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= 0
u
t
-
u
= u
x
Du
Dt
i
f
= dx dy dz dm - - -
x
y
z
i e x u
j e y v general definitions
k e z w
)
,
,
,
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 2 -
1) General fluid mechanics / Newton Fluids
General definitions
Acceleration :
stationary :
frequently :
volume force: (e.g. g )
- - -
u u u u
= + u + v + w
t x y z
Du
Dt
1
dF
2
dF
x
F
f dx dy dz = dx
x
- - - - -
dp dy dz dF = - -
x
p
f =
x
-
x 1 2
f dV + dF = dF - -
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 3 -
1.1) Euler's law of hydrostatics
x
x
f
= +
u
y
-
u
=
y
-
inertial force
friction force
+ dy
y
,
,
( )
= dy dx dz
FR
F
y
dA
- - -
_
{
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 4 -
1.2) Friction
Moving fluid : ( Couette - flow )
Newton fluid
Schlichting :
1.3) Dimensionless numbers :
Reynolds number
Re ~
u
dx dy dz u
x
Re ~
dx dy dz
y
dm
- - - - -
- - -
u u
~ ; =
y y
u
x d y
| |
|
\
-
u
~
y d y
| |
|
\
-
v d
Re =
-
with =
- -
- -
-
A
A
F
C =
p s -
2
1
u
2
p
- -
( or ) analogous
w
C
( )
R
2
m
d dp
= or
dx
u
2
-
-
Froude -
number
v
Fr
g d
=
-
R
w
F
C =
p s -
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 6 -
ascending force
s
Bernoulli :
Pipe :
Gravity influence :
64
=
Re
R
r dp du
= = -
2 dx dr
- -
2
2
R dp r
u(r) = - 1
4 dx R
(
| |
(
|
\
(
- -
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 7 -
1.4) Laminar flow in a tube
extremely high
nearly no initial forces, no influence of dm or !
Hagen-Poisseulle :
Derivation :
Integration with u (r = R) = 0 leads to :
2
d dp 64 64
= =
dx v d v d
v
2
- -
-
- - -
-
2 2
dp
p r - p + dx r - 2 r dx = 0
dx
| |
|
\
- - - - -
v
+ = 0
y
u
x
R
0
V = u (r) 2 dr
`
- -
4
R dp
V = -
8 dx
| |
|
\
-
`
-
-
2
2
V R p
u = =
R 8 l
`
-
- -
( )
u 2R
Re =
- -
64
= laminar !!
Re
-
- -
1
y z u - -
2
= u y z - -
2
+ v x z - -
( )
1 2 2
u - u y = + v x - -
u p
u = -
x x
- -
x
Du u
dV = dV u = + dF
Dt x
- - - - -
u v
+ = 0
x y
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 9 -
2.2) Euler's and Bernoulli's equations
Eulers equation ( one direction, pipe ):
Integration : W = F l leads to Bernoulli's equation
x
u - p
u = + f
x x
- - -
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
u
= p - g h
2
- - -
( )
= dy dx dz
R
dF
y
- - -
u u p
u + v = -
x y x
Du
Dt
| |
|
\
- - -
v
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 10 -
Mechanical energy balance : Bernoulli incl. hydrostatics
Euler (2 directions ):
v leads to a higher
value of u
2.3) Navier - Stokes - equation
Bernoulli and Euler neglect friction
u
y
=
-
2 2
x
2 2
u u p
u + v = f - + +
x y x
u u
y x
| |
| |
|
|
\
\
- - - -
2 2
y
2 2
p
v + u = f - + +
v v v v
y x y y x
| |
| |
|
|
\
\
- - - -
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 11 -
Navier - Stokes - Equations
( Can be simplified in a boundary layer (later))
3) Introduction to Boundary layers
3.1) Boundary layers on a flat plate
No influence of the viscosity but directly on the wall
Boundary layer phenomena :
( Schlichting )
2 2
2 2
u
= +
y
R
u
f
x
| |
|
\
-
x Rx
Du p
= f - + f
Dt x
- -
2
2
u u
~
x
- -
x
~
u
-
2
u u
~ ; ~
u
x x y
-
2 2
2
u
u = =
u
x y y
- - -
99 (x)
x
= 5
u
-
-
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 12 -
Thickness of a boundary layer, laminar on a plate
inertial force = friction force ( Navier -Stokes )
( )
= f x
u
( )
i
y = 0
(x) = U - u(x,y) dy U
- -
value low
99
is arbitrary
