Energy Conservation in Cellular Communication Systems

2012-2014

Submitted by:-

Chetanya Puri-12EC64R04 Tushar Singh-12EC64R19 Viresh Pratap Narang-12EC64R25

Introduction
Energy-efficient wireless communication network design is an important and challenging problem. It is important because: Mobile units operate on batteries with limited energy supply. Information and Communication Technology(ICT) is responsible for a fraction of the world energy consumption ranging between 2% and 10%. Reducing energy consumption can significantly help in reducing the cost of networks.

CHARACTERIZING THE POWER CONSUMPTION OF DEVICES

Power supply of mobile devices. Power consumption of other device components such as: Processor Display Devices Camera Hard Drives Power Budget of Base Stations.

POWER SUPPLY OF MOBILE DEVICES

Primary concern:- Limited energy supply via battery. Current secondary batteries are typically based on: Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Lithium-Polymer (Li-Po) Ni-Cd Key metric is the energy density, expressed as Watt hours per kilogram or as Watt hours per liter. For Li-Ion technology, it is around 150-250 Wh/kg. Optimization using communication protocols that work in a burst fashion, using high data rates at a time and shutting down completely for some time. But splitting the battery pack in two independent devices to enable shutting down one of them at a time is a challenge.
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POWER CONSUMPTION OF OTHER DEVICE COMPONENTS

Processor Modern CPUs capabilities to work at various settings of clock rate and supply voltage leads to power consumption. Display Devices For typical 2-3-class displays, power consumptions of 1 mW for still images 20 mW for dynamic display/video applications on top of that, power for display illumination can be very high Cameras Cameras would definitely require a lot of power, their usage is highly application specific
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POWER CONSUMPTION OF OTHER DEVICE COMPONENTS(contd)

TECHNOLOGY TRENDS & THEIR EFFECT ON POWER DISSIPATION Development of Feature Size and Complexity: Circuit area is halved every three years. No. of transistors increased. Clock frequency doubles approximately every 2 years

6 Ref: Wikipedia

POWER CONSUMPTION OF OTHER DEVICE COMPONENTS(contd)

TECHNOLOGY TRENDS & THEIR EFFECT ON POWER DISSIPATION Power Dissipation for Digital Circuits: Based on two mechanisms:1. Shrinking feature size smaller gate areas of transistors reducing internal capacitances. 2. Shrinking feature size is accompanied by reduced supply voltage. Relationship between Total power dissipation (Pt), switched capacitance (Csw), supply voltage V, and clock frequency (f). (1) Pd = Csw * V2 * f Pt = Pd + Pl + Ps (2) Total power dissipation (Pt) is the sum of the dynamic power dissipation (Pd) the leakage power (Pl) and the short circuit power (PS)
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POWER BUDGET OF BASE STATIONS

Almost 80% of the power is consumed by the base station sites. High power consumption results in additional construction costs (e.g., for fans) and space requirements. Reduced power consumption could mean an increased battery backup. Low power consumption allows base stations owners to strive for ISO 14001 certification. Network load is not evenly distributed. Typically 10% of the sites carry 50% of all traffic. 50% of sites are lightly loaded, carrying only 5% of the traffic.

POWER BUDGET OF BASE STATIONS(contd..)

Power consumed by the power back ups and cooling systems can be as high as 35-55% of the total power consumed by the base stations. Focus ---around the base station sites.

Source:NSN
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POWER BUDGET OF BASE STATIONS(contd..)

It has been observed that The traffic profile during the day time period (11 am - 9 pm) has higher value than that of the night time period (10 pm - 9 am). Difference in the traffic profile observed on a normal weekday and on a weekend/holiday period.

Fig. 2
REF: Eunsung Oh and Bhaskar Krishnamachari Energy Savings through Dynamic Base Station 10 Switching in Cellular Wireless Access Networks Proc. of IEEE ICC Workshop , 2010.

