CH 2 Neurotransmitters Serotonin Mood,sleep,appetite,sensoryperception,arousal, temp.regulat., pain suppress.

., impulsivity (low=depression) Acetylcholine (Ach) muscle action, learning, memory, REM sleep, emotion (low = Alzheimers) Dopamine (DA) Movement, attention, learning, emotion (high = schizophrenia, low = Parkinsons Nonepineprhine learning, memory, dreaming, emotion, waking up, eating, alertness, wakefulness, react to stress (low = depression, high = agitated, manic stress) Epineprhine (adrenaline) emotional arousal, memory storage, metabolism of glucose for energy release Endorphins - morphine-like, mood, pain, memory, learning, blood pressure, appetite, sexual activity CNS brain and spinal cord directs mental and life processes Hindbrain medulla, pons, cerebellum Medulla extension of spinal cord, many nerve fiber carrying information to + from, respiration + heartbeat (part of brainstem) Cerebellum fine muscle movement and balance (and a little bit of everything) Pons respiration, movement, sleeping, walking, dreaming (many axons cross both sides/ bridge) (part of brainstem) Midbrain orients eye and body movements to visual and auditory stimuli, works with pons (sleep+arousal), contains small structure that works with dopamine Reticular Formation alertness, consciousness (runs through midbrain and brain stem) Forebrain higher level processes Thalamus major sensory relay center for the brain (sends signals) Hypothalamus master control center, hunger, thirst, sex, aggression, HORMONAL processes, pituitary gland hangs from it (releases hormones that activate other endocrine glands) Limbic system emotions, drives, memory (includes hippocampus, amygdale, thalamus, and hypothalamus) hippocampus forms and retrieves memories amygdala production and regulation of emotions Cerebral Cortex outer layer of brain Frontal Lobe receives, coordinates messages from other lobes, motor control, speech Parietal Lobe pressure, pain, touch, temperature Occipital Lobe vision and visual perception

Temporal hearing, language comprehension, memory, some emotional control Association areas PNS carries info to and from CNS Somatic NS sensory and motor (voluntary) Autonomic basic life functions (involuntary) Sympathetic Fight or Flight Parasympathetic Rest Relax CH 3 Hans Seyes: defined stress nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it SAMS system initial, rapid acting stress response sympathetic NS HPA Axis responds slowly, endocrine system, lasts longer, also help restore homeostasis (too much cortisol feedback mechanism) Damaged hippocampus means that this function becomes damaged, cortisol increases by too much Hans Seyes: General Adaptation Syndrome alarm, resistance, exhaustion Nicotine stimulates release of acetylcholine, nonepineprhine, and dopamine. Alcohol increase aggression + damages brain depresses neural activity Mr. Lazarus: primary appraisal decide if harmful, secondary appraisal asses resources and cope (emotion or problemfocuses methods of coping) CH 4 Transduction receptors convert energy from the prev. detected stimuli into neural impulses, which are sent to the brain Coding different stimuli have different routes Sensory reduction RF cells learn to screen out certain messages instead of sending to thalamus which sends to cortex Sensory adaptation when constant stimuli is presented, sensation fades/ disappears Gate-control theory neural message has to get past a gatekeeper in the spinal cord (closed b/c brain sends impulses + nerve fibers conduct sensory signals, open when body tissue is damaged) Trichromatic theory three types of cone cells, sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths Opponent process theory either or. Combine red + green equally = see white Trichomats see diff colors, monochromats see black white Vestibular sense sense of body orientation and position with respect to gravity and 3d space Kinesthesia sense that provides the brain with info about bodily posture and orientation and movement Habituation pay more attention to new stimuli than constant Gestalt we tend to form patterns