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Speculative Realism, Visionary Pragmatism, and Poet-Shamanic Aesthetics in Gloria Anzaldaand Beyond
AnaLouise Keating

I felt a calling to be an artist, but an artist in the sense of a shamanof healing through words, using words as a medium for expressing the flights of the soul, communing with the spirit, having access to these other realities or worlds. Gloria Anzalda, Interviews/Entrevistas

It is by now almost a commonplace among many feminist scholars to criticize or even reject the linguistic turn in poststructuralist thought, insisting that poststructuralisms intense focus on language removes thinkers from the embodied, material world. Adopting a dichotomous, oppositional stance and defining poststructuralist thought in overly simplified terms, these critiques are somewhat reductive and thoroughly immersed in the binary Eurocentric philosophical traditions they condemn.1 However, rather than criticize the critiques, this essay takes a different, more speculative approach. Drawing on indigenous theories of participatory language and Gloria Anzaldas work, I develop a transformation-based writing practice that I call poet-shaman aesthetics: a synergistic combination of artistry, healing, and transformation grounded in relational, indigenous-inflected worldviews.2 I focus especially on the physical dimensions of Anzaldas writing, where the words she uses, the metaphors she creates, emerge from and connect with her subjects and have physiological and other material effects. Poet-shaman aesthetics represents an entirely embodied and potentially transformative intertwining of language, physiology/matter, and world. As I hope to demonstrate, poet-shaman aesthetics represents a linguistic turn indeed, but not the more commonly

WSQ: Womens Studies Quarterly 40: 3 & 4 (Fall/Winter 2012) 2012 by AnaLouise Keating. All rights reserved.

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presumed turn away from material reality and our embodied flesh-andblood world. In poet-shaman aesthetics, words do not simply point to this externalized material reality in some correspondence-type mode. Words neither serve merely as a veil between ourselves and a more real (that is, more tangibly material) world nor create our reality in some poststructuralist approach (i.e., the linguistic turn I referred to above). My claim is far more extreme: in poet-shaman aesthetics words have causal force; words embody the world; words are matter; words become matter. As in shamanic worldviews and indigenous theories and practicesin which words, images, and things are intimately interwoven and the intentional, ritualized performance of specific, carefully selected words shifts reality poet-shaman aesthetics enables us to enact and concretize transformation. Stories and metaphors are as real as dogs, cats, baseball bats, the idea of God, nuclear fission, human beings, the chair youre sitting on right now, Buddhism, and bricks. LeAnn Howe makes a similar point:
Im saying flat-out that speech acts create the world around us. And those are primary, foundational. We can look at verbs and verb tenses, especially in Choctaw, as a way of moving the mountain through the act of speaking. That speech act is as powerful as number theory to nuclear physics. Many non-Indians put all their faith in numbers, the power to add them up to create or destroy. Natives, I think, on the other hand, put our faith in speech. What is said. Thats why if you speak of death to an individual or a thing, you make it happen. (Qtd. in Squint 2010, 21920)

In Indigenous philosophies, words are not simply representational; they are causal. Language can have material(izing) force. I borrow the term poet-shaman from Anzalda herself, although she uses it only oncein the aptly titled Metaphors in the Tradition of the Shaman, where she describes her artistic vocation as a new form of shamanism. In this brief essay, drafted shortly after Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestizas publication, Anzalda explains that when she wrote her book, she was trying to practice ... in a new way:
The oldest calling in the worldshamanism. ... The Sanskrit word for shaman, saman, means song. In non-literate societies, the shaman and the poet were the same person. The role of the shaman is, as it was then, to preserve and create cultural or group identity by mediating between

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the cultural heritage of the past and the present everyday situations people find themselves in. In retrospect I see that this was an unconscious intention on my part in writing Borderlands/La Frontera. To carry the poet-shaman analogy further, through my poets eye I see illness, lo que daa, whatever is harmful in the cultural or individual body. I see that sickness unbalances a person or a community. That it may be in the form of disease, or disinformation/misinformation perpetrated on women and people of color. I see that always it takes the form of metaphors. (1990, 12122; her emphasis)

