Nonlinear Static and Dynamic Structural Analysis

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of Kragujevac
Laboratory for Engineering Software
Miroslav ivkovi
Sneana Vulovi
NONLINEAR STATIC AND DYNAMIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

PRE- AND POST- PROCESSING EXAMPLES IN PROGRAM FEMAP FOR PROGRAM PACKAGE PAK K
Kragujevac SERBIA
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering ENGINEERING SOFTWARE LAB Sestre Janjic 6, 34000 Kragujevac, SERBIA Tel: +381 34 300790 Fax: +381 34 300791 Mob: +381 64 8288777 e-mail: zile@kg.ac.yu
CONTENTS
EXAMPLE 1. Elasto-plastic analysis of rods ..................................................1
EXAMPLE 2. Elasto-plastic analysis of rods .................................................27
EXAMPLE 3. Elasto-plastic analysis of rods .................................................53
EXAMPLE 4. (SG_9) Large displacement with snap-through behavior ......79
A =0.02
12
EXAMPLE 5. (SG_10) Post-critical snap-back analysis ..............................99
2 A =1
23
EXAMPLE 6. (SG_4) Large displacements of circle arc ............................119
EXAMPLE 7. (SG_6) Large displacements of a simple beam with local buckling ................................................................................143
EXAMPLE 8. Snap-through and snap-back of a shell ................................169
F A
z y x C
EXAMPLE 9. Shrinkage of a cylinder with free edges ...............................201
EXAMPLE 10 - Half of sphere with hole subjected to concentrated forces 227
EXAMPLE 11. Deflection of a square test tube during uniaxial tension (Yoshida-test) .......................................................................255
EXAMPLE 12. (SG_12) Large strain necking of circular bar .....................289
EXAMPLE 13. (SG_13) Large strain necking of rectangular bar ...............323
PAK-S Examples
Nonlinear Structural Analysis
EXAMPLE 1. Elasto-plastic analysis of rods

Description/Objective At first, we shell observe a simple example, where only the effects of material non-linearity should be taken into consideration (Fig. 1). We shell assume that displacements and deformations are small and that loads are applied slowly (statically), i.e. that inertial forces are to be neglected. The force variation is presented in Fig. 1. Determine the dependence between displacements, stress and force F.
600 500 400
300 200 100 0 -100 -200 0 1 2 3 4 5
E=2E8 kN/m2 =0 T=2.4E5 kN/m2 E T=2E7 kN/m2 A1=10 cm2 A2=8 cm2 l1=0.5m l2=1 m
Force [kN]
Time [s]
Fig. 1
Suggested Exercise Steps: I. Defining Materials and Properties II. Generation of Nodes and Elements III. Constraining the Model IV. Loading the Model V. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis VI. Postprocessing and Review the Results
Example 1
PAK-S Examples
If you have not already done so, start FEMAP by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the Windows Start menu, pick Start>Programs>Femap v8.1>Femap v8.1. All new models are named Untitled. The command File>Save As... allows you to change the model filename. The Windows Common File Save As dialog box will be display. Using this box, you can navigate around your local computer. Move to or create a directory where you wish to store your FEMAP model, type in the field File name Example1, and press Save. Throughout this example, all commands that you will select from the FEMAP menu will be shown in the following style File>Save As... Which means, first select File from the menu, and then move to the Save As command.
File>Save As...
Tools>Advanced Geometry... 1 2
I_1. Defining Materials and Properties

Rods are made of elastic-plastic material.
Model>Material...
1 2
Example 1
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7 After FEMAP displays dialog box Define Isotropic Material - Nonlinear press OK, than again displays dialog box Define Isotropic Material press Cancel. Remark: In a message window at the bottom of the screen, you can see a confirmation that material is created.
Model>Property...
2 3
Example 1
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Create the second property.
10
11 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - ROD Element Type press Cancel.
Example 1
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II_1. Generation of Nodes and Elements

Model>Node (Ctrl+N)
The next dialogue box appears, in which the coordinates of the first node are entered.
Repeat the procedure for other nodes.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Coordinates or Select with Cursor press Cancel.
Press Ctrl+A or choose following command to autoscale the view:
View>Autoscale>Visible
Display labelling of nodes and elements by ID View>Options... (F6)
The following dialogue box appears
Example 1
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1 4
3 6
Model>Element...
(Ctrl+E)
1 2 3
Select the nodes or enter the number of nodes. However, it is easier to use graphical interface and to select nodes at the screen by using the mouse. Click on the first Nodes box and select the nodes at the screen in order shown in previous dialogue. Remark: A node nearest to the cursor will be highlighted by yellow X( ), by mouse click, highlighted node will be selected - you do not need to precisely click on a node! Repeat the procedure for the second element.
1 2 3 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define ROD Element - Enter Nodes or Select with Cursor press Cancel.
You can turn off the workplane for the clarity of model picture.
Tools>Workplane... (F2)
Example 1
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1 2
You can change the colors of model entities (nodes) using next commands:
Modify>Color>Node... 1 2
Modify>Color>Elements...
1 2
Example 1
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Use the following command to regenerate the screen:
View>Regenerate
(Ctrl+G)
On the Fig. 2 finite element model (nodes and elements) is shown.

3
1 Y Z X 1
Fig. 2 Example 1 8
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III_1. Constraining the Model

Note: Since Constraints are Set based, you must create an empty Constrain Set before defining any actual constrains. Model>Constraint>Set... (Shift+F2)
Model>Constraint>Nodal... Note: Graphically (using mouse) pick the location of nodes in which constraints are given (1 and 3) on screen, Fig. 2. They will be marked by +1 and +3 and added to Entity Selection box, so they could not be selected (marked) again.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel. Modify>Update other>Perm Constraint... 1 2
3 4
Example 1
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IV_1. Loading the Model

Modal>Function...
2 3
4 5
6 7
Example 1
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Function Definition press Cancel. Note: Since Load are Set based, you must create an empty Load Set before defining any actual load. Modal>Load>Set... (Ctrl+F2) 1
Modal>Load>Nodal
Force at node 2 should be specifying.
Example 1
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7 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off Perm Constraint), use the FEMAP Quick Options (short-cut key Ctrl+Q):
The Fig. 3 shows a finite element model with numbering of nodes and elements and given constraints and loads.
Example 1
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3 2
1 Y Z X 1. 1 2
Fig. 3
Save your model by pressing F4.
V_1. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis

You should export your model as FEMAP neutral file (*.NEU file ver.4.4). Then, using the PAK Translator you will translate your model into an input file for FEA program PAK-S that will analyze this model.
File>Export>FEMAP Neutral 1
Example 1
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Run the PAK Translator by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the directory Paktr run the file Paktr.exe.
Example 1
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Example 1
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1 2
Close the Pak Translator with command: File>Exit
You should save your *. dat file in the same directory as you put a file Paks.exe. You need to run file Paks.exe (by double-click) and after start it, type Example1.dat in a DOS prompt (see the window below). Three files should be create during this process Example1. LST, Example1. UNV, Example1. NEU.
Example 1
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VI_1. Postprocesing and Review the Results

After solution, FEMAP can read the output results for post-processing. Reading output results is similar like writing model for analysis.
File>Import>FEMAP Neutral 1
4
Plot force-displacement diagram at node 2.
View>Select... (F5)
Example 1
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4 5
For curve 2 adjust: Output Vector: APPLIED LOAD; Node: 2.
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK.
In order to plot dependence between two variables, they is necessary to export diagram data. Writing diagram data into ASCII data file.
List>Destination...
1 2 Example 1 18
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File Example1pp.lst is now opened. Writing diagram data in previously opened file with command:
List>Output>XY Plot...
Diagram data will be written in file Example1pp.lst.
Transfer of file data to Excel

Open the file in which diagram data are written (Example1pp.lst) in a text editor (UltraEdit, Notepad and similar). Contents of Example1pp.lst file are shown in the following Fig. 4.
Fig. 4
Displacements and forces are diametrical to y-axis direction, so, it is necessary to change their signs for the table values. Start the EXCEL by clicking on icon at the desktop or by clicking on
Start>Programs> Microsoft Office>Microsoft Office Excel

In this example, we want to show connection between displacements and rod force. By using the clipboard, we shall transfer data from file Example1pp.lst to Excel.
Example 1
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Select displacements in node 2, values under Y for all time steps (turn on column selection in UltraEdit using Alt+C). Press Ctrl+C or Edit/Copy (to copy select data in the clipboard). By using Alt+Tab transfer to Excel and with Ctrl+V or Edit/Paste copy the clipboard contents to the first column, starting from the second row of the Excel sheet. The same procedure should be applied for copying the force values in node 2 in the clipboard.
With Alt+Tab transfer to Excel and with Ctrl+V or Edit/Paste copy the clipboard contents to the second column, starting from the second row of the Excel sheet. Add zero values for displacement and force at the first row of the first and the second column. The Excel table appearance is shown in the Fig. 5.
Fig. 5
Plotting the diagrams

By clicking on icon for plotting the charts (Chart ), Excel's wizard for plotting the charts is actuated. Chart plotting is conducted in 4 steps. The first step: Choose the type and subtype of the chart which you want to plot. Choose the type and subtype as shown in the following dialogue.
2 The second step: define the chart data. Click on a Series tab;
Example 1
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3 4 2
The first curve: by clicking on Add button, text boxes for entering curve data are opened. Name: Force-displacement X Values: Click on button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink. Select all values of the first column; the references of the marked table fields will appear in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines (see window below)
6
By another click on Y Values: click on column. icon, dialogue box spreads again. button at the end of the text box and then select all values from the second
Example 1
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Example 1
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The third step: adjustment of chart options. Titles tab: Chart title: the chart title can be entered in previous step and will be written above the diagram Value (X) axis: name for values plotted on X-axis (displacements) Value (Y) axis: name for values plotted on Y-axis (force) 3
1 2
Axes tab: By checking Value (X/Y) axis, values will be shown on x/y axes.
Example 1
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Gridlines tab: adjustment of parameters for drawing the grids on chart.
6 5
Legend tab: By checking Show legend, a legend will be shown at the chart, it is necessary to select where it will be shown.
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Data labels tab: turning on/turning off the values on chart. By selecting Show value, y-values are shown at chart; by selecting show label, x-values are shown at chart.
Example 1
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9 The fourth step: selecting the chart location; on a new sheet (by selecting as new sheet, a new sheet will be created in a file named Chart) or as an object in sheet (As object in) selected from the drop down menu.
1
By clicking on Finish button, a following chart appears.
Force-dispalcement 800 600 400 Force 200 0 -200 -400 0 0,0005 0,001 0,0015 0,002 0,0025 0,003 0,0035 0,004 Displacement
Fig. 6
Example 1
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Example 1
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Description/Objective A structure composed of 7 perfectly plastic rods is analyzed by LNDR method (Arc length + Newton-Raphson method). Geometry changes are considered. A model is shown in the following figure. Determine the dependences between displacements and force.
Fig. 1
Example 2
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File>Save As...

