Egyed Laszlo Master - An II, ECO

Idei principale
Background
A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage that is primarily horizontal.

History
Tunnels were hand-dug by several ancient civilizations. The first advance beyond hand-digging was the use of gunpowder to blast, and later the use of nitroglycerine. Between 1820 and 1865, British engineers Marc Brunel and James Greathead developed several models of a tunneling shield that enabled them to construct two tunnels under the Thames River. In 1873, American tunneler Clinton Haskins kept water from seeping into a railroad tunnel under construction below the Hudson River by filling it with compressed air. Soft soil is prone to collapse and it can clog digging equipment. The methods for stabilizing soils are as follows: freeze it by circulating coolant through pipes embedded at intervals throughout the area; inject grout (liquid bonding agent) into soil or fractured rock surrounding the tunnel route. Shotcrete is a liquid concrete that is sprayed on surfaces. In 1931, the first drilling jumbos were devised to dig tunnels that would divert the Colorado River around the construction site for Hoover Dam.

Raw materials
Materials used in tunnels vary with the design and construction methods chosen for each project. Preparing: Site geology is evaluated by examining surface features and subsurface core samples Stabilization of soil if required. Mining: Methods used to remove material from the tunnel path:

Final lining:

the immersed tube method the cut-and-cover method the top-down method drill-and-blast method shield driving or tunnel jacking method the parallel drift method the tunnel boring machine method

Methods of making the final lining: install lining segments and prefabricated tunnels that are jacked into place final lining is be constructed after the entire tunnel is excavated install segments of preformed concrete or steel lining to spray a layer of shotcrete several inches (70 mm or more) thick onto the tunnel walls

Byproducts/Waste
Sometimes the earth removed from a tunnel is simply discarded into a landfill. In other cases, however, it becomes raw material for other projects. Quality Control Tools for aligning excavation paths: 1) global positioning system (GPS) sensors and 2) guidance systems that project and detect a laser beam within the tunnel

Cuvinte cheie

Cut-and-cover, tunneling shield, compressed air, decompression chambers, grout, jumbos, TBM (tunnel boring machine), bentonite, muck, anchors, tunnel shell, preliminary lining, shotcrete, ground stability.