Ive quoted this passage at length because it illustrates poet-shaman aesthetics radical creative power: defining illness broadly, to include the effects of racism, sexism, and other destructive beliefs, practices, epistemologies, and states of being that occur at interlocking/overlapping individual and systemic levels, Anzalda maintains that writers who take on this poet-shaman role can assist in the healing process.3 In poet-shaman aesthetics, language can initiate physiological, material change. This deeply embodied transformation directly links shamanisms shape-shifting power and Indigenous theories of participatory speech acts with poetrys intimate relationship with language. In poet-shaman aesthetics, imageswhether visual, imaginal, and/or painted by wordsare interrelated to intuitive-emotional knowledge and conscious awareness. As Anzalda explains in Borderlands/La Frontera, An image is a bridge between evoked emotion and conscious knowledge; words are the cables that hold up the bridge. Images are more direct, more immediate, than words, and closer to the unconscious (1987, 91). While it might seem to be common sense to dismiss this discussion as simply metaphoric and thus limited exclusively to the power of disembodied, intangible words, to do so overlooks the possibility that languages causal power can provoke additional material levels of transformation. According to Anzalda, these linguistic images, when internalized, can trigger the imagination, which then affects our embodied stateour physical bodiesat the cellular level. Anzalda draws on her own experiences to illustrate languages ability to effect physiological change, explaining:
Right after Borderlands/La Frontera came out, I focused on what was weak or lacking in it and everything that was wrong with my life. I repeatedly represented (both with pictures and words in my head and with internal feelings) how things were in such a negative way that I put myself in a disempowering state and eventually made myself sick.

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As is true with all humans, the working of my imagination acted upon my own body. Images communicated with tissues, organs, and cells to effect change. Once again it came home to me how powerful the image and the word are and how badly I needed to control the metaphors I use to communicate with myself. S, la imaginacin es muy poderosa. (1990, 121)

After her books publication, Anzalda was dissatisfied with elements of it. She dwelled on what she perceived as its flaws, just as she obsessively reflected on other imperfections in her life. Focusing so extensively on these limitationsthinking about, imagining, feeling the negative elements in her book and her lifedrained her, and she became physically ill. Literally, the thoughts made her sick. Anzalda attributes this decline in her health to her imaginationnot in that dismissive sense we sometimes hear (Youre not really, physically sick; its all in your head) but rather in an embodied, concretized manner: Youre really, physically sick at least partially because of whats in your headbecause the words running through your head affected your behavior and body, working in conjunction with other elements to make you physically ill. What should we make of these provocative interconnections between mind, body, imagination, thinking, language, and health? Should we criticize Anzalda for pointing toward (and possibly enacting) a type of naive self-blame that does not adequately acknowledge systemic issues? Should we praise her for developing a sophisticated theory of personallinguistic-physical agency? Should we both praise and condemn her for positing but not fully developing this fluid, provocative theory? Rather than answer these questions, I want to linger over, savor, and then build on Anzaldas radical relationship with words. In the following pages, I reflect on Anzaldas theory and practice of writing and language, using these reflections to develop, in preliminary form, a poet-shaman aesthetics. As the word preliminary suggests, these reflections and this theory are ongoing and in process; they are open to revision and additional growth. I draw from a variety of sources, including unpublished manuscripts, interviews, and writing notas; published essays; my personal experiences working with Anzalda as I edited Interviews/Entrevistas (Anzalda 2000) and coedited this bridge we call home: radical visions for transformation (Anzalda and Keating 2002); and my current work as one of her literary trustees.4 Because I amto borrow Patricia Hill Collinss wordsa visionary pragmatist (Collins 1998, 188),5 I connect this scholarly analy-

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sis with more immediate aspirations and speculations: What can we learn from Anzaldas process? How can we apply her bold claims to our own work? Poet-shaman aesthetics is my initial answer to these questions. As my refusal to engage head on in an extensive debate about critiques of the linguistic turn indicates, I also hope to model a nonoppositional approach to scholarly dialogue and critique.
Speculation 1: Indigenous (Inter)Connections?

