new
equilibrium
posi+on.
(assume
g=9.8
m/s2)
Calculate
a)the
spring
constant
b)the
period
of
the
oscilla+ons
if
the
spring
is
pulled
down
a
bit
further
and
released
12
Simple
Pendulum
Period
T= 2 L = 2 g
L Tension FT
mgsin s
Non-elas+c
thread:
Hookes
Law
does
not
apply
At
equilibrium:
Tension
=
mg
Tension
always
perpendicular
to
the
path
so
cannot
provide
accelera+on
along
path
When
displaced
by
angle
Parallel
to
path
mgcos
mgsin = ma a = gsin
Perpendicular
to
path
v2
Weight
g 2 So a = g = s = s (SHM) L
FT mg cos = m
13
Example
A
small
mass
of
20g
oscillates
as
a
simple
pendulum,
with
amplitude
5cm
and
period
2
seconds.
Find
the
speed
of
the
mass
and
the
tension
in
the
suppor+ng
thread
when
the
speed
of
the
mass
is
at
maximum.
Assume
g=9.8
m/s2
14
v = r 2 s 2
Average
force
required
to
move
from
equilibrium
to
distance
s
1 F = m 2 s 2 1 Work
done
in
moving
mass
to
s
W = Fs = m 2 s 2 = P.E. 2 Total
Energy
1 1 1 E = P.E. + K.E. = m 2 s 2 + m 2 (r 2 s 2 ) = m 2 r 2 2 2 2
15
16
Example
A
mass
of
4kg
is
a]ached
to
a
spring
and
undergoes
SHM
with
a
period
of
0.35s.
The
total
energy
of
the
system
is
2.5J.
Es+mate
a) The
spring
constant
b) The
amplitude
of
the
mo+on
17
To
Do
Read
sec+on
5
from
the
book
[p.69-p.82
Oscilla+ons]
Homework
Assignment
wk5:
ques+ons
5.1,
5.3,
5.5,
5.9,
5.10,
5.13
Hand
it
in
no
later
than
4:00pm
next
Wednesday
-
LATE
WORK
WILL
NOT
BE
ACCEPTED
18