Radio Network Planning and Optimization

Maximum Transmit power determines the maximum achievable Tx range. Transmit powers in both second and third generation systems depend on the propagation loss between transmitter and receiver. Effective propagation loss is determined by radio network planning and optimization that determines important parameters, such as: Position of base station sites: placing sites close to the traffic that is to be served is crucial. Antenna types and tilts: different antenna types have different gains, thereby influencing the transmit powers. Sectorization vs. omnidirectional cells: From the viewpoint of reducing transmit powers, sectorized configurations are in most cases favorable. Handover parameters.
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Protocol contributions to energy efficiency

Some parameters and mechanisms of communication protocols have a large impact on the overall power consumption. TRANSMISSION POWER CONTROL Choosing optimal power to communicate with a given partner. In traditional cellular environments, transmission power is adapted to account for signal degradation and interference. Another way to minimize energy consumption is to adapt the transmission power according to the packet size or vice versa. Small packets less vulnerable less RF power to be transmitted

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Protocol contributions to energy efficiency

MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL MAC layer decides about the point in time when a transmission starts. ON/OFF switching of network interface and processor. If a node has to transmit or receive data, it stays awake; otherwise it can go asleep to save energy for a while. Similar concepts can be applied to the processor or other components of a mobile device. Collisions cause retransmission and waste of energy MAC protocols which are explicitly designed to work energy-efficiently avoid or minimize the likelihood of collisions.

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Protocol contributions to energy efficiency

LOGICAL LINK CONTROL LLC determine the precise form of packets e.g.., its size and what to do about errors. Packet size may be adapted according to the channel characteristics. Channel is tested with short low power packets at a certain pace as long as the channel is impaired . Data transmission is resumed at high power if the channel is assumed to be good again.

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Designing Energy Efficient BASE STATION SYSTEM

As evident from fig. 2, BSs are planned to support day time traffic. Infrastructures of access networks are under utilized during the night time and the weekend period. Thus effective dynamic BS planning (switching off redundant base-stations) can save energy consumption. Well investigate the design of energy efficient wireless access n/w based on switching BSs. Well find that the traffic profile and the BS density are key factors
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System Models & Assumptions

The system model and the associated assumptions used are summarized below: 1. The number of channels is C, and all channels are orthogonal. The channels are randomly allocated to each active user equipment (UE). 2. BSs are uniformly placed in an area with mean density BS and minimum inter site distance (ISD). UEs are randomly generated around BSs. A sample deployment is shown in Fig.3.

Fig. 3
REF: Eunsung Oh and Bhaskar Krishnamachari Energy Savings through Dynamic Base Station Switching in Cellular Wireless Access Networks Proc. of IEEE ICC Workshop , 2010.

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System Models & Assumptions

3. The call arrival process of a BS b at time t is modeled as a Poisson process with mean arrival rate b(t)[call/sec]. And, constant service time, h[sec/call], for each call. The traffic profile of a BS b, b(t) = b(t) h, is a time varying function with D = 24h time period. BSs only know the approximated sinusoidal traffic profile with mean, M, and variance V , i.e. (t) = V cos(2(t + )/D) +M. Data is retransmitted when losses occur.
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4.

5.

6.

Problem Formulation
The energy saving problem in access networks is formulated to minimize the energy consumption of BSs considering the system requirements, as follows:

where B : set of BSs in networks, EBS : BS energy consumption per unit time. Ab(t): Activity function of a BS b at time t, Ab(x) {0, 1} x {t, t+D}
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Problem Formulation
Since we assume retransmission, there is no data loss, and therefore the blocking probability is used as the quality of service (QoS) requirement. In the constraint, & are the blocking probability of a BS b at time t and the minimum requirement, respectively. is set the peak blocking probability when the BS switching strategy is not applied.

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BASIC ALGORITHM FOR SWITCHING BSs

To reduce the computational complexity and the information exchange, we consider a distributed BS switching strategy. Each BS only knows the number of neighboring BS, |Nb|.

We assume the traffic profile is modeled as the sinusoidal with D period time, thus the BS switching-off and on each occur only once during D period time.

