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A1_103_2010

CIGRE 2010

Field Verification of Multi-Input PSS with Reactive Power Input for Damping Low-Frequency Power Swings Y. KITAUCHI Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) JAPAN H. MORITA, T. SHIRASAKI Tohoku Electric Power Co., Inc. (Tohoku EPCO) JAPAN

SUMMARY In Japan, a P+ input-type PSS is generally used connected to the power system in order to improve oscillations and inter-area mode oscillations. However, power flow over long transmission lines, it is desired for and low-frequency power swings. on generators in a plant that are the damping of interplant mode because of the recent increase of the PSS to stabilize poorly damped

A Multi-input Power System Stabilizer (MPSS) has been developed to reduce low-frequency power swing oscillations in long-distance power systems when a fault occurs. In the MPSS, the deviation of reactive power Q is added to the conventional P+ input-type PSS. The MPSS was first applied to a thermal power plant (600 MW) on June 14, 2002. In order to verify the dynamic behavior of the MPSS when a transmission system fault occurs, a measuring device was installed and the dynamic response of the generator was measured. As a result, by a voltage step-response test and the behavior against transmission faults, it was verified that the dynamic behavior of the MPSS is appropriate. Moreover, the simulation results using the CPAT show that the MPSS effectively damps low-frequency power swings with longer transmission lines and the large-phase angle of the generator. KEYWORDS Power System Stability - Generator - Excitation Control - Power System Stabilizer Low Frequency Power Swing

kitauchi@criepi.denken.or.jp

1. INTRODUCTION Power system stability is essential to reliable and economic power system operation. In Japan, a P+ input-type PSS is generally used on generators in a plant that are connected into the power system in order to improve the damping of interplant mode oscillations and inter-area mode oscillations. However, because of the recent increase of power flow over long transmission lines, it is desired for the PSS to stabilize poorly damped and low-frequency power swings. A Multi-input Power System Stabilizer (MPSS) has been developed to reduce low-frequency power swing oscillations in long-distance power systems when a fault occurs [1], [2]. In the MPSS, the deviation of reactive power Q is added to the conventional P+ input-type PSS. Regarding the MPSS, the effects on improving the power system stability were checked by a verification test in CRIEPIs analog simulator, and by time domain simulation using CPAT (CRIEPIs Power system Analysis Tools) [3]. The MPSS was first applied to a thermal power plant at Higashi-Niigata No. 2 (600 MW) on June 14, 2002. In order to verify the dynamic behavior of the MPSS when a transmission system fault occurs, a measuring device was installed and the dynamic response of the generator was measured. As a result, by a voltage step-response test and the behavior against transmission faults, it was verified that the dynamic behavior of the MPSS is appropriate. Moreover, the simulation results using the CPAT show that the MPSS effectively damps low-frequency power swings with longer transmission lines and the large-phase angle of the generator. 2. OUTLINE OF THE MULTI-INPUT PSS (MPSS) [1], [2] 2.1 CONFIGURATION OF THE MPSS The outline of the MPSS is shown in Fig. 1. In the MPSS, the deviation of reactive power Q, rate of change of terminal voltage dEa, and active power output dP are added to the conventional P+ input-type PSS. Because the Q input and the generator terminal voltage Ea cause a positive feedback loop, the Q input makes the loop transfer function of the generator excitation control unstable. Moreover, the setting parameters of the P+ input-type PSS are not changed, in order to facilitate introduction of the MPSS. Therefore, dEa and dP are added as additional inputs for the MPSS. 2.2 EFFECTIVENESS OF USING REACTIVE POWER Q AS INPUT To discuss the effectiveness of using reactive power deviation Q as input, let us consider the one-machine-infinite-bus system and constant voltage behind the Xd' model. The generator active power P and reactive power Q derive from the change in the phase angle of the generator . The curves of P and Q are shown in Fig. 2 for the given values of transient reactance Xd' = 0.419 pu, external reactance Xe = 0.5 pu and Xe = 1.1 pu. When is small, it is proportional to P. However, when is greater than 90 degrees, the power system stability is generally severe, and Fig. 2 shows that P becomes highly non-linear to .