99 (x)
5 x
=
l
Re
l
-
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 13 -
Dimensionless :
A non - arbitrary value : displacement thickness
3.2) Friction forces on a plate :
high value
99
1
3
i
-
u
( ) =
y
w
w
x
| |
\
-
W W
w
2
S
(Surface)
F F
= c = =
E
u b l
2
- -
( )
l
W W
0
F = b x dx
- -
l 1
3
2
W
0
F ~ b u x dx
- - - - -
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 14 -
x
u
~ with ~
u
w
-
-
3
u
~
w
x
- -
1
3
2
W
F ~ b u 2 l
- - - - -
3
2
4 2
b 2 u l
~
b u l
4
w
c
- - - - -
- - -
l
~
Re
w
c
1,1328
=
Re
w
c
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 15 -
3.3) Boundary layer on an obstacle :
Navier - Stokes :
Far away from the obstacle (stream line) :
( )
dU l dp
U = - no friction
dx dx
- -
dU dp
and are related to Bernoulli
dx dx
= w ds
| |
|
\
v u
= 0 ; - = 0
x y
v
+ = 0
y
u
x
u = ; v = -
y x
+ - = 0
y x x y
| |
| |
|
|
\
\
2 2
2 2
+ = 0
x y
= ; v =
y
u
x
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 17 -
Stream function (definition ) :
Conservation equation :
No rotation :
Potential function :
Potential streams
1 v u v u
= - ; - = 0
2 x y x y
| |
|
\
-
2 2
2 2
u u
+ = 0
x y
( )
p = f u, v
2
2
v u u v
- - + = 0
y x y x x x y
| |
| | | |
| | |
\ \
\
u u p
u + v = - + 0
x y x
| |
|
\
- - -
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 18 -
Streams without any rotation :
also conservation equation :
Insert in Navier - Stokes :
leads to Bernoulli for v = 0
- no friction ! -
no rotation - no friction
v u
- = 0
x y
u v
+ = 0
x y
2 2
v u
- = 0 - = 0
x y x y x y
2 2
2 2
+ = 0
x y
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 19 -
Model frequently used :
On the obstacle : boundary layer
in the vicinity , but outside the layer :
no friction
potential function :
No rotation :
Conservation equations :
Stream function :
Conservation equations o.k.
u = ; v =
x y
u = ; v = -
y x
= w ds
,
,
-
1
2
E r
ln
2 r
2
M x
2 r
U y - V x
E
2
ln r
2
( )
1 2
E
-
2
2
M y
2 r
2
E x
2 r
2
y
2 r
2 2
1 2
E x + h x
-
2 r r
| |
|
\
2 2
4
M y - x
2 r
V
2
E y
2 r
2
x
2 r
2 2
1 2
Ey 1 1
-
2 r r
| |
|
\
4
M 2xy
2 r
l
r
w ~ = 0
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 21 -
assumption : ; obviously :
One exception : including the centre :
(see also: Gersten, K. : Einfhrung in die Strmungsmechanik, Bertelsm. Univ.Verlag, 1st edition, page 130 )
rad
yield : E = w 2 r - -
for x = r : E = u 2 x - -
E
u =
2 x ( or r )
2 2
E
= ln x + y
2
-
2 2 2 2
E 1 1 1
u = = 2x
x 2 2
x + y x + y
- - - -
2
E x
u =
2 r
-
E E y
= = arctg
2 2 x
| |
|
\
- -
E y
u = = arctg
y 2 y x
| |
| |
| |
\
\
-
rad
spring : V = w 2 r h
`
- - -
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 22 -
Spring :
2
1
arctg x =
x 1 + x
( )
( )
y
x
y
x
u =
x
-
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 23 -
Bronstein :
the rest is the same
For application :
airfoil :
( )
2
2 2
y
x
E 1 1 x
u =
2 x x
1 +
- - -
2
E x
u =
2 r
-
stream = of model streams
A
F =b l p - -
( )
2
A
1
F =b l 2u
2
- - - -
2
A
F = 2 l b u
- - - -
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 24 -
5) Law of Kutta - Joukowski
simple example :
flat plate :
Kutta - Joukowski
= 2 u l
- -
A
F = b u
- - -
: u = U y
2
2
u u
+ v =
x y
u
u
y
- - -
= 0 : u = 0, v = 0 y
u
y
x
-
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 25 -
6) Exact calculation of the Boundary layer
thickness
Boundary layer on a plate :
For similarity y/ (x) is important
v