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BASIC ALGORITHM FOR SWITCHING BSs

A. The BS switching-off strategy If the BS b is switched off at time , UEs served by the BS b are handed over to the neighboring BSs, Nb. The handover traffic of a neighboring BS by the BS bs switched off is approximated as because we assume that UEs are randomly positioned in serving area. Neglecting that two or more BSs which have same neighboring BS are switched off at same time. Considering the handover traffic, the cell traffic of the neighboring BSs are calculated as

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BASIC ALGORITHM FOR SWITCHING BSs

A. The BS switching-off strategy when the BS b is switched off at time when it is satisfied .Therefore, the BS b is switched off

where th is the switching threshold. If the switching threshold is set at a higher value, more energy is saved but the blocking probability is also increased, and vice versa. Considering the constraint, the switching threshold is established to minimize the energy consumption.
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BASIC ALGORITHM FOR SWITCHING BSs

B. The BS switching-on strategy During the switching-off period, the BS does not exchange the information from networks. The BS is switched on only considering the approximated sinusoidal traffic profile.

(t)>th.
Assuming the homogeneous traffic condition, BSs are switched on at same time

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BASIC ALGORITHM FOR SWITCHING BSs

FIRST-ORDER ANALYSIS OF ENERGY SAVING Maximum amount of energy saving under the described BS switching strategy. Let us define the energy saving ratio as S=1 ||
+

where |B| is the number of BSs in networks. The second term of the right part in above eqn means the average BS switching-on duration. Therefore, the energy saving ratio can be written as the expected BS switching-off duration, S=
1

{ }

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BASIC ALGORITHM FOR SWITCHING BSs

FIRST-ORDER ANALYSIS OF ENERGY SAVING From two observation: 1) The blocking probability is a monotonic increasing function of the traffic load, 2) The peak traffic load is occurred at time ton during the switching-off period, 3) Maximizing the energy saving while satisfying the QoS constraint, (2) ( ) (1+E{1/|Nb|}) = MAX
Fig. 4[1] First-order cell load with mean M and variance V , (t) = Vcos(2t/D) +M where = 0.
REF: Eunsung Oh and Bhaskar Krishnamachari Energy Savings through Dynamic Base Station Switching in Cellular Wireless Access Networks Proc. of IEEE ICC Workshop , 2010. 25

BASIC ALGORITHM FOR SWITCHING BSs

FIRST-ORDER ANALYSIS OF ENERGY SAVING On solving for : Again,

1 = D 1 ( ), where X= E{1/|Nb|} 1+ 2

S=1

Using Taylors expansion and neglecting higher order terms

S= +

1 1 ( 1+

( ) +

) .

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BASIC ALGORITHM FOR SWITCHING BSs

FIRST-ORDER ANALYSIS OF ENERGY SAVING

Thus Energy saving ratio is the function of the traffic parameters, (M,V ), and the number of neighboring BS, |Nb| Energy saving is increased when the ratio of traffic, M/V and the number of neighboring BS have higher value.

S= +

( ) +

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Results
From the first-order analysis we showed the amount of energy saving is dependent upon A) the traffic ratio of mean and variance B) BS density. Thus the greatest energy savings are likely to be realized in urban commercial areas (since such an area is likely to show both high traffic variance between day time and night time as well as high BS density).

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Renewable Energy Sources

Most feasible renewable energy resources for BTS sites are solar and wind. For BSs the renewable energy could be used for several reasons like: Long distance to energy Grid Unreliable Grid Reduce amount of CO2 emission Of course the size of solar cell and wind turbine have to defined

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Conclusion
Low-power and energy efficiency is an important characteristic requirement of current and future communication systems. Energy consumption of cellular network can be reduced by decreasing the energy consumption of BTS sites. Using system level features and Employing energy efficient site solutions Renewable sources in areas where electric grid availability is limited.

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REFERENECES
[1] Eunsung Oh and Bhaskar Krishnamachari Energy Savings through Dynamic Base Station Switching in Cellular Wireless Access Networks Proc. of IEEE ICC Workshop , 2010. [2] Holger Karl, An Overview of Energy-Efficiency Techniques for Mobile Communication Systems, Report of AG Mobikom WG7, 2003. [3] M. Marsan, L. Chiaraviglio, D. Ciullo, and M. Meo. Optimal energy savings in cellular access networks.In IEEE International Conference on Communications, (ICC Workshops) 2009.

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THANK YOU!
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