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Logic for improving transient stability ( logic) Field Voltage + Ef AVR + + 1.0 1.0 1+T3P s 1+T4P s 1+T3W s 1+T4W s 1+T3Q s 1+T4Q s
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Active Power P Rotating Speed Reactive Power Q

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Fig. 1 Block diagram of the generator excitation control system with Multi-input Power System Stabilizer (MPSS) On the other hand, Q is virtually proportional to and the rate of change of Q becomes the maximum when is 90 degrees. This maximum value increases as Xe becomes larger. Moreover, if P is small, the deviation of the generator rotor speed is also small. Therefore, for a long-distance power system where can reach almost 90 degrees, Q as an additional input to the P+ input-type PSS helps to improve damping.
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Fig. 2 Relationship between and P, and the Q for a one-machine-infinite-bus system 2.3 LOGIC FOR IMPROVING TRANSIENT STABILITY ( LOGIC) Logic to improve transient stability ( logic) is introduced to increase the field voltage Ef up to the excitation ceiling voltage, only when a fault has occurred near the generator. The value 2

of as an input to the AVR is calculated by the cumulative value of active power deviation ( P ), which corresponds to the acceleration energy of the generator, as follows. LOGIC for improving transient stability ( logic) (a) IF (Eas - Ea > 0.2) THEN the "short-circuit fault occurs" is judged, and accumulation of P begins. (b) IF (Eas - Ea 0.2) and (P 0.2) THEN the "short-circuit fault cleared" is judged. (c) IF (Eas - Ea > -0.2) and (P > Pmax) output = 0.5 ELSE = 0 Where, Ea = terminal voltage; Eas = terminal voltage setting value; P = deviation of active power output; P = cumulative P during short-circuit fault; Pmax = maximum value of P; and = parameter ( = 0.3).

3. FIELD VERIFICATION 3.1 UPGRADING TO THE MPSS The input of Q+dEa+dP was added and the P+ input-type PSS of the Higashi-Niigata No. 2 (600 MW) thermal power plant was upgraded to the MPSS. Since the P+ inputtype PSS can be changed to the MPSS merely by changing the software when the P+ input-type PSS consists of the digital AVR, the cost of upgrading is low. The specifications of this power plant are shown below. Table 1 Specifications of the Higashi-Niigata thermal power plant No. 2
Cross-Compound turbine Primary Generator 300 MW + Secoundary Generator 300 MW Rated Cap. 600 MW Fuel Excitation Type AVR LNG AC Exciter Digital Type

3.2 PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION TEST The performance of the MPSS was verified by the voltage step-response test with load. The voltage step-response test cases with load are shown in Table 2. The results of the +3.0 % step-response test for the primary generator of the P+ input-type PSS and the MPSS are shown in Fig. 3. 3

These test results show that the MPSS effectively damps the active power swing, although overshooting becomes somewhat large. The purpose of the MPSS is to damp low-frequency power swings in which the period is about 2.5 seconds. Because such low-frequency swings were not reproduced in this test, the MPSSs effect of suppressing low-frequency swings could not be verified by these tests. However, it was verified that the MPSS provides good damping for short-period power swings. Table 2 Voltage step-response test cases
Power Output PSS Type Step Width 300MW, 450MW, 600MW P+ or MPSS (Multi-Input PSS) 1.5% and 3.0%

