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IEEE TRANSACTIONSON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS,VOL. 28, NO. 2, MARCHJAPRIL1992

Harmonic and Transient Overvoltage Analyses . in Arc Furnace Power Systems

S . R. Mendis, Member, IEEE, and D. A. Gonzilez, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract-This paper presents guidelines for analyzing harmonics and transient overvoltages generated by arc furnaces. Computer simulation techniques for creating accurate models for the analysis of arc furnace power systems are also discussed. A set of guidelines for computer simulations to determine the operation of arc furnaces and their effect on industrial distribption systems will aid power systems engineers in performing detailed analyses. This will also improve the planning of system analyses studies and help to achieve better results effectively. Simulation guidelines are outlined in detail to assist the power systems engineer in performing a complete and accurate study of arc furnace power systems. These guidelines can be applied to melting and ladle furnace applicatioqs. General practices and designs encountered in arc furnace power systems are discussed. Possible solutions to common problems associated with arc furnace power systems are also discussed. Discussions of shunt capacitor bank arrangements, harmonic filter design, ferroresonance, virtual current chopping, the use of surge capacitors, and surge arresters are also included.

2) Another type of analysis is postmortem work after an equipment failure due to suspected high transient overvoltages and/or harmonic problems. This area of analysis is more complex as the exact cause of the failure is generally not known until the analysis is complete.
This paper concentrates only on the analysis of transient overvoltages and harmonics generated by arc furnaces. Methods of measurement are not considered. Short circuit and power flow studies are not dealt with. But it should be noted that transient overvoltage and harmonic analyses may involve short circuit and/or power flow studies as preliminary work. For example, if a capacitor sizing study is performed, a power factor and power flow analysis will have to be performed before the harmonic and/or transient overvoltage analysis to determine capacitor sizes. Filters may also be designed in a capacitor sizing study to eliminate harmful resonant conditions. In this case the design of the filter bank could be an iterative process to optimize the capacitor size while filtering unwanted harmonics [l]. It is the function of the engineer to investigate and assess the parameters of the system to determine precisely the correct approach to the power system analysis study. Guidelines are developed to handle power system analyses in arc furnace applications using the available computing tools in the industry today. The guidelines developed are a result of numerous power system studies performed for a variety of arc furnace facilities. They are not intended to suggest or recommend certain design and/or operating practices and philosophies in arc furnace installations. This paper also discusses some of the tools available for harmonic and transient overvoltage analyses and their capabilities in general. 11. SIMULATIONS Once the need for power system analysis is established the objectives of the study will be defined. This will enable the engineer to identify the types of analyses required to achieve the necessary goals. Usually, the studies needed are easily determined from the desired objective of correcting problems being experienced. But in some cases the sources of unexplained equipment failures will be determined with field measurements. The types of analyses in an arc furnace facility can vary from short circuit studies and protective device coordination to complex transient overvoltage analysis. Typical types of analyses performed on arc furnace installations are short circuit analysis, protective device coordination, power flow analysis, power factor analysis, flicker analysis, harmonic analysis, and transient overvoltage analysis.

I. INTRODUCTION OWER SYSTEM studies can provide engineers with useful information on the performance of future, or existing systems during normal and abnormal operating conditions. A power system analysis of arc furnace facilities is considered for a variety of reasons. The objectives of a particular study depend on the concerns to be addressed by the study. System studies can be categorized into two areas:

1) A major area of interest is preliminary analysis before a major installation at an arc furnace facility. Reasons to perform power system analyses in this area are as follows:

The power system design of a new arc furnace shop: This will include verifying the design, operation, or equipment rating to help determine optimum design and to avoid overspending.

Expansion of an existing arc furnace facility such as installing an additional furnace: This includes
analysis of any modifications or additions to modernize or evaluate equipment in an old system.

Replacement of existing arc furnace transformers. Addition of capacitor banks at furnace to meet requirementsfor power factor and reactive power generation,
Paper IPSD 90-7, approved by the Power Systems Engineering Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society for presentation at the 1990 Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Annual Technical Conference, Detroit, MI, April 29-May 3, 1990. S. R. Mendis is with the Systems Engineering Group, Cooper Power Systems, Franksville, WI. D. A. Gonzaez is with the Components and Protective Eqpipment Plant, Cooper Power Systems, Pewaukee, WI. IEEE Log Number 9104094.

