Required to know lab studies RBC o Female- 4.2- 5.4 million/mm3 o Male- 4.6-6.

6.1 million/mm3 When the value is low, the patient is said to be anemiclow values are caused by decreased bone marrow production (e.g., myelofibrosis, leukemia, renal disease, or dietary deficiency), increased blood loss, or increased RBC destruction (hemolysis) RBC counts greater than normal is a result of the bodys requirements for greater oxygen carrying capacity (high altitude levels)congenital heart disease, polycethemia, dehydration, severe COPD Hgb o Female- 12-16 g/dL o Male- 14-18 g/dL o Critical values: Less than 5 g/dL Greater than 20 g/dL Hgb reflects the number of RBCs in the blood Hct o Female- 37%-47% o Male- 42%-52% o Critical values Less than 15% Greater than 60% Hct is the measure of percentage of the total blood volume that is made up by the red blood cells WBC o 5-10 X 10^9/L o Critical values Less than 2.5 Greater than 30 Increased WBC count usually indicated infection, inflammation, tissue necrosis, or leukemic neoplasia Trauma or stress can also increase WBC count Major function of WBC is to fight infection and react against

foreign bodies or tissues Platelets o 150,000-400,000/ mm3 o Critical values Less than 50,000 Greater than 1,000,000 Platelet formation is essential to blood clotting Na+ o 136-145 mEq/L o Critical values Less than 120 Greater than 160 The sodium content of the blood is a result of a balance between dietary sodium intake and renal excretion Hyponatremia- decreased levels- weakness, confusion, lethargy, stupor, and a coma Hypernatremia- increased levels- dry mucous membranes, thirst, agitation, restlessness, hyperrectflexia, mania, and convulsions K+ o 3.5-5.0 mEq/L o Critical values Less than 2.5 Greater than 6.5 Very low value can cause cardiac arrhythmia Ca++ o 9.0-10.5 mg/dL o Critical values Less than 6 Greater than 13 Mg+ o 1.3-2.1 mg/dL o Critical values Less than 0.5 Greater than 3

Critical in nearly ALL metabolic processes Important to monitor low values in cardiac patients

Clo 98-106 mmol/L o Critical values Less than 80 Greater than 115 Chloride can give an indication of acid-base balance and hydrational status HPO4o 3.0-4.5 mg/dL o Critical values Less than 1 Serum Glucose o 70-110 mg/dLFasting o Less than 140Postprandial o Critical values Less than 70hypoglycemia Greater than 150hyperglycemia Less than 50 Greater than 400 BUN o 10-20 mg/dL o Critical Greater than 100 mg/dL