TELEPHONY
• Antonio Meucci
Telephony refers to the general use of
telephones to provide voice communication
over distances.
With the arrival of computers, digital
transmission, and the use of radio waves to
transmit telephone signals, the distinction
between telephony and telecommunication
has become difficult to make.
TELEPHONE
• The backbone of telephony.
• It is an apparatus for sending sound
or speech to a distant point over
wires usually by means of
electricity.
CELLPHONE
• Short for cellular telephone.
• It is a telephone which uses radio
waves to transmit signals instead of
wires.
• It is called cellular because it
communicates with a computerized
transmitting and receiving base
station that serves a small
geographical area called a cell. The
base station in each cell
communicates with the regular
telephone network through a mobile
telephone switching office.
HISTORY OF THE TELEPHONE
• Innocenzo Manzetti (1844)
gave the first idea of a telephone. It was
called as the “speaking telegraph”.
• Johann Philipp Reis
publicly demonstrated the Reis telephone
before the Physical Society of Frankfurt.
filed a patent caveat titled "Sound
Telegraph", describing communication of
voice between two people by wire.
• Elisha Gray
filed a patent caveat for transmitting the
human voice through a telegraphic circuit.
(February 14, 1876)
• Alexander Graham Bell
Is considered as the inventor of the
telephone.
Just few hours after Elisha Gray,
Bell applies for the patent "Improvements in
Telegraphy" the transmission of vocal or
other sounds telegraphically.
(February 14 1876)
Gray is notified of an interference between
his caveat and Bell's patent. Gray decides to
abandon his caveat.
Bell's patent "Improvement in Telegraphy"
is granted. ( March 1876)
First words on the telephone:
Bell was about to test a new transmitter. In
another room, Watson waited for the test
message. Suddenly, Bell accidentally
spilled some acid from a battery on his
clothes. He cried out: "Mr. Watson, come
here. I want you!" And that was the
historical first words spoken through the
telephone. (March 1876)
THE TELEPHONE
Four main parts:
1.Transmitter (Microphone)
2. Receiver (Speaker)
3. Hook Switch
4. Dialing mechanism (Keypad)
1.Transmitter (Microphone)
- It converts the sound waves of a person's
voice into an electric current.
Two kinds
1. The carbon transmitter – basic type
2. The foil-electret microphone – most used
in modern telephones.
Two main parts of the transmitter:
1. Diaphragm – A thin round aluminum
2. Carbon chamber – contains tiny grains of
carbon.
How it works:
The sound waves of the person
cause the diaphragm to vibrate.
When the diaphragm vibrates, pressure is
being exerted into the carbon grains and
then electric current is produced. The
electric current produced, is the electric
"copy" of the speaker's voice. Louder the
sound, higher the electric current.
2. Receiver (Speaker)
It converts electric current to sound.
So the electric copy of the speaker’s voice
will turn back to the sound of the speaker’s
voice.
Parts:
1. Diaphragm – thin round iron
2. Permanent magnet – exerts constant pull
on the diaphragm.
3. Electromagnet – coil located at the back
of diaphragm
How it works:
When the produced electric current flows
through the coil, the electromagnet becomes
magnetized.
The magnetized electromagnet causes the
diaphragm to vibrate and then create sound
waves almost the same as those of the
speaker's voice.
3. Hook Switch
The hook switch connects and disconnects
the phone from the network.
4. Dialing mechanism (Keypad)
Each key generates a pair of accurately
controlled tones from combination of
frequencies.
Each key also generates
a certain number of electric pulses.
The number of electric pulses are then used
by the computers in the telephone network
to direct your call to its receiver.
TELEPHONE NETWORK
• The signal leaves your house to a
telephone local exchange.
• The local exchange is connected to
all the phones in a small
geographical area.
• From the local exchanges, calls are
routed to the main exchange.
• The main exchange may route the
call to another main exchange
depending on where the call is
going.
• If overseas, The main exchange
directs the call via undersea cable or
satellite system to another main
exchange.
• If not overseas, The main exchange
directs the call to the corresponding
local exchange until reaches it
reciver