0093-9994/92$03 .OO 0 19921EEE

MENDIS AND GONZALEZ: HARMONIC AND TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGE ANALYSES

337

This paper emphasizes the harmonic and transient overvoltage analysis. A typical arc furnace system is shown in Fig. 1. The key characteristics are a power factor of around 0.7 lagging, with frequent switching of the arc furnace transformer on the order of 50 times a day. Line voltage fluctuations occur due to the random load changes on the system. These changes are more severe during the initial meltdown of the furnace charge. The circuit conditions at the furnace electrodes can vary between open circuit and short circuit.

Maln T r a n s f o r m e r

\t

Furnace Transformer

C,rcult Breaker

200-8OOV

I
t,9

12 t o 35KV
t o 230KV

Lable

Vacuum SwNtch

'

I
Lead Impedance

A r c Furnace

Fig. 1. Typical arc furnace system diagram

Current
L L !

A . Harmonics Analysis
The use of loads with nonlinear characteristics, such as arc furnaces, result in harmonic voltage and current generation. Of the many types of arcing devices on the power system today, arc furnaces may be the most notorious harmonicproducers because they have great capacity lumped together in one place. It has been found that the arc at the electrode tips is basically a voltage clamp with a trapezoidal shape waveform [2]. A theoretical arc furnace voltage and current waveform is shown in Fig. 2. Under unbalanced conditions of electrode arcing, there could be significant amounts of third harmonic and its multiples. Also, fifth and seventh harmonics that occur under balanced conditions could increase under unbalanced arcing conditions. Measurements of arc furnace voltage have indicated a varying harmonic output. The recorded fifth harmonic voltage has varied from 8 % , 6%, and 2.5% of the fundamental voltage during beginning of meltdown, end of meltdown, and refining, respectively [l]. Also, the fifth and seventh harmonics could increase significantly during unbalanced arcing conditions. Ferromagnetic devices such as transformers in the arc furnace power system also produce harmonics due to the nonlinear characteristics. Often, nearly 50% of the magnetizing (exciting) current will be third harmonic. It is also rich in fifth, seventh, and ninth harmonics. Transformer harmonics do not normally cause harmonic problems unless the system is sharply resonant at a significant harmonic. They produce more harmonics when the voltage rises (at low load levels) as there is more significant saturation and the magnetizing current increases [3]. Table I shows an example of an arc furnace harmonic voltage distortion used in harmonic analysis studies. The typical values used are considered to be present for long periods of time. These numbers can be used to determine system performance, especially when using the total harmonic distortion (THD) as the criterion. The worst case values are used for short time durations. They can be used for filter design and failure analysis. All values given in Table I are based in part on field measured waveforms and estimates of the worst case harmonic distortion at each individual harmonic. The arc furnace load actually looks like a voltage source of harmonics behind a series of impedance consisting of the secondary cables to the electrodes. A typical arc furnace model for a simulation will include the furnace lead impedance and a constant voltage source behind it at each harmonic of
Voltage
k !

\U
Fig. 2. Theoretical arc furnace voltage and current waveform.

TABLE I VOLTAGE DISTORTIONS FOR TYPICAL FURNACE USED ARC HARMONIC ANALYSIS

Harmonic No.

Worst Case (% of fundamental)

17 29 7.5 10 3.5 8 2.5 5

Typical (% of fundamental) 5 20 3
10 1.5

6 1
3

concern. Usually, harmonics up to the ninth will be considered. In this model the lead impedance is highly critical as it has a large voltage drop across it. Typically it will be in the range of 3-6 mO with an X / R ratio of within 6-10 [I]. Fig. 3 shows an arc furnace harmonic model. Harmonic analysis i s considered by many industrial facilities as the arc furnace technology is improving. Many steel melt shops are incorporating ladle arc refineries [2]. Another reason for interest in harmonic analysis is the application of shunt capacitors to control power factor requirements. Although capacitors do not generate harmonics, their interaction with other devices in the system could create dangerous resonant conditions. Also, many loads on the system today are very sensitive to harmonic distortions [4]. Constant distortion can also result in increases in motor losses and cause heating. Transformers, switchgear, and capacitors may experience excessive heating. Also, fuses, protective relays, metering devices, and power electronic equipment could have misoperations due to harmonics. Presently, most harmonic analyses are performed with the aid of personal computer programs. Modeling techniques used in digital harmonic studies are usually conservative. Worst case scenarios are analyzed to account for extreme conditions. Generally, this type of method would be suffi-

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL.28, NO. 2, MARCHfAPW 1992

Lead Impedance

3 000

It' I

v ,
2 a00

without filter

Arc

furnace Transformer
-

Harmonic
Source
1.200

Secondary Bus

1
New re ona ce below the tuned frequency

Fig. 3.