Model>Material...
1 2
Example 2
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6 After FEMAP displays dialog box Define Isotropic Material - Nonlinear press OK. Remark: In a message window at the bottom of the screen, you can see a confirmation that material is created.
Repeat the procedure for the second material.
7 8
Example 2
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11
12 After FEMAP displays dialog box Define Isotropic Material - Nonlinear press OK, then again displays dialog box Define Isotropic Material press Cancel. Model>Property...
2 3
Example 2
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Repeat the procedure for the second property.
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Example 2
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Model>Node... (Ctrl+N)
1 2
Display labeling of nodes and elements by ID View>Options... (F6)
Example 2
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1 4
3 6
Model>Element...
(Ctrl+E)
1 2 3
Select the nodes or enter the number of nodes. However, it is easier to use graphical interface and to select nodes at the screen by using the mouse. Click on the first Nodes box and select the nodes at the screen in order shown in previous dialogue. Remark: A node nearest to the cursor will be highlighted by yellow X( ), by mouse click, highlighted node will be selected - you do not need to precisely click on a node! Repeat the procedure for other elements.
1 2 3
Example 2
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define ROD Element - Enter Nodes or Select with Cursor press Cancel.
1 2
Example 2
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Modify>Color>Elements... 1 2
View>Regenerate
(Ctrl+G)
Example 2
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2 3

3
Y 1 Z X 4
Fig. 2

Note: Since Constraints are set based, you must create an empty Constrain Set before defining any actual constrains. Model>Constraint>Set... (Shift+F2)
Model>Constraint>Nodal... Note: Graphically pick the location of nodes in which constraints are given (1 and 4) on screen, Fig. 2. They will be marked by +1 and +4 and added to Entity Selection box, so they could not be selected (marked) again.
Example 2
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3 4

Note: Since Load are Set based, you must create an empty Load Set before defining any actual load. Modal>Load>Set... (Ctrl+F2) 1
Modal>Load>Nodal...
Force at nodes 2 and 3 should be specified.
Example 2
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Example 2
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1. 1.
Y 1 Z X 12 4 12
Fig. 3

File>Export>FEMAP Neutral
Example 2
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Example 2
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Example 2
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Data for automatic load stepping: Node number: Node with controlled displacement. Direction: Controlled degree of freedom of node. Value: Value of controlled displacement. AG: Coefficient of increase of displacement DS: Coefficient of arc lenght increase.
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1 2
Example 2
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Close the Pak Translator with command:
File>Exit.
You should save your *. dat file in the same directory as you put a file Paks.exe. You need to run file Paks.exe and after start it, type Example2.dat in a DOS prompt (see the window below). Three files should be creating during this process Example2. LST, Example2. UNV, Example2. NEU.

Example 2
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4
View>Select... (F5)
4 5
For curve 2 adjust: Output Vector: CRITICAL LOAD; Node: 2.
Example 2
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9 10
11
In order to plot dependence between two variables, they is necessary to export diagram data. Writing diagram data into ASCII data file.
List>Destination...
1 2
Example 2
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Open the file in which diagram data are written (Example2pp.lst) in a text editor (UltraEdit, Notepad and similar).
Start the EXCEL by clicking on icon at the desktop or by clicking on

In this example, we want to show connection between displacements and rod force. By using the clipboard, we shall transfer data from file Example2pp.lst to Excel. Select displacements in node 2, values under Y for all time steps (turn on column selection in UltraEdit using Alt+C). Press Ctrl+C or Edit/Copy (to copy select data in the clipboard). By using Alt+Tab transfer to Excel and with Ctrl+V or Edit/Paste copy the clipboard contents to the first column, starting from the second row of the Excel sheet. The same procedure should be applied for copying the force values in node 2 in the clipboard.
Example 2
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Fig. 4 Plotting the diagrams

Example 2
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3 4 2
The first curve: by clicking on Add button, text boxes for entering curve data are opened. Name: Force-displacement X Values: Click on button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink. Select all values of the first column; the references of the marked table fields will appear in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines.
By another click on Y Values: click on column.
icon, dialogue box spreads again. button at the end of the text box and then select all values from the second
Example 2
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Example 2
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10 The third step: adjustment of chart options. Titles tab: Chart title: the chart title can be entered in previous step and will be written above the diagram Value (X) axis: name for values plotted on X-axis (displacements) Value (Y) axis: name for values plotted on Y-axis (force). 3
1 2
Example 2
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8 7
Example 2
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1
Force-displacement 350 300 250 Force 200 150 100 50 0 0 0,01 0,02 0,03 Displacement 0,04 0,05 0,06
Fig. 5
Example 2
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Description/Objective A structure composed of 3 perfectly plastic rods, which geometry changes are taken into account, was analyzed by LNDR method (Arc length + Newton-Raphson method). A model is shown in Fig. 1. Determine the dependence between displacements and force P.
Fig. 1
Example 3
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File>Save As... 1

Model>Material...
1 2
Example 3
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6 After FEMAP displays dialog box Define Isotropic Material - Nonlinear press OK. Remark: In a message window at the bottom of the screen, you can see a confirmation that material is created.
Repeat the procedure for the second material.
7 8
Example 3
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10
11
12 After FEMAP displays dialog box Define Isotropic Material - Nonlinear press OK, then again displays dialog box Define Isotropic Material press Cancel. Model>Property...
2 3
Example 3
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7
Repeat the procedure for the second property.
10
Example 3
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Example 3
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1 4
3 6 Model>Element... (Ctrl+E)
1 2 3
Select the nodes or enter the number of nodes. However, it is easier to use graphical interface and to select nodes at the screen by using the mouse. Click on the first Nodes box and select the nodes at the screen in order shown in previous dialogue. Remark: A node nearest to the cursor will be highlighted by yellow X( ), by mouse click, highlighted node will be selected - you do not need to precisely click on a node! Repeat the procedure for other elements.
1 2 3 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define ROD Element - Enter Nodes or Select with Cursor press Cancel.
Tools>Workplane... (F2) Example 3 59
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1 2
1 2
Example 3
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View>Regenerate
(Ctrl+G)

3
Y Z
Fig. 2

Note: Since Constraints are Set based, you must create an empty Constrain Set before defining any actual constrains. Model>Constraint>Set... (Shift+F2) Example 3 61
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Model>Constraint>Nodal... Note: Graphically pick the location of nodes in which constraints are given (1, 2 and 4) on screen, Fig. 2. They will be marked by +1, +2 and +4 and added to Entity Selection box, so they could not be selected (marked) again.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
Modify>Update other>Perm Constraint... 1
3 4
Example 3
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Modal>Load>Nodal...
Example 3
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1.
Y Z
1 12 X
2 12
4 12
Fig. 3
Example 3
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Example 3
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17 Example 3 67
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1 2
File>Exit.
You should save your *. dat file in the same directory as you put a file Paks.exe. You need to run file Paks.exe and after start it, type Example3.dat in a DOS prompt (see the window below). Three files should be create during this process Example3. LST, Example3. UNV, Example3. NEU.
Example 3
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4
View>Select... (F5)
Example 3
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4 5
For curve 2 adjust: Output Vector: CRITICAL LOAD; Node: 3.
8 9
10
In order to plot dependence between two variables, it is necessary to export diagram data. Writing diagram data into ASCII data file.
List>Destination...
1 2 Example 3 70
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List>Output>XY Plot

Open the file in which diagram data are written (Example3pp.lst) in a text editor (UltraEdit, Notepad and similar). Start the EXCEL by clicking on icon at the desktop or by clicking on

Example 3
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Fig. 4

Example 3
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3 4 2
The first curve: by clicking on Add button, text boxes for entering curve data are opened. Name: Force-displacement X Values: Click on button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink. Select all values of the first column; the references of the marked table fields will appear in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines.
By another click on Y Values: click on column.
icon, dialogue box spreads again. button at the end of the text box and then select all values from the second
Example 3
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9 8
Example 3
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10
The third step: adjustment of chart options. Titles tab: Chart title: the chart title can be entered in previous step and will be written above the diagram Value (X) axis: name for values plotted on X-axis (displacements) Value (Y) axis: name for values plotted on Y-axis (force). 3
1 2
Example 3
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8 7
Example 3
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1
Force-displacement 500 400 Force 300 200 100 0 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14 Displacment
Fig. 5
Example 3
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Example 3
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EXAMPLE 4. (SG_9) Large displacement with snap-through behavior

Description/Objective We shell observe a simple example, a rod with a force directed in opposite direction (Fig. 1). This example illustrates the procedures for automatic selection of loads in the area of sub-critical behavior. Incremental procedures with monotonic increase in levels of outer loads can not comprise a complete behavior of such structure. Analytical connection between force, F, and displacement is analogue to expression: 0 1 1 F = EA o + L sin 0 Y 0 0 0 2 L 2 LY sin + Y L where Y is displacement of the point at which the force is given.
E=2.1E6 =0.3 A=1 L=10
Fig. 1
The example is solved with constant arc length method and the solution agrees with analytical solution.
Example 4
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File>Save As... 1

Model>Material...
1 2 3
Example 4
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Remark: In a message window at the bottom of the screen, you can see a confirmation that material is created. After FEMAP displays dialog box Define Isotropic Material press Cancel. Model>Property...
2 3
Example 4
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Model>Node... (Ctrl+N) 9 1 2
Repeat the procedure for the second node.

The following dialogue box appears.
Example 4
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1 4
3 6 Model>Element... (Ctrl+E)
1 2 3
Select the nodes or enter the number of nodes. However, it is easier to use graphical interface and to select nodes at the screen by using the mouse. Click on the first Nodes box and select the nodes at the screen in order shown in previous dialogue. Remark: A node nearest to the cursor will be highlighted by yellow X( ), by mouse click, highlighted node will be selected - you do not need to precisely click on a node!
1 2
Modify>Color>Node... Example 4 83
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1 2
Modify>Color>Elements... 1 2
View>Regenerate Example 4
(Ctrl+G) 84
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1 Y Z X
Fig. 2

Model>Constraint>Nodal... Note: Graphically (using mouse) pick the location of nodes in which constraints are given (1) on screen, Fig. 2. It will be marked by +1 and added to Entity Selection box, so it could not be selected (marked) again.
Example 4
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Now, select node 2.
3 4

Modal>Load>Nodal...
Example 4
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Example 4
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2 1
1 1. 1 Y Z 12 X
Fig. 3

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17 Example 4 90
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1 2
File>Exit.
Example 4
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4
View>Select... (F5)
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4 5
For curve 2 adjust: Output Vector: CRITICAL LOAD;
Node: 2.
8 9
10
List>Destination...
1 2 Example 4 93
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Open the file in which diagram data are written (Example4pp.lst) in a text editor (UltraEdit, Notepad and similar). Displacements are diametrical to y-axis direction, so, it is necessary to change those signs of the values in table. Start the EXCEL by clicking on icon at the desktop or by clicking on

Example 4
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Fig. 4

By clicking on icon for plotting the charts (Chart ), Excel's wizard for plotting the charts is actuated. Chart plotting is conducted in 4 steps. The first step: Choose the type and subtype of the chart you want to plot. Choose the type and subtype as shown in the following dialogue. Press button Next to pass on the next step.
The second step: define the chart data. Click on a Series tab;
The firs curve: by clicking on Add button, text boxes for entering curve data are opened. Name: Force-displacement X Values: Click on button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink. Select all values of the first column; the references of the marked table fields will appear in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines. By another click on icon, dialogue box spreads again.
Example 4
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PAK-S Examples Y Values: click on column.

button at the end of the text box and then select all values from the third
Press button Next to pass on the next step.
The third step: adjustment of chart options. Titles tab: Chart title: the chart title can be entered in previous step and will be written above the diagram. Value (X) axis: name for values plotted on X-axis (displacements). Value (Y) axis: name for values plotted on Y-axis (force).
Axes tab: By checking Value (X/Y) axis, values will be shown on x/y axes. Gridlines tab: adjustment of parameters for drawing the grids on chart. Legend tab: By checking Show legend, a legend will be shown at the chart, it is necessary to select where it will be shown. Data labels tab: turning on/turning off the values on chart. By selecting Show value, y-values are shown at chart; by selecting show label, x-values are shown at chart. Press button Next to pass on the next step.
The fourth step: selecting the chart location; on a new sheet (by selecting As new sheet, a new sheet will be created in a file named Chart) or as an object in sheet (As object in) selected from the drop down menu.
By clicking on Finish button, the following chart appears.
Example 4
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Force-displacement 15000 10000 5000 0 0 -5000 -10000 Displacement 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Force
Fig. 5
Example 4
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Example 4
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EXAMPLE 5. (SG_10) Post-critical snap-back analysis

Description/Objective Based on previous example, then following model is formulated, in which an effect known as "snap-back" occurs. According to Fig. 1, it is obvious that the dependence force F - displacement Y is the same as in previous example.
A =0.02
12
E=2.1E6 =0.3 L=10
2 A =1
23
Fig. 1
In border conditions, when a rod 12 is absolutely stiff, displacement X is for every value of force F equal to displacement Y. In real conditions, displacements X and Y are equal only in the case when F=0. Solution is obtained by the use of LDNR method, with displacement of node 1 (U*=0.1) being given at the first step, and the total number of steps being 40.
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File>Save As...