I come from a state (Texas) that decimated every Indian group, including the Mexican indigenous. I dont look European, but I cant say Im Indian even though Im three quarters Indian. But the issue is much more complex than how many drops of indigenous blood Indians and Chicanas have. Ive always claimed indigenous ancestry and connections, but Ive never claimed a North American Indian identity. I claim a mestizaje (mixed-blood, mixed culture) identity. In participating in this dialogue. ... Im afraid that what I say may unwittingly contribute to the misappropriation of Native cultures, that I (and other Chicanas) will inadvertently contribute to the cultural erasure, silencing, invisibility, racial stereotyping, and disenfranchisement of people who live in real Indian bodies. Im afraid that Chicanas may unknowingly help the dominant culture remove Indians from their specific tribal identities and histories. Tengo miedo que, in pushing for mestizaje and a new tribalism, I will detribalize them. ... Yet I also feel its imperative that we participate in this dialogue no matter how risky. Gloria Anzalda, Speaking Across the Divide

As this sections epigraph indicates, Anzalda was deeply concerned by the possibility that her references to indigeneity (which occur at various points throughout her work) could be misconstrued as an invitation to appropriate, distort, misuse, or in other ways disrespect Native peoples, philosophies, and/or cultures. I share this concernin terms of both Anzaldas work and my own. Ive had misgivings about the decision to describe my theory and practice of writing, language, imagination, and transformation as poet-shaman aesthetics. Because shamanism is so often associated exclusively with nonwestern indigenous cultures, will the use of the word shaman inadvertently seem to authorize and/or enact an appropriation/distortion of Indigenous thought? Is this relational aesthetics too different from culturally specific forms of traditional shamanism or from contemporary Western forms to be taken seriously?

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However, after much intellectual wrestling and soul searching, I use the term poet-shaman aesthetics for at least three reasons. First, Indigenous philosophies and worldviews can serve as crucial sources of wisdom, insight, and guidance for twenty-first-century life and disciplinary knowledge structures. As numerous Native and non-Native scholars have argued, contemporary human beings and societies must learn from Native philosophies. Thus, for example, Gregory Cajete insists that the ancient idea of relationship [found in Native sciences and worldviews] must be allowed to arise in our collective consciousness once again. In this perilous world of the twenty-first century, it may well be a matter of our collective survival (2000, 105). Marilou Awiakta makes a similar point:
Like an individual, America can be whole only by going back to its rootsall of them. My premise is this: the Native American storyand the holistic mode of thought it embodiessprings from the original root in our homeland. The story is designed to move among the strands of lifes web both within the individual and within the community, to restore balance and harmony. Its ancient ways offer a helpful pattern in making new connections among our different people and academic disciplines. (1993, 155)

Poet-shaman aesthetics opens potential pathways we can follow and forge as we attempt to mak[e] new connections (155). Second, Indigenous philosophies offer a well-developed and thoroughly tested theory and praxis of dynamic language, or what Manulani Aluli Meyer describes as the causality in languagewords ability to bring about physical change. As Meyer explains, drawing on both her upbringing and her research with Hawaiian elders: Words cause something. For Elders and our ancient people we had terms that allowed you to enter a forest or show your good manners beside the ocean. We even had people who could pray you to death. ... words had a life, a resonance, and a purpose in and out of schools (2001, 197). Craig Womack makes a similar point in his discussion of Cherokee incantations performed in ritual-based ceremonies: The words themselves can become entities; they step into being. There are special verb forms that involve actualization, and language is no longer referential; the words have become what is being spoken about (2008, 366). In these indigenous language systems, words do not simply refer to, or represent, an already existing reality. Instead, words emerge from this reality and can assist humans and/or nonhumans

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in creating or reshaping specific aspects of our world. This philosophy of languages causality is closely related to a metaphysics of interconnectedness that posits a relational, participatory worldview. As Cajete explains:
Native science continually relates to and speaks of the world as full of active entities with which people engage. To our sensing bodies, all things are active. Therefore, Native languages are verb based, and the words that describe the world emerge directly from actively perceived experience. In a sense language choreographs and/or facilitates the continual orientation of Native thought and perception toward active participation, active imagination, and active engagement with all that makes up the natural world. (2000, 27, his emphasis)6