Arc furnace harmonic model.

0 600

cient for most arc furnace applications. These digital computer programs have the capability of modeling very large systems and use the personal computer efficiently. The advantages of using a digital computer program to perform harmonic simulations are [5] as follows:
0

J
0

ilter

uned to the 2.7th harmonic

e
Har.O"IC
Nu.brr

000
0

lo

12

14

16

Fig. 4. Frequency scan plot for a distribution circuit.

0 0

Harmonic problems can be solved without extensive field measurements. The industry standards can be implemented or user defined limits can be used. Total harmonic distortion (THD), I-T product, and other quantities may be computed. System response throughout the entire system can be determined before applying new loads or equipment. Multiple harmonic sources can be modeled. Multiphase, unbalanced solutions can be performed. Graphical output such as frequency scans, waveform plots, root locus plots, and 3-D plots can be obtained easily. A frequency scan plot for a distribution circuit is shown in Fig. 4.

Several different cases can be checked very quickly and analyzed with a PC-based harmonic program. A frequency scan shown in Fig. 4, will aid the systems engineer in determining resonant frequencies. This will also aid in harmonic filter design and unbalance detection of capacitor unit outages. A typical set of data needed to conduct a detailed harmonic analysis is given below.
0
0

System one-line diagram utility short circuit capacity and X / R ratio for three phase and single-line-to-ground faults transformer impedances, winding connections, rating, taps voltage and kvar ratings of power factor capacitors or actual capacitance information on any installed utility capacitors in the vicinity of the industrial plant lengths and configurations of major lines and cables description of types of loads connected to the system writeup of operating procedures of the system.

1) Harmonic Distortion: How much harmonic distortion is acceptable to the system with arc furnace applications is addressed in IEEE Standard 519. This standard is widely used as a guideline for the generated harmonics in arc furnace power systems. Tables II and II give the proposed I harmonic levels recommended by the IEEE standard 519 (update) E 1 6. 2 ) Filter Design: Unwanted harmonic currents could be prevented from flowing through the power system by diverting them through a low-impedance shunt path [l]. The shunt filter is an effective way of minimizing voltage distortion caused by arc furnace operations. The most practical and less expensive solution is to use a single-tuned or a high-pass filter. The engineer will have to consider alternative filter designs before making a final decision on the configuration of the filter. Existing capacitor banks could be converted to filter banks by adding series reactors to detune harmful resonant conditions in the system. A detailed description of harmonic filter design is contained in ref. [l]. An unbalanced detection scheme to detect individual capacitor unit outages should also be included as a part of the filter design. 3) Shunt Capacitor Bank Arrangements: The main cause for harmonic problems in arc furnace operations is the interaction of power factor correction capacitors with the inductive reactance of the system. A typical set of shunt capacitor bank arrangements is shown in Fig. 5 . A sample waveform of a capacitor voltage with a resonance at fifth harmonic is shown in Fig. 6. Experience has shown that a capacitor bank selected for an industrial system on the basis of economics will frequently resonate with the source impedance around the fifth harmonic. Arc furnace operations are characterized by substantial fifth harmonic generation. Fig. 7 shows a line voltage waveform with a fifth harmonic filter designed.

B. Transient Overvoltage Analysis

Unlike harmonics, which are a steady-state phenomena, transient overvoltages are, as their name implies, transient in nature. Harmonic problems, as described in Section 11-A, can be analyzed using either steady-state or transient methods. Transient modeling usually requires more computer time and

If a detail model of the arc furnace installation is required, harmonic measurements are recommended. These measurements can be made with commercially available PCbased harmonic monitors and microprocessor-based handheld harmonic meters.