+ = 0
y
u
x
( )
x v
x ~
u
-
m
= =
y m y
u
-
( )
= u f m u
-
( )
1 1
= 2 u f m
2
x
x
- - - - -
= y
2 x
u
m
-
- -
( )
= 2 x f m
2 x
u
u u
- - - - -
- -
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 26 -
Definition :
( the factor 2 is arbitrary but helpful )
Idea :
Stream function :
= -
x
v
( )
= 2 x u f m
- - - -
( )
Schlichting
says
dimensionless
stream function
= 2 x u f m
- - - -
( )
m
2 x u f m
x
+
(
- - - - -
3
-
2
u 1
= y - x
2 2
m
x
| |
|
\
- - -
-
3
-
1 2
2
u u
= f - y x x
x 2 x 2 x
| |
|
|
\
-
- - - - -
- - -
( )
u
v = - = m f - f
x 2 x
-
- -
-
( )
3
-
2
1
= u f m y - x
2 2
u u
x
| |
\
- - - - -
-
u
v
= m f - f
2 x y 2 x
u
y y
( (
( (
( (
- -
- - -
- -
( )
1
= f m -
2 x
u
u m
x
| |
\
- - -
-
( )
2 x u f m
- - - - -
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 27 -
6.1) Conservation of mass (continuity equation)
u u u u u v
= f + y f
2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x
m
y
- -
- - - - -
- - - - - - - -
u v
+ = 0
x y
( )
= m f - f
2 x
u
v
-
- -
-
( )
= f m u u
-
( )
1
= f m m -
2 x
u
u
x
| |
\
- - -
-
( )
u u
= u f m
y 2 x
- -
- -
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 28 -
Conti - equation
6.2) Navier-Stokes and Blasius equations
Navier-Stokes for the boundary layer on a flat plate :
f
2 x 2 x
u u
-
- -
- - -
( )
1
= m f m
2 x
v
u
y
- - -
-
( )
2
2
= f m
2 x 2 x
u u u
u
y
- - -
- - - -
2
2
u u u
u + v =
x y y
- - -
f + f f = 0
Blasius - Equation
-
m = 0 f = 0 , f = 0
m : f = 1
( )
m = 0 i.e. y = 0 u = 0 and f = 0
( )
m i.e. y u = u and f = 1
( )
u
v = m f - f
2 x
-
- -
-
for y = 0 v and f have to be 0
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 29 -
with :
Inserting and differentation leads directly to :
side
conditions :
( )
u = u f m
-
characteristic parameters for the boundary layer on a
longitudinal flown plate
0,4696
1,2168
0,4696
0,7385
( )
1
= lim - f
(
w
f
( )
2
0
= f 1 - f d
-
99
= y for f = 0.99
df u
=
dm u
2
2
d f
dm
u
u = u f y
2 x
| |
|
|
\
-
- -
w
w
u u
= u f
y 2 x
| |
|
\
- -
- -
w
u u 0,4696
= u
y x
2
| |
|
\
- -
-
l
w w
0
F = b dx
- -
l 1
2
w
0
u
F = 0,332 u b x dx
- - - - - -
l 1
2
0
with x dx = 2 l
-
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 32 -
6.3) Friction :
Plate ( 1 side ) :
w
u
= 0,332 u
x
- - -
-
w
w
F
c
u b l
2
=
- - -
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 33 -
( see also 3.2 )
7) Thermal boundary layer
Conservation equation for heat :
convection :
2
2
p
2
T u
c u + v = +
x y
T T
y y
| | | |
| |
\ \
- - - - - -
w
1.328
c
Re
=
( )
T
dx dz dy
y
| |
|
\
- - -
( )
c p
Q = m c T
`
`
- -
( )
p
T
c dy dz u dx
x
| |
\
- - - - - -
u
dP = dx dz dy
y
- - - -
u
=
y
-
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 34 -
convection :
> 0
conduction :
< 0
friction :
> 0
Compare the conservation equations for heat with Navier-Stokes !
T
A
y
| |
\
- -
2
p 2
T T T
c u + v =
x y y
| |
|
\
- - - -
2
2
u u u
+ v =
x y y
| |
|
\
- - -
2
2
p
2
2
u u
u
u + v
c
x y
y
=
T
T T
u v
y
x y
| |
|
\
| |
|
\
- -
- -
-
- - -
2
2
2
2
u u
u
u + v
x y
y
=
T
T T
u v
y
x y
Pr
| |
|
\
| |
|
\
- -
-
- - -
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 35 -
( heat from friction neglected )
Navier-Stokes adapted to a boundary layer (see also 6) )
( )
w
q = T - T
`
-
w
T
q = -
y
| |
\
`
-
u
w
T
-
y
=
T - T
| |
-
( )
T
T
w
w
-
y
=
T
- 1
T
| |
|
\
-
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 36 -
For gases Pr 1.