Model>Material...
1 2 3
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Remark: In a message window at the bottom of the screen, you can see a confirmation that material is created. After FEMAP displays dialog box Define Isotropic Material press Cancel. Model>Property...
2 3
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Generation of the second property.

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Model>Element...
(Ctrl+E)
1 2 3
Select the nodes or enter the number of nodes. However, it is easier to use graphical interface and to select nodes at the screen by using the mouse. Click on the first Nodes box and select the nodes at the screen in order shown in previous dialogue. Remark: A node nearest to the cursor will be highlighted by yellow X( ), by mouse click, highlighted node will be selected - you do not need to precisely click on a node!
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1 2 3
1 2
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1 2
View>Regenerate
(Ctrl+G)

1
Y Z X 3
Fig. 2 Example 6 105
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Model>Constraint>Nodal... Note: Graphically (using mouse) pick the location of nodes in which constraints are given (3) on screen, Fig. 2. It will be marked by +3 and added to Entity Selection box, so it could not be selected (marked) again.
Now, select nodes 1 and 2.
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PAK-S Examples Modify>Update other>Perm Constraint... 1
3 4

Modal>Load>Nodal...
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1 1
1.
2 1 Y Z X 3 12 2
Fig. 3

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File>Exit.

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Plot force-displacement diagram at nodes 1 and 2.
View>Select... (F5)
4 5
6 Node: 2.
Adjust the parameters for curve 2: Output Vector: T2 Translation;
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11
Node: 1.
For curve 3 adjust: Output Vector: CRITICAL LOAD;
12
13
14 15 After FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK.
16
List>Destination...
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Open the file in which diagram data are written (Example5pp.lst) in a text editor (UltraEdit, Notepad and similar). Displacements are diametrical to y-axis direction, so, it is necessary to change signs of the values in table. Start the EXCEL by clicking on icon at the desktop or by clicking on

In this example, we want to show connection between displacements and rod force. By using the clipboard, we shall transfer data from file Example5pp.lst to Excel. Select displacements in node 1, values under Y for all time steps (turn on column selection in Ultra Edit using Alt+C). Press Ctrl+C or Edit/Copy (to copy select data in the clipboard). By using Alt+Tab transfer to Excel and with Ctrl+V or Edit/Paste copy the clipboard contents to the first column, starting from the second row of the Excel sheet. The same procedure should be applied for copying the displacements in node 2 and force values in node 1 to Excel.
Displacements in node 2 copy to the second column, starting from the second row of Excel sheet and force values to the third column, starting from the second row of the Excel sheet. Add zero values for displacements and force at the first row of the first, the second and the third column.
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PAK-S Examples Plotting the diagrams
The second step: define the chart data. Click on a Series tab;
The first curve: by clicking on Add button, text boxes for entering curve data are opened. Name: X-displacement X Values: Click on button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink. Select all values of the first column; the references of the marked table fields will appear in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines. By another click on icon, dialogue box spreads again. button at the end of the Y Values: click on text box and then select all values from the third column. The second curve: by clicking on Add button, text boxes for entering the second curve data are opened Name: Y-displacement X-values: click on a button at the end of the text box and previous dialog box will shrink. Select all values from the second column. By another click on icon, dialogue box spreads again Y-values: click on button at the end of the text box and then select all values from the third column.
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The third step: adjustment of chart options. Titles tab: Chart title: the chart title can be entered in previous step and will be written above the diagram. Value (X) axis: name for values plotted on X-axis (displacements). Value (Y) axis: name for values plotted on Y-axis (force).
Axes tab: By checking Value (X/Y) axis, values will be shown on x/y axes. Gridlines tab: adjustment of parameters for drawing the grids on chart. Legend tab: By checking Show legend, a legend will be shown at the chart, it is necessary to select where it will be shown (check top). Data labels tab: turning on/turning off the values on chart. By selecting Show value, y-values are shown at chart; by selecting show label, x-values are shown at chart. Press button Next to pass on the next step.
X displacement 8000 6000 4000 2000 Force 0 -2000 -4000 -6000 -8000 Displacement 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Y displacement
Fig. 5
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EXAMPLE 6. (SG_4) Large displacements of circle arc

Description/Objective Circle arc having unsymmetrical supports is loaded by force (Fig. 1). Force increase causes large displacements of a structure. Material is isotropic and elastic. Example shows the application of iterative arc-length method, follows the history of deformation of the structure with snap-through and snap-back effects.
Fig. 1
Suggested Exercise Steps: I. Defining Materials and Properties II. Creating the Geometry III. Generation of Nodes and Elements IV. Constraining the Model V. Loading the Model VI. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis VII. Postprocessing and Review the Results
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File>Save As...

Model>Material...
1 2
3 After FEMAP displays dialog box Define Isotropic Material press Cancel. Example 6 120
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2 3
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - MEMBRANE Element Type press Cancel.
II_6. Creating the Geometry

We shall create circle arc on an active workplane by entering the coordinates of a center, beginning and final points of arc.
Geometry>Curve-Arc>Center-Start-End... 1 2
3 4
5 6
Created circle arc is plotted at the screen, let's create another circle arc.
1 2
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3 4
5 6 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Location at Center of Arc press Cancel.
Adjustment of a view of whole drawing at the screen with command:
View>Autoscale>Visible Tools>Workplane... (F2)
(Ctrl+A)
1 2
Use the short-cut key Ctrl+G to regenerate the screen. A following figure is now shown at the screen, Fig. 2.
PAK-S Examples
Let's define a surface between created arcs.
Geometry>Surface>Ruled... 1 2
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Create Ruled Surface press Cancel. A surface shown in the following figure (Fig. 3) will be created from selected arcs and straight lines (created by joining corresponding ends of arcs).
Fig. 3
III_6. Generation of Nodes and Elements

Note: The first thing which we need to do is to set the mesh size for surface. Mesh>Mesh Control>Mapped Divisions on Surface... Note: You can graphically pick the location of surface on screen, Fig. 3.
2 3
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Select Surface(s) to Set Mesh Size press Cancel. Now we will create nodes and elements on the surface. Mesh>Geometry>Surface...
2 3
To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off geometry), use the FEMAP Quick Options (short-cut key Ctrl+Q):
2 3
Display labelling of nodes by ID View>Options... (F6)
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3
Finite element model is shown in the Fig 4.
19 50 18 49 17 48 16 47 15 46 14 45 13 44
21 52 22 53 23 54 24 55 25 56 26 57 27 58 28 59 29 60 61 30 Y 62 31 Z X
20 51
12 43
11 42 10 41 9 40 8 39 7 38 6 37 5 36 4 35 34 3 33 2 32 1
Fig. 4
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IV_6. Constraining the Model

Model>Constraint>Nodal... Note: Graphically (using mouse) pick the location of nodes in which constraints are given (31, 62 and 32) on screen, Fig. 4.
2 1
3 4
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V_6. Loading the Model

Note: Since Load are Set based, you must create an empty Load Set before defining any actual load. Modal>Load>Set... (Ctrl+F2)
Modal>Load>Nodal...
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The Fig. 5 shows a finite element model with numbering of nodes and elements and given constraints and load.
18 49 17 48 16 47 15 46 14 45
21 52 22 53 23 54 24 55 25 56 26 57 27 58 28 59 29 60 61 30 Y 62 31 Z X
20 51
19 50
13 44
12 43
11 42 10 41 9 40 8 39 7 38 6 37 5 36 4 35 34 3 33 2 32 1
1.
Fig. 5
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VI_6. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis

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File>Exit.
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VII_6. Postprocesing and Review the Results

4
Values of deformations can be presented by using the following commands:
View>Select... (F5)
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In Select Contour Options select if chosen values will be plotted by elements or by nodes, if mean, maximal or minimal values will be plotted.
8 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Select PostProcesing Data press OK, than after FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK. Througout a few steps from Command Toolbar and View Toolbar shown bellow you can setup appropriate view of your results on the screen. Look Command Toolbar
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2 3
1 Real deformation in 50th step is now shown at the screen, together with undeformed (original) model, Fig. 6.
Fig. 6
Let's plot force-displacement diagram at node 16 at which load is given.
View>Select... (F5)
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11 10 12 13 After FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK.
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List>Destination...
1 2
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Open the file in which diagram data are written (Example6pp.lst) in a text editor (UltraEdit, Notepad and similar). It is necessary to change signs of the displacements values in table. Start the EXCEL by clicking on icon at the desktop or by clicking on

In this example, we want to show connection between displacements and force. By using the clipboard, we shall transfer data from file Example6pp.lst to Excel. Select displacements at node 16, values under Y for all time steps (turn on column selection in UltraEdit using Alt+C). Press Ctrl+C or Edit/Copy (to copy select data in the clipboard). By using Alt+Tab transfer to Excel and with Ctrl+V or Edit/Paste copy the clipboard contents to the first column, starting from the second row of the Excel sheet. The same procedure should be applied for copying the displacements in x-direction and force values in node 16 to Excel.
Displacements in x-direction in node 16 copy to the second column, starting from the second row of Excel sheet and force values to the third column, starting from the second row of the Excel sheet. Add zero values for displacements and force at the first row of the first, the second and the third column. Plotting the diagrams in Excel
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The second step: define the chart data. Click on a Series tab; by clicking on Add button, text boxes for entering curve data are opened. Name: Y displacement
button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink. Select X Values: Click on all values of the first column; the references of the marked table fields will appear in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines By another click on icon, dialogue box spreads again. button at the end of the text box and then select all values from the third Y Values: click on column. Press button Next to pass on the next step.
The third step: adjustment of chart options. Example 6 140
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Titles tab: Chart title: the chart title can be entered in previous step and will be written above the diagram.
Value (X) axis: name for values plotted on X-axis (displacements). Value (Y) axis: name for values plotted on Y-axis (force).
Y displacement
1400 1200 1000 800 Force 600 400 200 0 -200 0 50 100 150 200 250
Displacement
Fig. 7
Repeat the procedure fop the second diagram; select the second column (X-displacements) and the third column (force) from the table.
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By clicking on Finish button, the following diagram appears.
X displacement
1400 1200 1000 800 Force 600 400 200 0 -20 -10 -200 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Displacement
Fig. 8
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EXAMPLE 7. (SG_6) Large displacements of a simple beam with local buckling

Description/Objective A beam is loaded by a force at its free end (Fig. 1). Due to flexibility of the structure, the force causes local buckling. Displacement is given at the point the force is acting on. Force is computed by calculations. Determine force-displacement relations and fields of stress and deformations. Example shows that local buckling of a flexible structure can be solved by the use of shell elements of the PAK-S program.
Fig. 1
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File>Save As... 1

Model>Material...
1 2 3
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - PLATE Element Type press Cancel.