MENDIS AND GONZALEZ: HARMONIC AND TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGE ANALYSES

339

TABLE I1 HARMONIC CURRENT LIMITS NONLINEAR FOR LOADS AT THE POINT-OF-COMMON-COUPLING WITH OTHER LOADS, VOLTAGES AT OF 2.4-69 KV Maximum Harmonic Current Distortion (% of fundamental) Harmonic Order (odd harmonics)

i""
-j-

7
>
1 t S h " " t ;aco .;t v

1:

Isc/Il

<I1 11<h<17 17<h<23 23<h<3535<hTHD 4.0 7.0 15.0 2.0 3.5 4.5 5.5 7.0

< 20
20-50 50-100

10.0 100-1ooo 12.0

> IO00

1.5 2.5 4.0 5.0 6.0

0.6 1.o
1.5

2.0 2.5

0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.4

5.0 8.0 12.0 15.0

20.0

Fig. 5 . Typical set of shunt capacitor bank arrangements in an arc furnace facility.

Notes: 1) Even harmonics are limited to 24% of the odd harmonic limits. 2) I,, = maximum short circuit current at PCC. I, = maximum load current (fund frequency) at PCC. 3)For PCC's from 69 to 138 kV, the limits are 50% of the above limits. A case-by-case evaluation is required for PCC's of 138 kV and above.

TABLE 111 HARMONIC VOLTAGE LIMITS POWER FOR PRODUCERS (PUBLIC UTILITIES OR COGENERATION) AT PCC Harmonic Voltage Distortion (% of fundamental) 2.3-69 kV 69-138 kV Maximum individual harmonic Total harmonic distortion (THD) 3 .O 1.5 2.5

> 138 kV
0 5

IO

15
11IM5etl

20

25

IO

1 .O

5.0

1.5

Fig. 6.

Voltage waveform without a filter.

expertise but can give more accurate results as arc furnace characteristics, which are nonlinear in nature, can be modeled more accurately. If more exact modeling of arc furnaces is needed, a transient overvoltage analysis should be performed. There are a variety of tools available today for performing transient analyses. The digital transients programs, ATP (Alternative Transient Program), which can be run on a PC and EMTP (Electro Magnetic Transient Program), which requires a main frame computer, are just two of the available programs. The advantage of digital simulations is the availability of the hardware and software necessary to perform them. Data files on the power system under study can be stored for future reference. If changes occur in the system in the future, digital simulations can be performed easily taking those changes into account with the stored data. The main drawback in using digital transient programs is the amount of time it takes to perform simulations and analyze the output data, especially if multiple event statistical switching simulations are needed. Another tool for transient analyses is the TNA (Transient Network Analyzer). The TNA is an analog computer with an electronic arc model of the arc furnace. The major advantage of the TNA is its operation in "real time," i.e., switching on the TNA takes the same time as switching on the actual system. This significantly reduces the time necessary to perform simulations and obtain output data especially if statistical switching simulations are needed. Transient analysis is performed to check for potential transient overvoltage

10 000

000

rl U

In
0

-6 000

8 000

Fig. 7. Voltage waveform with a fifth harmonic filter.

conditions during arc furnace transformer and capacitor bank switching. A typical set of data needed to conduct a transient overvoltage analysis (switching transients, ferroresonance, virtual current chopping, etc.) is given below. System one-line diagram utility short circuit capacity and X / R ratio for threephase and single line-to-ground faults arc furnace and stepdown transformer short-circuit impedance, saturation characteristics, tap ratios, ratings, and bushing and winding capacities impedance or conductor data for all lines and buswork

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IEEE TRANSACTIONSON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS,VOL. 28, NO. 2, MARCHJAPRIL1992