3.3 MEASURED DATA OF THE GENERATOR In order to verify the dynamic behavior of the MPSS when a transmission system fault occurs, a measuring device was installed and the dynamic response of the generator and the excitation system as shown in Table 3 were measured for about nine months. Data on the dynamic behavior accompanying 11 cases of 275 kV transmission line faults and phase shifter operations turning on the bypass circuit, etc., were obtained. In all cases, the power swing after disturbance was fully controlled by the MPSS, and no problems arose. Moreover, the simulation model for the CPAT was verified from these test results. Figure 4 shows an example of a waveform when a line fault occurs on a 275 kV transmission line. The line fault is a two-phase ground fault on a double-circuit line. The fault is cleared by opening the faulted lines and the faulted lines are reclosed by a reclosing relay (around one second after the fault occurs). It was verified that the MPSS has better damping performance than the P+ input-type PSS. Table 3 Measured items in the field test
Date Sampling time Measured items June 14, 2002 - March 31, 2003 10 milliseconds Active Power, Reactive Power, Terminal Voltage, Armature Current, Field Voltage, AVR output, PSS output

3.4 PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION OF THE PSS The purpose of the Q-PSS part of the MPSS is to improve the damping of inter-area mode oscillations (when the power swing period is more than 2.5 seconds). However, it is difficult to realize such low-frequency power swings by normal system operation to open or close the circuit breaker in an actual electric power system. 4

18.6 18.4 Ea [kV] 18.0 17.8 17.6 17.4 0 296 294 P [MW] 292 290 288 286 0 40 20 Q [M Var] Q [MVar] 0 -20 -40 0 0.02 MPSS O utput [pu] PSS O utput [pu] 0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.02 0 1 2 3 4 5 Time [sec] 6 7 8 0.0 1.0 2.0 Time [sec] 3.0 4.0 MPSS Output [pu] P PSS Output [pu] (Primary Generator) 0.08 0.04 0.00 -0.04 MPSS Output [pu] (Primary Generator) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Reactive Power Output Q [kVar] (Primary Generator) MPSS P PSS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Reactive Power Output Q [kVar] (Primary Generator) 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 1 Ea [kV] 18.2 Generator Terminal Voltage Ea [kV] (Primary Generator) MPSS P PSS 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 190 180 P [M W ] 170 160 Active Power Output P [kW] Primary, Secondary Gen. 18.2 18.0 17.8 17.6 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Terminal Voltage Ea [kV] (Primary Generator)

Active Power Output P (Primary Generator) MPSS P PSS

Fig. 3 Results of voltage step-response test with load

Fig. 4 Actual waveform in a two-phase ground fault occurs through 275kV transmission lines

Therefore, a computer simulation was carried out by the CPAT for a three-phase ground fault in one of two transmission lines with heavy power flow, and after 3.5 cycles of 50 Hz, the fault was cleared by opening the line. The simulation results of the P+ input-type PSS and the MPSS are shown in Fig. 5 (a) and (b), respectively. It was verified that the MPSS reduces the power swing oscillation more effectively than the P+ input-type PSS.

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Fig. 5 Simulation result by CPAT 4. CONCLUSION The Multi-input PSS (MPSS) has been developed to improve the damping of low-frequency power swings and to increase the robustness to variations in system conditions. In the MPSS, the deviation of reactive power Q, rate of change of terminal voltage dEa, and active power output dP are added to the conventional P+ input-type PSS. The MPSS was first applied to a thermal power plant (600 MW) on June 14, 2002. Using a simulation model for the CPAT that had been verified by measuring the dynamic behavior in the field, it was shown that the MPSS more effectively reduces the power swing oscillation. BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] Y. Kitauchi, H. Taniguchi, T. Shirasaki, Y. Ichikawa, M. Amamo, M. Banjo, "Experimental Verification of Multi-input PSS with Reactive Power Input for Damping Low Frequency Power Swing", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion Vol. 14, No. 4, December 1999. (IEEE PES Summer Meeting, PE-317-EC-0-08-1998) Y. Kitauchi, H. Taniguchi, T. Shirasaki, Y. Ichikawa, M. Amamo, M. Banjo, Setting Scheme and Experimental Verification of Multi-Input PSS Parameters for Damping Low Frequency Power Swing in Multi-machine Power System, Trans. IEE of Japan, Vol.122-B, No. 1, Jan., 2002 (In Japanese) K. Takahashi, et. al, Integrated Analysis Software for Bulk Power System Stability, CRIEPI REPORT No. ET90002, July 1991.

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