We shall create lines. We will plot lines on an active workplane by entering end points of line.
Geometry>Curve-Line>Project Points... 1 2
3 4
We created the first line, let's create the other lines.
1 2
3 4
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1 2
3 4 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter First Location for Projected Line press Cancel.
View>Autoscale>Visible Tools>Workplanel... (F2)
(Ctrl+A)
1 2
Use the short-cut key Ctrl+G to regenerate the screen. A following figure is now shown at the screen, Fig. 2.
Line 3
Line 2
Line 1
PAK-S Examples
Definition of number and sizes of elements along corresponding lines.
Mesh>Mesh Control>Size Along Curve...

Select horizontal lines (1 and 3, shown in Fig. 2).
Select vertical line (2).
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Select Curve(s) to Set Mesh Size press Cancel.
Creating the nodes on the lines.
Mesh>Geometry>Curve... 1 2
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Copying curves and nodes.
Geometry>Copy>Curve... 1 2
3
Now we define a translation vector (vector defines dislocation of the copy in relation to original).
In order to see copied lines, it is necessary to change "view".
View>Rotate>Model...
(F8) 1 2
(Ctrl+A)
The following figure can be seen on the screen.
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Line 3 Line 2 Line 1
Fig. 3

Generation of shell elements.
Mesh>Extrude>Curve...
Select the first three lines that we have drawn.
2 3
In next dialogue box, it is necessary to define a vector along which the elements are to be created.
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A following figure shows on screen.
Fig. 4 Mesh>Extrude>Curve...
Select the copied lines (4, 5 and 6).
2 3
In the following dialogue box, it will be necessary to define a vector along which the elements are created.
Adjusting the view of the whole plot on the screen, with command:
View>Autoscale>Visible Example 7
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Elimination of overlapping nodes.
Tool>Check>Coincident Node... 1 2
5
In a message window, overlapping nodes that have been eliminated with this command will be listed Renumbering of nodes.
Modify>Renumber>Node 1 2
The following figure is on the screen.
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Lines 1, 2 and 3
Fig. 5
IV_7. Constraints of Model

Note: Since Constraints are Set based, you must create an empty Constrain Set before defining any actual constrains. Model>Constraint>Set... (Shift+F2) 1
Now we define corresponding nodal constraints.
Model>Constraint>Nodal...
Select nodes on lines in XY plane (lines that have been created firstly, marked in previous figure).
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To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off Constraint), use the FEMAP Quick Options (short-cut key Ctrl+Q). In order to set remaining constraints, it is necessary to change the "view".
(F8) 1 2
Than is necessary to zoom the model, use the FEMAP Zoom command.
1
There is the following figure on the screen.
Selection box
PAK-S Examples
We use shell with five degrees of freedom, therefore is necessary to constrain all nodes except nodes at borders (where shells connect orthographically). We will select nodes by selection box. Press Shift tab and hold the left mouse button pressed, then select nodes with "making boxes" as shown in Fig. 6, then let go of a left mouse button; selected nodes will be found in Select dialogue box. Procedure is to be repeated for the rest of the nodes that has to be selected.
3 2
Since we have also selected the nodes with given constrains, FEMAP asks question if you want to keep them and add new (No) or to erase them and replace with new ones (Yes).

Functions allow you to input tables of parameters that are used to describe loading, material, or property behavior. Here we use is to define time dependent loading for transient response analyses. You must always create the function first before referencing it when creating a load. When you assign a function to a load, the Y function values are used to multiply the constant values that are defined by those entities.
Model>Function...
To write in values in text X and Y, hence press More button. Written values will be found in XNone Y-None box. Procedure shall repeat for the rest of values. Dialog box below shows all entered values of the function.
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Function Definition press Cancel.
In order to make the setting load simpler, change "view".
(F8) 1 2
Adjusting the view of a whole figure on the screen with command:
(Ctrl+A)
We have the following figure on the screen.
Node at which displacement is given
Fig. 7
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Modal>Load>Nodal...
Displacements at node 284 should be specifying (see previous figure).
4 3
5
VI_7. Pepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis

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File>Exit.
You should save your *. dat file in the same directory as you put a file Paks.exe. You need to run file Paks.exe and after start it, type Example7.dat in a DOS prompt (see the window below). Three files should be create during this process Example7.LST, Example7.UNV, Example7.NEU.

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Values of stresses and deformations can be presented by using the following commands:
View>Select... (F5)
5 6
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8 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Select PostProcesing Data press OK, than after FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK. Look View Toolbar 1
It is necessary to turn off all entities (by pushing the button All Entities Off) and to turn on only plotting of elements by checking Element and confirming the option with Done.
4 1 2
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Througout a few steps from Command Toolbar and View Toolbar shown bellow you can setup appropriate view of your results on the screen.
Look Command Toolbar
2 5
1 Real deformation in 52nd step is now shown at the screen.
Fig. 8
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PAK-S Examples Plotting the diagrams in FEMAP View>Select... (F5)
4 5
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PAK-S Examples After FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK. Exporting the diagrams
List>Destination...
A Listing Destination dialogue box will appear. Check File, then push the Select File...button; enter the file name (Example7pp.lst).
1 2

Open the file in which diagram data are written (Example7pp.lst) in a text editor (UltraEdit, Notepad and similar). Displacements and forces are diametrical to Y-axis direction, so, it is necessary to change their signs of the values in table. 165 Example 7
PAK-S Examples
Start the EXCEL by clicking on icon at the desktop or by clicking on
Start>Programs> Microsoft Office>Microsoft Office Excel In this example, we want to show connection between displacements and force. By using the clipboard, we shall transfer data from file Example7pp.lst to Excel. Select displacements at node 284, values under Y for all time steps (turn on column selection in UltraEdit using Alt+C). Press Ctrl+C or Edit/Copy (to copy select data in the clipboard). By using Alt+Tab transfer to Excel and with Ctrl+V or Edit/Paste copy the clipboard contents to the first column, starting from the second row of the Excel sheet. The same procedure should be applied for copying the force values at node 284 in the clipboard.
With Alt+Tab transfer to Excel and with Ctrl+V or Edit/Paste copy the clipboard contents to the second column, starting from the second row, of Excel sheet. Add zero values for displacements and force at the first row of the first and the second column. Plotting the diagrams in Excel
The second step: define the chart data. Click on a Series tab; by clicking on Add button, text boxes for entering curve data are opened. Name: Force-Y displacement X Values: Click on button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink. Select all values of the first column; the references of the marked table fields will appear in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines. icon, dialogue box spreads again. By another click on button at the end of the text box and then select all values from the second Y Values: click on column. Press button Next to pass on the next step. The third step: adjustment of chart options. Example 7 166
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Titles tab: Chart title: the chart title can be entered in previous step and will be written above the diagram.
Value (X) axis: name for values plotted on X-axis (displacements). Value (Y) axis: name for values plotted on Y-axis (force).
Axes tab: By checking Value (X/Y) axis, values will be shown on x/y axes. Gridlines tab: adjustment of parameters for drawing the grids on chart. Legend tab: By checking Show legend, a legend will be shown at the chart, it is necessary to select where it will be shown. Data labels tab: turning on/turning off the values on chart. By selecting Show value, y-values are shown at chart; by selecting show label, x-values are shown at chart. Press button Next to pass on the next step. The fourth step: selecting the chart location; on a new sheet (by selecting As new sheet, a new sheet will be created in a file named Chart) or as an object in sheet (As object in) selected from the drop down menu. By clicking on Finish button, the following chart appears, Fig. 8.
140 120 100 Force 80 60 40 20 0 0 0,5 1 1,5 Displacement 2 2,5 3
Fig. 9
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EXAMPLE 8. Snap-through and snap-back of a shell

Description/Objective Cylindrical shell is loaded by the force, P. Straight edges of shells are flexibly connected, while curved edges are free. Two thicknesses of shells are considered 6.35mm and 12.7mm. In both cases, a procedure for automatic selection of loads in the area of sub-critical behavior is used. Due to symmetry of model and loads, a quarter model is created (Fig. 1). Determine the stress field and cylinder deformations and force-displacement dependence at points A and B.
P A
E=3.10275 kN/mm2 =0.3 R=2540 mm L=254 mm h=6.35 mm =0.1 rad P=1 kN
B Joint (u=v=w=0)
Fig. 1
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File>Save As...

Model>Material...
1 2 3

We shall create circle arc in XZ plane because of that we need to set XZ plane as actual workplane.
3 .
Lets show workplane on the screen.
(F8)
2 1
Creating a circle arc.
Geometry>Curve-Arc>Angle-Center-Start... Example 8
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We shall plot a circle arc in a workplane by setting a center, beginning and angle of the circle arc.
1 2
3 4
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Location at Center of Arc press Cancel.
View>Autoscale>Visible Geometry>Copy>Curve...
(Ctrl+A)
The first arc is plotted; we will create the second by copying previously plotted arc.
2
Translation vector is defined by two points. Distance between them represents the translation vector.
In order to see the copied line, it is necessary to change a "view".
View>Rotate>Model
(F8)
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(Ctrl+A)
1 2
Use the short-cut key Ctrl+G to regenerate the screen.
Display labelling of curves and surfaces by ID View>Options... (F6)
1 4
3 6
On the Fig. 2 arcs 1 and 2 are shown.
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Z Y X
Fig. 2
You will create a surface between plotted arcs. Other two edges are automatically created during surface creation (by joining end points of arcs).
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Create Ruled Surface press Cancel.
You have completed geometry for this example as shown on Fig. 3.
4 2
1 3
Z Y X
PAK-S Examples

Note: The first thing which we need to do is to set the mesh size for surfaces. Mesh>Mesh Control>Mapped Divisions on Surface... Note: You can graphically pick the location of surface on screen, Fig. 3.
2 3 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Select Surface(s) to Set Mesh Size press Cancel. Mesh>Geometry>Surface...
2 3
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3
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4 8 1 5 9 2 6
3 Z Y X
Fig. 4

Select nodes at symmetry line (on corresponding line 4, see Fig. 3).
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Select nodes at symmetry arc (on corresponding arc 2, see Fig. 3).
Since nodes with given constraints have also been selected, FEMAP asks if we want to keep them and add new (No) or to erase them and replace them with new nodes (Yes).
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Select nodes at line where cylinder is flexibly connected (corresponding line 3, see Fig. 3).
2 1
6 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel. Modify>Update other>Perm Constraint... 1 2
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Modal>Load>Nodal...
Force at node 7 should be set (see previous figure).
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7
4 0.25 1 5 9 2 6 8
3 Z Y X
Fig. 5

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File>Exit.

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View>Select... (F5)
5 6
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Select PostProcesing Data press OK, than after FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK. Look View Toolbar 1
4 1 2
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2 5
Real deformation in 30th step is now shown at the screen.
Fig. 6
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PAK-S Examples Plotting the diagrams in FEMAP View>Select... (F5)
4 5
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11 10 12 13 After FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK. Exporting the diagrams
14
List>Destination...
A Listing Destination dialogue box will appear. Check File, then push the Select File... button; enter the file name (Example8pp.lst).
1 2
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File Example8pp.lst is now opened. Writing diagram data in previously opened file.