Independent from the condition u and T behave equal.
w
u
u
=
y
| |
| |
|
|
\
|
|
|
|
\
-
u
= 0,4696
2 x
- -
- -
l
1
0
2
1
b dx
u
x
= 0,4696
2 b l
- -
- - -
- -
2
u 4 l
= 0,4696
2 l
- -
- -
- -
1
+
2
= 0,664 Re
l
- -
Nu = 0,664 Re -
w
with u = 0
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 37 -
5
Re = 5 10 -
, sudden
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 38 -
There is evidence that for Pr 1 :
see also : Vauck, W.R.A., Mller, H.A.: "Grundoperationen chemischer Verfahrenstechnik" , Wiley, 11th
Edition (2001)
8) Mass transfer boundary layer equation
9) Turbulent Boundary layer
Plate : turbulent from on
virtual friction
turbulent layer : 2 layers
viscous sublayer
1 1
3 2
Nu = 0,664 Re Pr - -
2
A A A
AB
2
c c c
u + v = D
x y y
- - -
f
x
50
=
c
Re
2
v
x
-
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
u x,y,t = u x,y + u x,y,t
v x,y,t = v....
u = average ; u = 0
p (x,y,t) = p (x,y) + p (x,y,t)
u u u u
u + u + u + u + v.....
x x x x
| |
|
\
- - - - -
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 39 -
Viscous sublayer :
Turbulent boundary layers
Conservation equations :
Navier - Stokes ( for boundary layers ) :
u u v v u v
+ + + = 0 ; + = 0
x x y y x y
u u u u
u + u + v + v
x x y y
.....
| |
|
\
=
- - - -
( )
2
2
u u du u
u + v = u + - u v
x y dx y y
| |
|
\
- - - - - -
_
u u
u = 0 , u = 0
x x
- -
2 2
2 2
d u u
- + +
dx y y
| |
=
|
\
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 40 -
Average :
2 2
2 2
dp u u
- + +
dx y y
| |
=
|
\
-
( )
dp dU
- U Bernoulli
dx dx
= - -
( )
u u
u + v u v
x y y
- - -
l
u
=
y
-
( )
t
= - u v
is usually negative
u v
- -
-
t
- u v
= + with =
u
y
u
y
-
- -
~ l
u
y
u
-
2
t
u u
= l
y y
- - -
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 41 -
laminar sheer stress :
turbulent sheer stress :
: turbulent kinematic viscosity
l = length of mixing way
l = f ( distance to the wall )
laminar sublayer
v ~ u
dp
Flat plate : = 0
dx
du dp
U = -
dx dx
-
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 42 -
Degree of turbulence :
10) Burbling
Stream line along a body different from a flat plate outside
the boundary layer ( no friction : )
( see Bernoulli and Navier-Stokes )
( )
2 2 2
1
3
u
u + v + w
T =
u
-
2
2
u u dp u
u + v = - +
x y dx y
| |
| |
|
|
\
\
- - - -
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 43 -
low speed - high pressure
When friction and pressure increase, debonding occurs.
In the layer :
2
2
dp u
If has a high value, must
dx y
become positive
- - -
laminar
laminar, but burbling
}
turbulent
w
w 2
2
sphere :
F
c =
u
D
2 4
- - -
w
c = 0
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 46 -
creeping flow :
d'Alembert :
no friction
(and no burbling)
(nach : Gersten, K. : Einfhrung in die Strmungsmechanik,
Bertelsm. Univ.Verlag, 1st edition, page 114 )
(nach : Gersten, K. : Einfhrung in die Strmungsmechanik,Bertelsm. Univ.Verlag, 1st edition, page 112 )
f d
=
u
Sr
-
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 47 -
Periodic stream due to debonding :
Strouhal - Number :
Prof. Dr. N. Ebeling Boundary Layer Theory - 48 -
11) Bibliography
- Gersten, K. : Einfhrung in die Strmungsmechanik, Shaker; 1st edition
(2003), ISBN-13: 978-3832210397
- Schlichting, H., Gersten, K. : Grenzschicht - Theorie, Springer Verlag,
10th edition (2006), ISBN-13: 978-3540230045
- Incropera, F.P., DeWitt, D.P.: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer,
Wiley, 5th edition (2001) , ISBN-10: 9755030654
- Vauck, W.R.A., Mller, H.A.: "Grundoperationen chemischer Verfahrens-
technik" , Wiley, 11th Edition (2000), ISBN -10: 3527309640
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12) Acknowledgment
I would like to thank my student assistant Matthias Kemper
for his contribution to this work.