Finally, because Anzalda (whose work has inspired and in many ways exemplifies my theory of poet-shaman aesthetics) has been accused of appropriating and oversimplifying Indigenous cultures,7 its important to directly address both the limitations and the strengths in her references to indigeneity. In several places in her early work, Anzalda did indeed rely on stereotyped thinking about indigenous peoples. Its important to acknowledge this oversimplification, locate it historically in the trajectory of her career, and develop a nuanced response to questions of appropriation and misrepresentation: On the one hand, we can praise Anzalda for accepting and calling heightened attention to the indio aspects of her identity at a time (in the 1970s and early 1980s) when many mexicanos, tejanas, and Mexican Americans were ashamed of and entirely denied their indigenous ancestry. On the other hand, we can criticize her for offering monolithic, overly simplistic representations of Native women. And, on the third hand, we can appreciate her process and recognize her willingness to acknowledge her intellectual shortcomings and educate herself about Indigenous peoples, philosophies, and issues. As we see in Anzaldas unpublished research notes and in late essays such as Speaking Across the Divide (2003), she worked to recognize, address, and move through and beyond her own desconocimientos, or blank spots.8 Heres a lesson for us all: Anzalda models a type of intellectual humility (and therefore vulnerability) that we can learn from, modify, and adopt for ourselves. None of us is perfect or all-knowing. We all have desconocimientosareas of ignorance, blank spots in our existing knowledge, gaps with significant ethical implications. However, these educational and intellectual limitations should not serve as an excuse to avoid explor-

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ing additional areas of thought, for such avoidance simply reinforces the existing system, the unjust status quo. We, too, should work to recognize these blank spots; we should educate ourselves and move forward. And we should do so with humility and respect. From the 1970s until the end of her life, Anzalda viewed Indigenous thought as a vital source of wisdom for contemporary and future life on this planet and elsewhere. She believed that Native philosophies offer crucial alternatives to conventional western thought. As she explains in her writing notas, Weve come to the time of a shift in consciousness when entire civilizations change the way they know about the world. We need a new and better method of thinking about the world. A new mental operation to improve the human condition. We get hints from the alchemic and shamanistic traditions of the past. As the word hints suggests, Anzalda did not try to recover authentic ancient teachings and simply insert them into twenty-first-century life. Rather, she learned from and built on Indigenous insights; she mixed these insights with other philosophies, crafting an epistemology, ontology, metaphysics, and ethics designed to address contemporary needs. From the mid-1970s until the end of her life, she researched Nhuatl, Mayan, Celtic, and other Indigenous philosophies and shamanic traditions, along with the I Ching, Tarot, Sabian Symbols, and additional diverse forms of knowledge.9 She displayed desconocimientos and made mistakes along the way, but these limitations did not lead her to abandon her commitment to Indigenous cultures and knowledge systems: She worked to address her desconocimientos; she pushed herself to continue her explorations.
Speculation 2: Shamanic reading, alchemical thought

You put your faith on this: that some mysterious ordering faculty ultimately refines the piece or that the components of the piece, the symbols, attracts the necessary parts and the whole rearranges itself, that writing is an alchemical process demanding dissolution in order that the transmutation of images and emotions into words may occur. If youve done your job, the reader will also undergo an alchemical process. Gloria Anzalda, Putting Coyolxauhqui Together: A Creative Process

What does it mean to describe writing and reading as an alchemical process? While it seems only logical to interpret this sections epigraph as metaphoric descriptionas Anzaldas attempt to underscore her belief