Open the file in which diagram data are written (Example8pp.lst) in a text editor (UltraEdit, Notepad and similar). Displacements are diametrical to z-axis direction, so, it is necessary to change signs of the values in table. Start the EXCEL by clicking on icon at the desktop or by clicking on

In this example, we want to show connection between displacements and force. By using the clipboard, we shall transfer data from file Example8pp.lst to Excel. Select displacements at node 7, values under Y for all time steps (turn on column selection in UltraEdit using Alt+C). Press Ctrl+C or Edit/Copy (to copy select data in the clipboard). By using Alt+Tab transfer to Excel and with Ctrl+V or Edit/Paste copy the clipboard contents to the first column, starting from the second row of the Excel sheet. The same procedure should be applied for copying force values in node 7 and displacements in node 1 to Excel.
Force values copy to the second column, starting from the second row of the Excel sheet and displacements in node 1 copy to the third column, starting from the second row of Excel sheet. Add zero values for displacements and force at the first row of the first, the second and the third column. Plotting the diagrams in Excel
By clicking on icon for plotting the charts (Chart ), Excel's wizard for plotting the charts is actuated. Chart plotting is conducted in 4 steps. The first step: Choose the type and subtype of the chart you want to plot. Choose the type and subtype as shown in the following dialogue.
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The second step: define the chart data. Click on a Series tab; by clicking on Add button, text boxes for entering curve data are opened. Name: A X Values: Click on button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink. Select all values of the first column; the references of the marked table fields will appear in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines. By another click on icon, dialogue box spreads again. button at the end of the text box and then select all values from the second Y Values: click on column. The second curve: by clicking on Add button, text boxes for entering the second curve data are opened Name: B X-values: click on a button at the end of the text box and previous dialog box will shrink. Select all values from the third column. icon, dialogue box spreads again By another click on Y-values: click on button at the end of the text box and then select all values from the second column Press button Next to pass on the next step. The third step: adjustment of chart options. Titles tab: Chart title: the chart title can be entered in previous step and will be written above the diagram. Value (X) axis: name for values plotted on X-axis (displacements). Value (Y) axis: name for values plotted on Y-axis (force). Axes tab: By checking Value (X/Y) axis, values will be shown on x/y axes.
Gridlines tab: adjustment of parameters for drawing the grids on chart. Legend tab: By checking Show legend, a legend will be shown at the chart, it is necessary to select where it will be shown (check top).
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Data labels tab: turning on/turning off the values on chart. By selecting Show value, y-values are shown at chart; by selecting show label, x-values are shown at chart. Press button Next to pass on the next step.
1200 1000 800 Force [N] 600 400 200 0 -200 -400 0 5 10 15
A B
20
25
30
35
Displacement [mm]
Fig. 7
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Calculation for shell thickness of 12.7 mm

Start FEMAP by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the Windows Start menu, pick
Start>Programs>Femap v8.1>Femap v8.1.

Open Example8.mod.
File>Open... 1
Change the shell thickness to 12.7 mm.
Modify>Edit>Property... Select Property to Edit dialogue box will appear; select created property.
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File>Exit.
You should save your *. dat file in the same directory as you put a file Paks.exe. You need to run file Paks.exe and after start it, type Example8a.dat in a DOS prompt (see the window below). Three files should be create during this process Example8a. LST, Example8a. UNV, Example8a.NEU.
Postprocesing and Review the Results

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Import the results of analysis in FEMAP using similar procedure given above, plot forcedisplacement diagram for points A and B. The following diagram should appear as in Fig. 8.
3500 A 3000 2500 Force [N] 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Displacement [mm] B
Fig. 8
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EXAMPLE 9. Shrinkage of a cylinder with free edges

Description/Objective Large displacements of a cylinder shown in Fig. 1, are considered in this example. Due to symmetry, 1/8 of a cylinder is modeled with finite elements. The model has a mesh made of 12x8 shell elements. Cylinder is loaded by force linearly increasing in time. Determine the stress field and cylinder deformations and force-displacement dependence at points A and B.
F A
z y x
E=10.5x103kN/m2 =0.3125 L=10.35m R=4.953m Thickness=0.094m F=1 kN
Fig. 1
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File>Save As... 1

Model>Material...
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We shall create circle arc in XZ plane because of that we need to set XZ plane as actual workplane.
3 .
View>Rotate>Module...
(F8)
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We shall plot a circle arc in a workplane by setting a center, beginning and end of the circle arc.
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Location at Center of Arc press Cancel.
The first arc is plotted; let's create the second by copying previously plotted arc.
Geometry>Copy>Curve...
Select previously created arc.
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Translation vector is defined by two points. Relative distance between them represents the translation vector.
In order to see the copied lines, it is necessary to change the "view".
View>Rotate>Model (F8)
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(Ctrl+A)
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On the Fig. 2 arcs 1 and 2 are shown.
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Z Y X
Fig. 2
You will create a surface between plotted arcs. Other two edges are automatically created during surface creation (by joining end points of arcs)
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Create Ruled Surface press Cancel.
You have completed geometry section of this example as shown on Fig. 3.
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2 3 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Select Surface(s) to Set Mesh Size press Cancel. Mesh>Geometry>Surface...
2 3
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Upper symmetry line (4) Node at which force acts
14 2 3 4 5 6 27 15 40 28 16 92 80 68 56 44 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 105 93 81 69 57 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 106 94 82 70 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 107 95 83 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 108 96 84 85 86 97
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Arc 1 (at symmetry line
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90 91
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Fig. 4
Lower symmetry line (3)

Select nodes at upper symmetry line (on corresponding line 4, see Fig. 3).
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Select nodes at arc that represents the symmetry line of cylinder (on corresponding arc 1, see Fig. 3).
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Select nodes at lower symmetry line (on corresponding line (3), see Fig. 4).
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Definition of linear function used in generation of loads.
Model>Function...
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Function Definition press Cancel. Note: Since Load are Set based, you must create an empty Load Set before defining any actual load. Modal>Load>Set... (Ctrl+F2)
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Modal>Load>Nodal...
Force at node 1 should be specifying (see Fig. 4).
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1. 53 41 29 17 5 6 7 8 9 10 Z Y X 13 11 12 66 54 42 30 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 79 67 55 43 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 92 80 68 56 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 105 93 81 69 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 106 94 82 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 107 95 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 108 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117
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File>Exit.
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View>Select... (F5)
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6 7 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Select PostProcesing Data press OK, than after FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK. Look View Toolbar 1
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Througout a few steps from Command Toolbar and View Toolbar shown bellow you can setup appropriate view of your results on the screen. Look Command Toolbar
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Real deformation in 30th step is now shown at the screen, Fig. 6.
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Fig. 6 Plotting the diagrams in FEMAP View>Select... (F5)
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK. Exporting the diagrams
List>Destination...
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Open the file in which diagram data are written (Example9pp.lst) in a text editor (UltraEdit, Notepad and similar). Displacements at node 13 are diametrical to x-axis direction, so, it is necessary to change their signs of the values for that node in table. Start the EXCEL by clicking on icon at the desktop or by clicking on

In this example, we want to show connection between displacements and force. By using the clipboard, we shall transfer data from file Example9pp.lst to Excel. Select time (corresponding to force) at node 1, values under vs. Set value for all time steps (turn on column selection in UltraEdit using Alt+C). Press Ctrl+C or Edit/Copy (to copy select data in the clipboard). By using Alt+Tab transfer to Excel and with Ctrl+V or Edit/Paste copy the clipboard contents to the first column, starting from the second row of the Excel sheet. The same procedure should be applied for copying displacement in node 1 and 13 to Excel.
Displacements in node 1 copy to the second column, starting from the second row of the Excel sheet and displacements in node 13 copy to the third column, starting from the second row of Excel sheet. Add zero values for force and displacements at the first row of the first, the second and the third column. Example 9 224
PAK-S Examples Plotting the diagrams in Excel
The second step: define the chart data. Click on a Series tab; by clicking on Add button, text boxes for entering curve data are opened. Name: Point A X Values: Click on button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink. Select all values of the second column; the references of the marked table fields will appear in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines. By another click on icon, dialogue box spreads again. button at the end of the text box and then select all values from the first Y Values: click on column. Second curve: by clicking on Add button, text boxes for entering curve data for the second curve are opened. Name: Point B X Values: Click on button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink. Select all values of the third column. icon, dialogue box spreads again. By another click on button at the end of the text box and then select all values from the first Y Values: click on column. Press button Next to pass on the next step. The third step: adjustment of chart options. Titles tab: Chart title: the chart title can be entered in previous step and will be written above the diagram. Value (X) axis: name for values plotted on X-axis (displacements). Value (Y) axis: name for values plotted on Y-axis (force). Example 9 225
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Axes tab: By checking Value (X/Y) axis, values will be shown on x/y axes. Gridlines tab: adjustment of parameters for drawing the grids on chart. Legend tab: By checking Show legend, a legend will be shown at the chart, it is necessary to select where it will be shown (check top). Data labels tab: turning on/turning off the values on chart. By selecting Show value, y-values are shown at chart; by selecting show label, x-values are shown at chart. Press button Next to pass on the next step.
16 14 12 Force [kN] 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 Displacement [mm] Point A Point B
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EXAMPLE 10 - Half of sphere with hole subjected to concentrated forces

Description/Objective Half of sphere with hole is subjected to concentrated forces, shown in Fig. 1(a). Geometrical and material data are given in Fig. 1(b). Due to symmetry in geometry, boundary conditions and loading, one quarter of the structure is modelled. Note that symmetry conditions along edges AB and DC imply that there is no rotation along tangents to these lines; also, there is no displacement normal to plane of symmetry (u= 0 along AB, and w= 0 along DC). In order to prevent rigid body motion in y-direction, it is taken vE= 0, as shown in the figure. Four-node shell elements are employed (mesh 16x16). Determine value of displacement w at the point A and display field of displacement of sphere.
R=10 cm h=0.04 cm E=6.825107 N/cm2 =0.3 F=1.0 N
a) Fig. 1 Suggested Exercise Steps: I. Defining Materials and Properties II. Creating the Geometry III. Generation of Nodes and Elements IV. Constraining the Model V. Loading the Model VI. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis VII. Postprocessing and Review the Results
b)
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File>Save As... 1

Model>Material... 1 2 3
4 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Isotropic Material press Cancel. Example 10 228
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To create an arc AD in XZ plane first you must set the workplane, Fig. 1.
(F8)
2 1
Create the arc AD, Fig. 1, in XZ plane.
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Location at Start of Arc press Cancel. View>Autoscale>Visible (Ctrl+A)
Now, you will create the arc BC which lying in the plane parallel to XZ plane. Coordinates of point B, Fig. 1: xB=0, yB=Rcos =10cos(18o)=9.51cm, zB=Rsin =10sin(18o)=3.09cm. Lets set the proper workplane.
2 3
Create the arc BC, Fig. 1.
Geometry>Curve-Arc>Radius-Start-End... 1
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Location at Start of Arc press Cancel.
Tools>Workplanel... (F2)
1 2 Use the short-cut key Ctrl+G to regenerate the screen.
1 4
3 6
On the Fig. 2 arcs AD and BC are shown.
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Fig. 2
Now, you will create arc AB in the plane YZ and arc CD in the plane XY. Coordinates of point C are: xC=Rsin =10sin(18o)=3.09cm, yC=Rcos =10cos(18o)=9.51cm, zC=0. First, set the workplane to create the arc AB.
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View>Rotate>Model... (F8)
Geometry>Curve-Arc>Radius-Start-End...
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1 2
3 4
Since we will be working in 3-D, let`s rotate the view so we can see the complete geometry.
View>Rotate>Model... (F8) 1 2
View>Autoscale>Visible (Ctrl+A)
Now, let`s set the workplane to create the arc CD.
Geometry>Curve-Arc>Radius-Start-End...
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3 4
You have created edge curves of surface as shown on Fig. 3.
Fig. 3
You will now create the surface between these edge curves.
Geometry>Surface>Edge Curves... Note: Now, you have to graphically pick the location of curves 1, 4, 2 and 3 on screen, Fig. 3. 1 2 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Edge Surface press Cancel.
You have completed geometry section of this example as shown on Fig. 4.
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Fig. 4