ratings and types of all breakers and switches ratings and types of all surge arresters sizes of all surge capacitors 0 voltage and kvar ratings of power factor capacitors 0 ratings of reactors writeup of operating procedures of the arc furnace power system. 1) Switching of Capacitor Banks: Transient problems with the switching of power factor correction capacitor banks often result from high inrush currents during energization or discharging stored energy through other system components during a switching operation. Severe switching transients can result in eventual failure of equipment such as transformers, capacitors, cables, and surge arresters. Capacitor switching at arc furnace circuits can create high overvoltages. Dynamic overvoltages can result when energizing an arc furnace transformer and a capacitor bank simultaneously. This sustained overvoltage can contain enough energy to damage transformers, capacitors, and surge arresters. A sample waveform of a dynamic overvoltage condition is shown in Fig. 8. The following conditions should also be evaluated in a transient overvoltage study [7]: switch restrikes and prestrikes, surge arrester duty, magnification of transient overvoltages, inrush currents, and induction motors. Ref. [7] describes each of these conditions in detail. 2) Vacuum Switching: Vacuum switches are used extensively in arc furnace power systems due to the operating characteristics of these installations and the maintenance requirements of the switches. Low maintenance, long operating life, and the absence of any exhaust make vacuum switches well suited for highly repetitive switching operations such as those found on arc furnace power systems [8]. These switches have the capability of chopping currents, that is, abruptly and prematurely interrupting the current prior to its reaching a natural current zero. If the circuit involved is highly inductive (i.e., transformer magnetizing current), this chopping can generate a very high overvoltage that is independent of the system voltage. When current is chopped, magnetic energy will be trapped in the transformer core. This trapped energy is proportional to the magnetizing inductance and of a considerable value, although the magnetizing current is small. Because the inductive current has no path to flow through the switch and cannot stop flowing instantaneously, it will flow through the transformer capacitance on the load side of the switch. The energy is then transferred from the magnetic field to the electric field of the capacitance resulting in a transient overvoltage. Surge capacitors are sometimes used to control the magnitude of the voltage transient produced by chopping magnetizing currents [9]. These surge capacitors are connected from each high-voltage terminal of the furnace transformer to ground. The surge capacitors discharge stored magnetic energy of the transformer core when the vacuum switch opens without any load connected to the furnace transformer. 3) Ferroresonance: Ferroresonance is another major concern in arc furnace power systems. Ferroresonance is a special type of series resonance involving the capacitance of a
0 0

PU

-2.41..

"

'

'

'

'

'

" "

Fig. 8.

Sample dynamic overvoltage waveform. Transformer L - G voltage.

cable or surge capacitors and the nonlinear inductance of a transformer. Such a resonant circuit can result in sustained overvoltages and subject equipment such as surge arresters and furnace transformers to excessive stress. The use of surge capacitors in arc furnace power systems can lead to ferroresonant overvoltages. For example, if a vacuum switch has a leaky bottle (circuit isolation is not achieved) while it is in the open position, surge capacitors will be in series with one or more furnace transformer windings. The potential for ferroresonance will be high. The waveform in Fig. 9 shows the transformer winding voltage for a ferroresonant condition caused by surge capacitors and a leaky vacuum bottle. Surge capacitors alone may not be sufficient enough to control transient overvoltages in an arc furnace circuit. Surge arresters connected from transformer primary terminals to ground would provide additional protection when the arc furnace transformer is switched unload [lo]. Some transformer manufacturers approve the omission of surge capacitors on their equipment if properly rated metal oxide surge arresters are installed. Ferroresonance can be controlled or minimized by removing the surge capacitors and applying metal oxide surge arresters at the furnace transformers. However, if surge capacitors are in the system, an alarm and trip circuit could provide protection against a hung-pole situation which could cause ferroresonance. 4) Virtual Current Chopping : Virtual current chopping can occur when an arc furnace is deenergized under load followed by a reignition. Vacuum switches have the ability to interrupt current at the first current zero after contacts part, even though the contacts may have not traveled a distance sufficient to withstand the transient recovery voltage (TRV) across the switch. A reignition may occur in this case if the rate-of-rise of the TRV is sufficiently high. If this occurs, a high-frequency current will flow through the surge capacitors (surge capacitors provides a low-impedance path for the current on the load side of the vacuum switch), and be superimposed on the normal 60-Hz current. This highfrequency current can force an early current zero making it appear similar to a current chop. This current chopping can produce a voltage surge large enough and at a frequency that can make surge arresters operate or cause failure on the furnace transformer windings. A waveform for virtual current chopping is shown in Fig. 10. In this case the arc furnace transformer is deenergized under load. Virtual current chopping occurs on phase B. The resulting line-to-line voltage transient is significant.

MENDIS AND GONZALEZ: HARMONIC AND TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGE ANALYSES

34 1

111

+.e8

-+.e8

4.08

-t.w
t.tx

-10.88

I . . . . I . .

. . I . . . . I . . . .

&. . .

I . . . . I . . . _ I . . . . I .

Fig. 10. Virtual current chopping. Transformer L-L voltage.

-+.IC

Fig. 9.

Transformer winding voltage for an arc furnace facility. Ferroresonance phenomenon.