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in the power of carefully crafted literature to inspire readersher reference to alchemy has other meanings as well. Like the protoscience of alchemywhich aspired to effect radical physical transformation (converting base metals into gold, humans into immortal beings, and so on), writing and reading can influence and transform our worlds, on multiple levels, including the material. According to poet-shaman aesthetics, carefully crafted metaphoric language does not simply describe these multileveled changes; it has the potential to assist usto enactthese transformations. I experienced this alchemical process firsthand when reading one of Anzaldas unpublished short stories, which at the time was titled Entremados de PQ.10 The story focuses on PQ, a tejana dyke rancher graduate student, and her experiences as she obsessively reads and rereads a mysterious bookso mysterious that it doesnt even have a conventional title. The glyph-titled book narrates the events of a character very similar to PQ herself. As PQ is pulled into the books world, she experiences jarring shifts in reality. One minute shes lying in bed at her ranch, late at night; then, suddenly, shes drawn through the wall and reappears in a different time and location: she falls into the middle of the afternoon, at the ranch where her girlfriend, Bar-Su, lives with her mother. Heres how Anzalda describes this liminal shifting:
In bed, at the onslaught of sleep, [PQ] strains to hear the shrill whine of a wire stretched to its breaking point. She stretches out her arms toward the wall, her hands disappear. She pulls them back, examines them. They look the same. She hears the voices. Bar-Su? she calls. Then she remembers that Bar-Su is at her mothers. Silence, the voices have vanished. No, theres the whine. There behind her. The sound gets louder and louder. Sweat breaks out under her armpits and adrenaline pumps through her body. Swiftly she turns to where the sound is coming from, and is suddenly caught off balance. Seeking to right herself, she flounders, then grabs the bedpost. She feels her hand go straight through it and her whole body falls into a thick wind, a gelatinous current. There is no wall. She is alone, gulping ... air. Alone, in air so thick and blue. Ha cruzado. She has crossed over. She puts her hands to her face and then behind her head, dropping her face between her arms to shield it as she is whirled around and around. (Anzalda n.d.a)

After reading this story, I had a remarkable dream: Like PQ, I, too, fell into or merged with a solid wall. In one of the most vivid, real dreams of my

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life, I morphed, from my unified, solid, embodied self into countless moving atoms, or molecules, or energy strands, or vibrations, or . . . I dont know what/who; and in this very different state I (or perhaps not-I?) slid through or slipped into, or became (part of) a wall, an alternate space, a void filled with mysterious ... stuff ... It was amazing. My words here cannot even begin to encapsulate this strange experience. What can I say? In my dream, I physically transformedthe matter/vibrations of my dreambody changed. It was a little bit like Star Trek, when Spock, Kirk, and the others are beamed from their ship to a planet ... No ... This description is entirely inaccurate. How can I describe ... such an indescribable event? My language falls short. Years later, I still lack the words, so Ill rely on the storys description:
[PQ is] bombarded by the vibrations of sounds she cannot hear, assaulted by murky objects that dive toward her then fall away before touching her. Ah, she is about to grasp ... an intimation of an absolute, a law that will explain what is happening to her, but that too is jerked away by el silencio just before reaching her. Dead stop. As though the world is holding its breath. She is no longer watching but is caught in a gauze of carded cotton, sticky like cotton candy. She can only move a few inches. Even if she hacked herself free there might be a wall beyond this one, y otra pared beyond the second. (Anzalda n.d.a)

Layers and layers and layers of oscillating walls, . . . representing, perhaps, the layers of vibrational reality Anzalda wanted to dive into, swim through, strip away, and/or merge with in her work (and possibly her life). Or maybe my speculations are wrong. Maybe the worlds broke through the story, broke through Anzalda herself and entered our world in the story? Maybe the story tapped into what Jane Bennett calls thing-power (2009, 26) or the enchantment effect (2001, 4)? I do not know. But I do know this: the reality shifts PQ and I experienced indicate some of the extreme effects poet-shaman aesthetics can have on readers. As Anzalda explains in Stories and Their Process, an unpublished manuscript in which she summarizes, describes, and theorizes her Prieta story cycle:
Entramado y PQ is an act of concretizing the text. . . . There was a thin membrane around the fiction, [PQ] burst through it or it burst through her. [Its] a postmodernist story of what happens to a woman whose physical world collides with first the reality of another world,

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and secondly with the projected reality of a text. ... It is not another worlds intrusion into this one, but a woman who has one foot in one world while sticking her head and arm into another. It is a shamanic topo. (Anzalda n.d.b; my emphasis)