Note: The first thing which we need to do is to set the mesh size for surfaces defining by size along curve. Mesh>Mesh Control>Size Along Curve... Note: You can graphically pick the location of all curves on screen or press Select All, Fig. 2.
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Select Curve(s) to Set Mesh Size press Cancel.
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Fig. 5
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2 1
Graphically pick the location of arc 3 (AB) on screen, Fig. 4.
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Graphically pick the location of arc 4 (DC) on screen, Fig. 4.
Graphically pick the location of node E (middle point of arc BC) on screen, Fig. 1.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel. Modify>Update Other>Perm Constraint... 1 2 Example 10 239
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Definition of linear function used in generation of loads.
Model>Function...
1 2
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Function Definition press Cancel. Note: Since Load are Set based, you must create an empty Load Set before defining any actual load. Model>Load>Set... (Ctrl+F2) 1
Model>Load>Nodal...
Graphically pick the location of point A, Fig. 1.
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The model shown on the Fig. 6 is now complete and ready for analysis.
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Fig. 6
VI_10. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Linear Static Analysis
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File>Exit.
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VII_10. Postprocessing and Review the Results

After solution, FEMAP can read the output results for post-processing. Reading output results is similar to writing model for analysis.
File>Import>FEMAP Neutral
1
5 FEMAP can displays deflection of the point B.
View>Select... (F5)
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8 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Select PostProcesing Data press OK, than after FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK.
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Use the short-cut key Ctrl+G to regenerate the screen. Real deformation in 20th step is now shown at the screen, Fig. 7.
Fig. 7
Let's plot force-displacement diagram at nodes 1 and 17 at which load are given.
View>Select... (F5) Example 10 249
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List>Destination...
1 2

Open the file in which diagram data are written (Example10pp.lst) in a text editor (UltraEdit, Notepad and similar). Displacements are diametrical to x-axis direction (in node 17), so, it is necessary to change their signs of the values in table. Start the EXCEL by clicking on icon at the desktop or by clicking on

In this example, we want to show connection between displacements and force. By using the clipboard, we shall transfer data from file Example10pp.lst to Excel.
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Select time (corresponding to force) at node 1, values under vs. Set value for all time steps (turn on column selection in UltraEdit using Alt+C). Press Ctrl+C or Edit/Copy (to copy select data in the clipboard). By using Alt+Tab transfer to Excel and with Ctrl+V or Edit/Paste copy the clipboard contents to the first column, starting from the second row of the Excel sheet. The same procedure should be applied for copying displacement in node 1 and 17 to Excel.
Displacements in node 1 copy to the second column, starting from the second row of the Excel sheet and displacements in node 17 copy to the third column, starting from the second row of Excel sheet. Add zero values for force and displacements at the first row of the first, the second and the third column.
Plotting the diagrams in Excel

The second step: define the chart data. Click on a Series tab; by clicking on Add button, text boxes for entering curve data are opened. Name: uA X Values: Click on button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink. Select all values of the second column; the references of the marked table fields will appear in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines. icon, dialogue box spreads again. By another click on button at the end of the text box and then select all values from the first Y Values: click on column. Second curve: by clicking on Add button, text boxes for entering curve data for the second curve are opened. Example 10 252
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The second curve: by clicking on Add button, text boxes for entering curve data are opened. Name: -vB X Values: Click on button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink. Select all values of the first column; the references of the marked table fields will appear in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines By another click on icon, dialogue box spreads again. button at the end of the text box and then select all values from the third Y Values: click on column. Press button Next to pass on the next step. The third step: adjustment of chart options. Titles tab: Chart title: the chart title can be entered in previous step and will be written above the diagram. Value (X) axis: name for values plotted on X-axis (displacements). Value (Y) axis: name for values plotted on Y-axis (force).
9 8 7 Displacement 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 50 100 Force 150 200 uA -vD
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EXAMPLE 11. Deflection of a square test tube during uniaxial tension (Yoshida-test)
Description/Objective Square test tube having 90mm long side is modeled with shell elements, 0.7mm thick. Due to symmetry, a quarter of a test tube is modeled (Fig. 1).
A
L=70 mm a=90 mm b=40 mm E=2.1105 N/mm2 =0.3 =7.810-9 kg/mm3
Fig. 1
In order to induce deflection during test tube tension, it is necessary to set initial imperfection of geometry in direction of sheet metal thickness. A scaled second mode gained by modal analysis is given as initial imperfection.
I MODAL ANALYSIS
Suggested Exercise Steps: I. Defining Materials and Properties II. Creating the Geometry III. Generation of Nodes and Elements IV. Constraining the Model V. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis VI. Postprocessing and Review the Results
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File>Save As... 1
Tools>Advanced Geometry... 1

Test tube is made of steel sheet and, for modal analysis, only elastic properties of material are entered. Due to length given in mm and to adjustment of units, 103 times lesser density is entered.
Model>Material...
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Isotropic Material press Cancel to end command. Model>Property...

Let's create lines.
1 2 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter First Location for Projected Line press Cancel. 257 Example 11
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Adjustment of a view of whole drawing at the screen by the use of Autoscale.
View>Autoscale>Visible (Ctrl+A)
Disconnection of workplane view.
Tools>Workplane (F2)
1 2
Screen regeneration:
View>Regenerate (Ctrl+G)
Generation of a surface. Let's create a surface between plotted lines. Other two sides of surface are automatically created during surface generation (by joining ending points of lines).
Geometry>Surface>Ruled...
Select created lines (1 and 2)
You have completed the geometry section of this example as shown on Fig. 2.
C2
C4
C3
C1 Y Z X
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First, we shall determine the size of a mesh (number of elements) on surface. Mesh is not uniform along whole surface. We shall divide each line separately by using command
Mesh>Mesh Control>Size Along Curve...

First, select left vertical line (C4).
1 Mesh Size Along Curves dialog box will appear. It is necessary to define number of elements along the line (14), check Biased and enter Bias Factor (3).
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Select right line (C3).
1 Mesh Size Along Curves dialog box will appear. It is necessary to define number of elements along the line (14), check Biased, enter Bias Factor (3) and check Small Elements at End.
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Select lower horizontal line (C1).
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1 Mesh Size Along Curves dialog box will appear. It is necessary to define number of elements along the line (19), check Biased, and enter Bias Factor (4)
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Select upper horizontal line (C2).
1 Mesh Size Along Curves dialog box will appear. It is necessary to define number of elements along the line (19).
Generation of nodes and elements
Mesh>Geometry>Surface...
Select the created surface.
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2 3
Finite element model is shown in the Fig. 3.
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Fig. 3

Before constraints are created, it is necessary to create a set of constraints.
Model>Constraint>Set...
Now we define corresponding nodal constraints.
Select nodes at symmetry line (lower horizontal line on x-axis).
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Select nodes at symmetry line (left vertical line on y-axis).
2 1
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Select nodes at tools line (upper vertical line).
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The model shown on the Fig. 4 is now complete and ready for analysis.
Y Z X
Fig. 4
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V_11. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Analysis

File>Export>Femap Neutral... 1
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File>Exit.
You should save your *. dat file in the same directory as you put a file Paks.exe. You need to run file Paks.exe and after start it, type Example11a.dat in a DOS prompt (see the window below). Three files should be create during this process Example11a. LST, Example11a. UNV, Example11a. NEU.
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VI_11. Postprocesing and Review Results

File>Import>Analysis Result...
Values of natural frequencies and modes can be presented using the following commands:
View>Select... (F5)
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We are back again at the dialogue box View Select, where option OK should be selected.
Look View Toolbar 1

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4 1 2
Given procedure enables viewing of natural modes of vibration corresponding to given circular frequencies on the screen. The second mode of vibration, as well as every other mode is gained by repeating the command View>Select (F5). The only difference is that, in the window for Select PostProcessing Data, instead of 1..CASE 1 EIGV (from the drop down list of Output Set), 2.. CASE 2 EIGV should be selected. Natural shapes of vibration of the first and the second mode that correspond to given circular frequencies are presented in Fig. 5 a) and b).
a)
b)
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Faster view of natural shapes of vibration can be achieved by the use of the option of PostProcess command line at the right side of the FEMAP's screen and corresponding options.
1
Natural shapes of vibration from 3rd to 5th mode are shown in Fig. 6 by the use of previous options, along with values of circular frequencies.
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Deflection of a square test tube during uniaxial tension (Yoshida-test) II MATERIALLY AND GEOMETRICALLY NONLINEAR ANALYSIS
Description/Objective Square test tube having 90mm long side is modeled with shell elements, 0.7mm thick. Due to symmetry, a quarter of a test tube is modeled (figure 1).
L=70 mm a=90 mm b=40 mm E=2.1105 N/mm2 =0.3 =7.810-9 kg/mm3
Fig. 7
In order to induce deflection during test tube tension, it is necessary to set initial imperfection of geometry in direction of sheet metal thickness. A scaled second mode gained by modal analysis is given as initial imperfection (for initial imperfection used the second mode).
The procedure of elastic-plastic analysis of a test tube implies: VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. Opening of Previously Created Model Changing of Material Properties Loading the Model Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis Postprocesing and Review Results
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VII_11. Opening of Previously Created Model

Start FEMAP by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the Windows Start menu, pick Start>Programs>Femap v8.1>Femap v8.1. Opening of previously created model Example11.mod. The Windows Common File Open dialog box will be display. Using this box, you can navigate around your local computer. Move to a directory where you was stored your FEMAP model, type in the field File name Example11, and press Open.
File>Open... 1
VIII_11. Changing of Material Properties

Test tube is made of elastic-plastic material.
Modify>Edit>Material... 1 2
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7 After FEMAP displays dialog box Define Isotropic Material - Nonlinear press OK.
IX_11. Loading the Model

Now, we set the equations of coupled displacements of all nodes on the tool line (upper line, Fig. 1) with a node on the line situated at the symmetry axis (node 281). It is necessary to form 19 equations, because there are 19 nodes which should be connected with the 20th node. Formulation of just one equation (connecting the node 281 with node 282) will be presented. The equation of coupled displacements for nodes 281 and 282 is:
0 = uy
281
uy
282
We will use next command to set the equations of coupled displacements.

Mesh>Connection>Closest Link...
This command enables you to choose two sets of nodes, and FEMAP will automatically generate constraint equations between each node in the first set of nodes (the Generate From selection)
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to the nearest node in the second set of nodes (the Generate To selection, in this example only node 281 in the second set). This is a useful method to automatically generate a series of connections between two patterns of nodes or between a pattern of nodes and a single node.
Now FEMAP displays the Generate Connection Options dialog box, although the Connection Type may change based upon the command. You select Constraint Equations, and you must select the DOFs to connect. One constraint equation will be created for each DOF checked with a coefficient values of 1 and -1 for the primary and secondary node, respectively.
4 5
Since equations of coupled displacement have been formed, displacements are now given only in one node (node 281, because all nodes are connected to it).
Model>Load>Nodal...
Corresponding set of constraints must be created first.