The removal of surge capacitors along with the application of metal oxide surge arresters connected from line to ground will limit line-to-ground voltages, but additional arresters may be required, connected between transformer terminals to limit the line-to-line voltage imposed across the windings. Noninductive damping resistors used in series with the surge capacitors can reduce the transient overvoltage by making the reignition current nonperiodic, Fig. 11 shows a system configuration using damping resistors in an arc furnace facility. The drawback in this method is that if a resistor or a capacitor fails and a resistor burns open, the transformer

would be left without any surge capacitor protection. Tests have also shown that the use of filter reactors with the power factor correction capacitors in arc furnace power systems produce results similar to that of using damping resistors with surge capacitors. Fig. 12 shows a system configuration using filter reactors in an arc furnace facility.
111. CONCLUSIONS

A set of guidelines for power system studies in arc furnace facilities will help power systems engineers perform detailed analyses of such facilities. Harmonic analysis and transient overvoltage analysis aid in determining solutims to common problems associated with arc furnace facilities. When performing these studies, engineers should consider all possible scenarios in association

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS,VOL. 28, NO. 2, MARCH/APRIL 1992

Fig. 11. Use of damping resistors with surge capacitors.

[41 W. E. Reid and K. J. Petrus, Harmonics and capacitors in the power system, in Proc. Pacsfic Coast Elect. Assoc. Eng. Operating Conf. (Los Angeles, CA), Mar. 1985. [5] V-HARMTMUsers Manual-Power Systems Harmonics Simulation and Analysis Program, May 1988. [6] Update of Harmonic Standard IEEE-519, IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems, paper no. PCIC-88-7. [7] W. S. Vilcheck and D. A. Gonzalez, Guidelines for applying shunt capacitors on industrial power systems, in Proc. I&CPS Conf. (Denver, CO), May 1985. [8] A. N. Greenwood, D. R. Kurtz, and J. C. Sofianek, A guide to the application of vacuum circuit breakers, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-90, no. 4, pp. 1589- 1597, July/Aug. 1971. [9] A. H. Moore and T. J. Blalock, Extensive field measurements support new approach to protection of art furnace transformers against switching transients, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-94, no. 2, Mar./Apr. 1975. [IO] Cooper Power Systems Distribution System Protection Manual.

Fig. 12. Use of reactors with power factor correction capacitors.

with furnace operations. A combination of protection schemes can be applied, and each case should be analyzed individually. Careful planning and proper operating practices along with system analyses will help in avoiding troublesome conditions on the circuit. Power system analysis studies of furnace facilities will increase system reliability and help keep operations trouble free.

S. R. Mendis (M87) received the B.S.E.E. degree from Gannon University, Erie, PA, and the M.S.E.E. degree from Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI. He is a Senior Power Systems Engineer in the Systems Engineering Group of Cooper Power Systems, Franksville, WI, where he performs a variety of power system analysis studies, primarily for industrial power systems including harmonics, transients, power flow, short circuit and coordination. motor startine. and flicker. He is also an , instructor in the Coowr Power Systems Overcurrent Protection, Power Quality, and Harmonics Workshops. Mr. Mendis is the current Chairman of the Power Quality Subcommittee of the Industry Applications Society.

REFERENCES
D. A. GonzPlez and J. C. McCall, Design of filters to reduce harmonic distortion in Industrial power systems, IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, vol. IA-23, no. 3, pp. 504-511. 121 W. S. Vilcheck and D. A. Gonzalez, Measurements and simulations-combined for state-of-the-art harmonic analysis, in Proc. IEEEfiAS Conf. Rec. I988 Ann. Mtg., part 11, Oct 1988, pp. 1530-1534. [3] Electric Power Systems Harmonics Design Guide, McGraw-Edison Power Systems, Sept. 1987. [I]

D. A. Gonzalez (SM88) received the B.S.E.E. degree from the University of Puerto RicoMayaguez and the M.S.E.P.E. degree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY. He is the Manager, Overcurrent Protective Equipment, at the Components and Protective Equipment Plant of Cooper Power Systems, Pewaukee, WI. He has marketing responsibilities for fusing equipment, fault indicators, and underground surge arresters. He is also an instructor in Cooper Power Systems Overcurrent Protection Workshop. From 1973 to 1982, he was employed by the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority. In 1983, he joined the Systems Engineering Group of Cooper Power Systems in Canonsburg, PA. While there, he performed specialized systems studies in the areas of harmonics and transients. Before leaving the group, he was responsible for the marketing and development of the Power VerdictTM software series and the industrial studies section.