1
Note: Graphically pick the location of node A, Fig. 1.
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel. Save your model by pressing F4 or save file with another name by command
File>Save As...
The Windows Common File Save As dialog box will be display. Using this box type in the field File name Example11b, and press button Save.
X_11. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis

File>Export>Femap Neutral... 1
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1
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11
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After PakTr displays again dialog box General options press OK.
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1 2

File>Exit.
Due to impossibility to enter all material properties for nonlinear analysis in FEMAP, you should be entered manually material constant AN in card /12-6/. Edit input file Example11b.dat, and exchange material constant AN, as show below.
C MOD MAT GUST 6 17.8000e-09 C /12-6/ MATERIAL MODEL 6 (MISES ELASTIC-PLASTIC WITH MIXED HARDENING) C Number of points for definition of function strain-stress (I5) C NTFUN 1 C Modulus of elasticity and Poissons coefficient (2F10.0) C E, V 2.100e+0053.000e-001 C Hardening function - Ramberg-Osgood (2F10.0) C TAUY, Cy 1.770e+0023.883e+002 C Hardening function Ramberg-Osgood (2F10.0) C AN, EM 0.4480 1.0 281
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You should save your *. dat file in the same directory as you put a file Paks.exe. You need to run file Paks.exe and after start it, type Example11b.dat in a DOS prompt (see the window below). Three files should be create during this process Example11b.LST, Example11b.UNV, Example11b.NEU.
XI_11. Postprocesing and Review Results

File>Import>Analysis Result...
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Values of displacements and stresses can be presented and listed using the following commands:
View>Select... (F5)
2 5
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6 6
We are back again at the dialogue box View Select, where option OK should be selected. Displacement field along z-axis (deflection) are presented in Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Displacement field along z-axis (deflection) Given procedure enables viewing of stresses and plastic deformations in specific step. Corresponding components of stress and plastic deformations will be obtained by repeating the command View>Select. The only difference is that, in the window for Select PostProcessing, from the drop down list of Contour, quantity which should be plotted must be selected. Plastic deformation exx top are presented in Fig. 9.
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Fig. 9. Plastic deformation exx field (top) Plastic deformation exx bottom are presented in Fig. 10 and plastic deformation eyy bottom are presented in Fig.11.
Fig. 10. Plastic deformation exx field (bottom)
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Fig. 11. Plastic deformation eyy field (bottom) Effective plastic deformation bottom are presented in Fig. 12 and stress xx bottom are presented in Fig.13.
Fig. 12. Effective plastic deformation field (bottom)
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Fig. 13. Stress xx field (bottom) Stress yy bottom are presented in Fig. 14 and effective stress bottom are presented in Fig.15.
Fig. 14. Stress yy field (bottom)
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Fig. 15. Effective stress field (bottom)
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EXAMPLE 12. (SG_12) Large strain necking of circular bar

Description/Objective A circular bar, with dimensions used in standard uniaxial tests, is subjected to uniaxial tension. Necking of the bar, with 3D stress/strain state and large strains, develops during extension. Three-dimensional, 20-node elements are used. Due to symmetry, one-eight of the bar is modelled, with symmetry conditions for nodes lying in coordinate planes. The FE model consists of 96 elements. Four element layers of smaller size and 4 element layers of larger size along the bar axis are used, as shown in Fig. 1. Initial imperfection is defined in a way that the bar radius linearly increases from R in the middle to 1.01 R at end of the bar. Large strain formulation with logarithmic strain as the strain measure, and stress integration according to governing parameter method (GPM), Kojic (1997), are employed. Deformation of the bar is increased by prescribed axial displacements at end nodes. Solution is obtained by 35 steps of displacement increments equal to 0.2 mm; and with full-Newton iteration method with line search. Geometrical and material data are shown in the Fig. 1.
R=6.35mm
y = yv + H e P + (C y yv )[1 e ne ]
P
E=210.401557 N/mm2 =0.311831822 yv=0.45 N/mm2 Cy=0.715 N/mm2 H=0.12924 N/mm2 n=16.93
Fig. 1
Suggested Exercise Steps: I. Defining Materials and Properties II. Creating the Geometry III. Generation of Nodes and Elements IV. Constraining the Model V. Loading the Model VI. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis VII. Postprocessing and Review the Results Example 12 289
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File>Save As... 1 1
33

Test tube is made of steel and, for nonlinear analysis, elastic-plastic properties of material are entered.
Model>Material...
1 2 3 4
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After FEMAP displays dialog box Define Isotropic Material - Nonlinear press OK, than again displays dialog box Define Isotropic Material press Cancel.
Model>Property...
2 3
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - SOLID Element Type press Cancel.

Let's create lines.
3 4
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1 2
3 4
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter First Location for Projected Line press Cancel.
Geometry>Curve-Arc>Radius-Start-End... 1 2
3 4
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate-Enter Location at Start of Arc press Cancel. Adjustment of a view of whole drawing at the screen with command:
View>Autoscale>Visible Tools>Workplane... (Ctrl+A) (F2)
1 2
Use the short-cut key Ctrl+G to regenerate the screen. The following figure is shown on the screen (Fig. 2):
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Fig. 2 Now, all plotted curves should be divided in half, one by one, in order to construct auxiliary lines needed for generation of surfaces. Selection of lines is done with cursor.
Modify>Break... (Ctrl+K) 1
Select the same line again.
The same procedure should be repeated for remaining line and arc.
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Enter Location to Break At press Cancel.
Geometry>Curve-Line>Points...
Fig. 3 Points marked above should be joined.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Create Line from Points press Cancel. The last created line should be divided in half.
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1 2
Select the same line again.

3 4
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Enter Location to Break At press Cancel. You have to delete curve assigned by arrow on the Fig. 4.
C B A
Fig. 4 You have delete curve assigned by arrow on the Fig. 4.

Delete>Geometry>Curve...
Let`s create two curves to connect points A & B, and B & C, Fig. 4.
Geometry>Curve-Line>Points... Note: You may graphically (using mouse) pick the location of points A, B and C on screen, Fig. 5. Example 12 296
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Create Line from Points press Cancel. All created curves are shown on the Fig. 5.
3 4 2
1 Now, you should create three surface.

Geometry>Surface>Edge Curves...
Fig. 5
You may graphically (using mouse) pick the location of proper curves to create surfaces, Fig. 5.
1 2
1 2
1 2
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Edge Surface press Cancel. You have geometry as shown on Fig. 6.
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Fig. 6 Now, you sholud be copy surfaces.

Geometry>Copy>Surface...
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In order to see the effects of plotting and copying of surfaces, it is necessary to change the view.
View>Rotate (F8)
Adjustment of whole plot view on the screen is done by using Ctrl+A or selecting a command:
View>Autoscale>Visible Display labelling of surfaces by ID View>Options... (F6)
The following surfaces should be appearing on the screen, Fig. 7.
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Fig. 7 Initial imperfection is defined in a way that the bar radius linearly increases from R in the middle to 1.01 R at end of the bar. Therefore is necessary to scale surfaces being at the center of arc by the factor in x and y directions.
Modify>Scale>Surface...
These commands are used to change the size of your model. You specify a relative scaling factor and a point to scale around. FEMAP will adjust the selected coordinates appropriately. Like other modification commands, entities which reference the selected entities which you have selected to scale will also be scaled.
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Select point assigned by arrow A on the Fig. 7.

4 5
Modify>Scale>Surface...
Select point assigned by arrow B on the Fig. 7.

2 3
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Now, we should create volumes between generated surfaces.

Geometry>Volume>Between...
Then, select two opposite surfaces and confirm OK.
Repeat the same procedure for generation of all six volumes. Enter the following data (see Table 1.) into proper fields From Surface and To Surface of previous dialog box when pop up: Table 1. Volume Volume Surface 1 Surface 2 2 2 5 3 3 6 4 4 7 5 5 8 6 6 9 After the last volume 6 between the survaces 6 and 9 has been created and FEMAP displays again dialog box Create Volume Between press Cancel to end command. The following figure is shown on the screen (Fig. 8).
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Fig. 8

Note: The first thing which we need to do is to set the mesh size for surfaces. Mesh>Mesh Control>Mapped Divisions on Surface...
Select all nine surfaces on the quarters of circle.
Now, select all surfaces except those at the quarters of the circle; there are 24 of them. You can to select surface pick them by mouse or press button Select All next check radio button Remove and select nine surfaces on the quarters of circle (see dialogue below).
1 3
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After FEMAP displays dialog box Entety Selection- Select Surface(s) to Set Mesh Size press Cancel. Let's generate the elements.
Mesh>Geometry>Volume... 1 2
3 4
Now, delete redundant nodes.

Delete>Model>Node... 1 2
Coincident nodes should be eliminated:

Tools>Check>Coincident Nodes... 1 2 304
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Now, it is necessary to renumber the nodes, first in x direction, then in y direction and, finally, in z direction.
Modify>Renumber>Node... 1 2
Repeat renumbering in y axis direction, then in z axis direction.
1 2
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1
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2 3
1 2
C
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Lets create a set of constraints:
Model >Constraint>Set... (Shift+F2)
Push Method^ button and select on Surface, option, then select all four surfaces from side A and limit their translation in X direction (TX) .
Push Method^ button again and select on Surface, option, then select all four surfaces from side B and limit their translation in Y direction (TY).
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Rotate the model to see side C, push Method^ button, select on Surface option, then select all three surfaces from side C and limit their translation in Z direction (TZ).
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel. Setting constraints for the whole model.
Modify>Update Other>Perm Constraint... 1 2
3 4
Now, set the equations of coupled displacements of all nodes at the upper surface with the node at the center of circle (node 545). 545 546 0 = uz uz Equation for coupled displacements of nodes 545 and 546 is We will use next command to set the equations of coupled displacements.
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PAK-S Examples Mesh>Connection>Closest Link...
This command enables you to choose two sets of nodes, and FEMAP will automatically generate constraint equations between each node in the first set of nodes (the Generate From selection) to the nearest node in the second set of nodes (the Generate To selection, in this example only node 281 in the second set). This is a useful method to automatically generate a series of connections between two patterns of nodes or between a pattern of nodes and a single node. Push Method^ button again and select on Surface, option, then select all surfaces from side D and again press Method^ button and select ID, then select Remove radio button and select node at the center of circle (node 545).
1 2
Now select only node 545.
5 6
After equations of coupled displacements are created, displacements are now set only at one node (node 545, because all other nodes are coupled with it).
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Let's generate a set of loads:
Model>Load>Set... (Ctrl+F2)
Model>Load>Nodal...
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.

File should be saved as neutral file, in order to translate it with PAK Translator to PAK-S in which analysis is to be conducted.
File>Export>FEMAP Neutral... Example 12 311
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4 5
1
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9 10
11
1 2

File>Exit.
Due to impossibility to enter all material properties for nonlinear analysis in FEMAP, you should be entered manually material constants HS and AN in card /12-6/. Edit input file Example12.dat, and exchange material constants HS and AN, as show below.
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C /12-6/ MATERIAL MODEL 6 (MISES ELASTIC-PLASTIC WITH MIXED HARDENING) C Number of points for definition of function strain-stress (I5) C NTFUN 1 C Modulus of elasticity and Poissons coefficient (2F10.0) C E, V 2.104e+0023.118e-001 C Hardening function - Ramberg-Osgood (2F10.0) C TAUY, Cy HS 4.500e-0017.150e-001 0.12924 C Hardening function Ramberg-Osgood (2F10.0) C AN, EM 16.930000 1.
The file Example12.dat should be transferred in PAK-S directory, then paks.exe should be run and the name of the file made in translator should be entered (Example12.dat). Then, by repeated pressing of ENTER button, three more files will be created Example12.LST, Example12.UNV and Example12.NEU.

Importing of results of static analysis into FEMAP and their review and listing.
File>Import>FEMAP Neutral... 1
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View>Select... (F5)
6 7
We go back to View Select dialogue box and confirm OK option.
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2 5
1 On the Fig. 10 field of eeffective plastic strain is shown.
Fig. 10 Effective plastic field

On the Fig. 11 field of displacements is shown.
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Fig. 11 Displacement field

Plotting of force-displacement diagram.
View>Select... (F5)
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5 6
9 10
11
We go back to View Select dialogue box and confirm OK option. In order to plot dependence between two variables, it is necessary to export diagram data. Writing diagram data into ASCII data file.
List>Destination...
1 2
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The Listing Destination File dialog box will be display. Using this box you type in the field File name Example12pp, and press Open.

In this example, we want to show connection between displacements and force. By using the clipboard, we shall transfer data from file Example12pp.lst to Excel. Select force at node 545, values under Y for all time steps (turn on column selection in UltraEdit using Alt+C). Press Ctrl+C or Edit/Copy (to copy select data in the clipboard). By using Alt+Tab transfer to Excel and with Ctrl+V or Edit/Paste copy the clipboard contents to the first column, starting from the second row of the Excel sheet. The same procedure should be applied for copying displacement in node 545to Excel.
Displacements in node 545 copy to the second column, starting from the second row of the Excel sheet. Add zero values for force and displacements at the first row of the first and the second.

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The second step: define the chart data. Click on a Series tab; by clicking on Add button, text boxes for entering curve data are opened. Name: X Values: Click on button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink. Select all values of the second column; the references of the marked table fields will appear in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines. icon, dialogue box spreads again. By another click on Y Values: click on button at the end of the text box and then select all values from the first column. Press button Next to pass on the next step. The third step: adjustment of chart options. Titles tab: Chart title: the chart title can be entered in previous step and will be written above the diagram. Value (X) axis: name for values plotted on X-axis (Displacements [mm]). Value (Y) axis: name for values plotted on Y-axis (Force [kN]).
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25 20 Force [kN] 15 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Displacement [mm]
Fig. 12
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EXAMPLE 13. (SG_13) Large strain necking of rectangular bar

Description/Objective A rectangular bar, with dimensions shown in Fig. 1, is subjected to uniaxial tension. Necking with large strain develops during extension of the bar.
y = yv + H e P + (C y yv )[1 e ne ]
P
E=210.40 kN/mm2 =0.3118 Cy=0.715 kN/mm2 yv=0.45 kN/mm2 2 H=0.12924 kN/mm n=16.93
a=16 mm b=4 mm L=52 mm
a) Fig. 1
b)
Three-dimensional 20-nodes elements are used in the analysis. Due to symmetry, one-eight of the bar is modelled, with symmetry conditions for nodes lying in coordinate planes. The FE model consists of 32 elements, with two zones in axial directions (see Fig. 1(b)): one, with axial length of elements equals to 2 mm, and the other with 4 mm of axial length. Initial imperfection is defined by decrease of the central cross-section dimensions for 1%, Fig. 1(a). Large strain formulation with logarithmic strain as the strain measure, and stress integration according to governing parameter method (GPM), Kojic (1997), are employed. Deformation of the bar is increased by prescribed axial displacements at end nodes. Solution is obtained by 40 steps of displacement increments equal to 0.2 mm; and with full Newton with line search iteration method.
Suggested Exercise Steps: I. Defining Materials and Properties II. Creating the Geometry III. Generation of Nodes and Elements IV. Constraining the Model V. Loading the Model VI. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis VII. Postprocessing and Review the Results Example 13 323
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If you have not already done so, start FEMAP by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the Windows Start menu, pick Start>Programs>Femap v8.1>Femap v8.1. All new models are named Untitled. The command File>Save As... allows you to change the model filename. The Windows Common File>Save As dialog box will be display. Using this box, you can navigate around your local computer. Move to or create a directory where you wish to store your FEMAP model, type in the field File name Example13, and press Save. Throughout this example, all commands that you will select from the FEMAP menu will be shown in the following style File>Save As... Which means, first select File from the menu, and then move to the Save As command.
File>Save As... 1

Test tube is made of steel and, for nonlinear analysis, elastic-plastic properties of material are entered.
Model>Material...
1 2 3
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After FEMAP displays dialog box Define Isotropic Material - Nonlinear press OK, than again displays dialog box Define Isotropic Material press Cancel.
Model>Property...
2 3
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - SOLID Element Type press Cancel.

Let's create surface.
Geometry>Surface>Corners... 1 2
3 4
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5 6
7 8
After FEMAP displays dialog box Locate Enter First Corner of Surface press Cancel.
Lets show surface on the screen.
View>Rotate... (F8)
2 1

View>Autoscale>Visible Geometry>Copy>Surface... (Ctrl+A)
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In order to see the effects of plotting and copying of surfaces, it is necessary to change the view.
View>Rotate... (F8)
Adjustment of whole plot view on the screen is done by using Ctrl+A or selecting a command:
Disconnecting the workplane

1 2

Display labelling of surfaces by ID View>Options... (F6)
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The following surfaces should be appearing on the screen, Fig. 2.
2 1
Fig. 2
Now, it is necessary to make a volume between generated surfaces.
Geometry>Volume>Between...
After FEMAP displays dialog box Create Volume Between press Cancel.
You have created volumes as shown on Fig. 3.
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3 11 10 8 7 6 1 4 5 Z Y X 2 9
Fig. 3

2 3
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2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
After FEMAP displays dialog box Entity Selection- Select Surface(s) to Set Mesh Size press Cancel.
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PAK-S Examples Mesh>Geometry>Volume... 1
3 4
Nodes in the middle of an element are deleted as follows:

Delete>Model>Node... 1 2
Now, it is necessary to merge nodes.

Tools>Check>Coincident Nodes... 1 2
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Now, it is necessary to renumber the nodes and elements, first in z direction, then in x direction and, finally, in y direction.
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1
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2 3
1 2
A C
Fig. 4
Now, we should introduce imperfection to the model according to task scheme. It is necessary to scale nodes of surface being at the base of xy plane by the factor 0.99 in x and z directions.
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2 1
7 8

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Modal>Constraint>Nodal...
Push Method^ button and select on Surface, option, then select surface from side A (see Fig. 4) and limit their translation in Y direction (TY) .
2 1
Push Method^ button again and select on Surface, option, then select all four surfaces from side B and limit their translation in X direction (TX).
1 Example 13 337
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Push Method^ button, select on Surface option, then select all three surfaces from side C and limit their translation in Z direction (TZ).
After FEMAP displays dialog box Entity Selection- Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
Modify>Update Other>Perm Constraint... 1 2
3 4 Example 13 338
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1
Rotate the model to see side D, as shown on the Fig. 5.
Node 265
Fig. 5
Now, set the equations of coupled displacements of all nodes at the surface D with the node at the corner of the surface (node 265, see Fig. 5). We will use next command to set the equations of coupled displacements.
Mesh>Connection>Closest Link...
This command enables you to choose two sets of nodes, and FEMAP will automatically generate constraint equations between each node in the first set of nodes (the Generate From selection) to the nearest node in the second set of nodes (the Generate To selection, in this example only node 281 in
Example 13 339
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the second set). This is a useful method to automatically generate a series of connections between two patterns of nodes or between a pattern of nodes and a single node. Push Method^ button again and select on Surface, option, then select all surfaces from side D and again press Method^ button and select ID, then select Remove radio button and select node at the corner of the surface (node 265).
1 2
Now select only node 265.
5 6
After equations of coupled displacements are created, displacements are now set only at one node (node 265, because all other nodes are coupled with it).

Let's generate a set of loads:
Modal>Load>Set... (Ctrl+F2)
Example 13
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Displacements at node 265 should be set.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
The model shown on the Fig. 6 is now complete.
Fig. 6
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4 5
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5 6 7
10 11
12
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1 2

File>Exit.
Due to impossibility to enter all material properties for nonlinear analysis in FEMAP, you should be entered manually material constants HS and AN in card /12-6/. Edit input file Example13.dat, and exchange material constants HS and AN, as show below.
C /12-6/ MATERIAL MODEL 6 (MISES ELASTIC-PLASTIC WITH MIXED HARDENING) C Number of points for definition of function strain-stress (I5) C NTFUN 1 C Modulus of elasticity and Poissons coefficient (2F10.0) C E, V 2.104e+0023.118e-001 C Hardening function - Ramberg-Osgood (2F10.0) C TAUY, Cy HS 4.500e-0017.150e-001 0.12924 C Hardening function Ramberg-Osgood (2F10.0) C AN, EM 16.930000 1.
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PAK-S Examples View>Select... (F5)
5 6
We go back to View Select dialogue box and confirm OK option. Througout a few steps from Command Toolbar and View Toolbar shown bellow you can setup appropriate view of your results on the screen.
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2 5
On the Fig. 7 effective plastic strain field is shown.
Fig. 7 Effective plastic field

Let's plot force-displacement diagram at node 265 at which displacement is given.
View>Select... (F5)
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4 5
8 9
10
We go back to View Select dialogue box and confirm OK option.

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List>Destination...
1 2
The Listing Destination File dialog box will be display. Using this box you type in the field File name Example13pp, and press Open.

In this example, we want to show connection between displacements and force. By using the clipboard, we shall transfer data from file Example13pp.lst to Excel. Select force at node 265, values under Y for all time steps (turn on column selection in UltraEdit using Alt+C). Press Ctrl+C or Edit/Copy (to copy select data in the clipboard). By using Alt+Tab transfer to Excel and with Ctrl+V or Edit/Paste copy the clipboard contents to the first column, starting from the second row of the Excel sheet. The same procedure should be applied for copying displacement in node 265 to Excel.
Displacements in node 265 copy to the second column, starting from the second row of the Excel sheet. Add zero values for force and displacements at the first row of the first and the second.
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The second step: define the chart data. Click on a Series tab; by clicking on Add button, text boxes for entering curve data are opened. Name: X Values: Click on button at the end of the text box, previous dialogue box will shrink. Select all values of the second column; the references of the marked table fields will appear in dialogue box and they will be marked with dashed lines. By another click on icon, dialogue box spreads again. Y Values: click on button at the end of the text box and then select all values from the first column. Press button Next to pass on the next step. The third step: adjustment of chart options. Titles tab: Chart title: the chart title can be entered in previous step and will be written above the diagram. Value (X) axis: name for values plotted on X-axis (Displacements [mm]). Value (Y) axis: name for values plotted on Y-axis (Force [kN]).
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12 10 Force [kN] 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Displacement [mm]
Fig. 8
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Nonlinear Static and Dynamic Structural Analysis

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Nonlinear Static and Dynamic Structural Analysis

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Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of Kragujevac

Laboratory for Engineering Software

NONLINEAR STATIC AND DYNAMIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE 1. Elasto-plastic analysis of rods ..................................................1

EXAMPLE 2. Elasto-plastic analysis of rods .................................................27

EXAMPLE 3. Elasto-plastic analysis of rods .................................................53

EXAMPLE 4. (SG_9) Large displacement with snap-through behavior ......79

EXAMPLE 5. (SG_10) Post-critical snap-back analysis ..............................99

EXAMPLE 6. (SG_4) Large displacements of circle arc ............................119

EXAMPLE 8. Snap-through and snap-back of a shell ................................169

EXAMPLE 9. Shrinkage of a cylinder with free edges ...............................201

EXAMPLE 10 - Half of sphere with hole subjected to concentrated forces 227

EXAMPLE 12. (SG_12) Large strain necking of circular bar .....................289

EXAMPLE 13. (SG_13) Large strain necking of rectangular bar ...............323

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

EXAMPLE 1. Elasto-plastic analysis of rods

300 200 100 0 -100 -200 0 1 2 3 4 5

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

I_1. Defining Materials and Properties

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

II_1. Generation of Nodes and Elements

Repeat the procedure for other nodes.

Display labelling of nodes and elements by ID View>Options... (F6)

The following dialogue box appears

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

The following dialogue box appears

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Use the following command to regenerate the screen:

On the Fig. 2 finite element model (nodes and elements) is shown.

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

III_1. Constraining the Model

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

IV_1. Loading the Model

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

V_1. Prepare and Submit the Model for a Nonlinear Analysis

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Close the Pak Translator with command: File>Exit

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

VI_1. Postprocesing and Review the Results

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Transfer of file data to Excel

Start>Programs> Microsoft Office>Microsoft Office Excel

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Plotting the diagrams

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Gridlines tab: adjustment of parameters for drawing the grids on chart.

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

EXAMPLE 2. Elasto-plastic analysis of rods

Nonlinear Structural Analysis

I_2. Defining Materials and Properties