My dream suggests to me that this concretizing textual process is multilayered and opens out onto (or is grounded in and emerges from) complex nonhuman realities with membrane upon membrane upon membrane. In my sleep, I burst through Anzaldas story, or it burst through me, startling me out of conventional reality and typical modes of perception, dragging me into alternative worlds, inviting me (forcing me?) to expand. To again borrow Anzaldas words, her story became a shamanic topo, a map pointing the way into (or at least instructing readers about) multiple overlapping, interwoven, coexisting realities. By thus materializing her text, Anzalda creates a story/vehicle that can ignite epistemological, ontological, metaphysical, and ethical shifts in readers.11 As we read and internalize her words, our perceptions and definitions of reality might change. Certainly, reading Entremados de PQ had this effect on me. That remarkable dream materially transformed me, forcing me to change; I could no longer perceive or define reality in exactly the same way that Id done so in the past. Even today, years later, when I dwell on that weird experience of dispersal, of hurtling through a void, of vibrational change, I experience a slight shift in the physical world. Wallsthe borders within and between nonhuman and human life shimmer, de-solidify, and blur. Im reminded, once again, that reality far exceeds human beings; reality is multitextured, multilayered, filled with shortcuts, startling pathways, and twisting interconnections. As my stumbling, inarticulate words might indicate, these shifts cant be contained in conventional language or adequately described from a human standpoint. This example of reading Entramados de PQ illustrates one of the many ways that poet-shaman aesthetics might enact transformation and healing. As Anzalda explains in Metaphors in the Tradition of the Shaman:
Because we use metaphors as well as hierbitas or curing stones to effect changes, we follow in the tradition of the shaman. Like the shaman, we transmit information from our consciousness to the physical body of another. If were lucky we create, like the shaman, images that induce altered states of consciousness conducive to self-healing. If weve done

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our job well we may give others access to a language and images with which they can articulate/express pain, confusion, joy, and other experiences thus far experienced only on an inarticulated emotional level. From our own and our peoples experiences, we will try to create images and metaphors that will give us a handle on the numinous, a handle on the faculty for self-healing, one that may cure the depressed spirit, the frightened soul. (1990, 122)

While Anzalda refers primarily to the ways poet-shaman writers offer readers transformative images that can assist us as we work to heal from the devastating effects of internalized systemic oppressions like racism/ sexism/homophobia by shifting our self-definitions (Keating 1996, 118 44), I want to suggest a more provocative interpretation, or what I describe as transformation through transportation.12 As I read PQs paranormal autohistoriadrinking up the words and images, pulling them into my bodymindspiritPQs journey triggered something in what Anzalda might call my dreambody (Anzalda 2002, 545). The storys images and words worked on and with me, propelling me into strange alternate realities and nonhuman worlds. When I awoke, I emerged from that weird dreamworld changed. Previously, my worldview (my ontology, as it were) was fractureddivided between body and mind, trapped within a dissatisfying Cartesian epistemology. Although it might sound paradoxical, my strange Anzaldan-inspired dream gave me a concrete, material handle on the numinous, enabling me to break through or partially merge with a human/nonhuman division. It cracked me open, threw me into an ontological shift. While I wouldnt exactly describe my weird dream as a conversion experience (although perhaps I should!), it has certainly altered my worldview, shifted my theoretical perspectives, and in other ways changed my life. It emboldened me to move beyond my epistemological questions, to take new theoretical and personal risks, to begin theorizing and enacting what I described in Risking the Personal as a metaphysics of interconnectedness:
Anzaldas spiritual theory and praxis is based on a metaphysics of interconnectedness that posits a cosmic, constantly changing spirit or force which embodies itself in material and nonmaterial forms. As she explains in an interview with Kim Irving, Everything has a meaning. Everything is interconnected. To me, spirituality and being spiritual means to be aware of the interconnections between things. Similarly,

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in the interview with Weiland she states that [s]pirit exists in everything; therefore God, the divine, is in everythingin blacks as well as whites, rapists as well as victims; its in the tree, the swamp, the sea. ... Some people call it God; some call it the creative force, whatever. Its in everything. Whether this spiritual-material essence really existsand how could we possibly prove its existence except, perhaps, by referring to David Bohm [1996] or a few other twentieth-century physicistsis far less important than the pragmatic, performative functions it serves in Anzaldas lifework. (Keating 2000, 204)

This relational metaphysics includes an ethics of interconnectedness and dynamic theories of language, such as those described in the previous section. If, as Anzalda suggests, we are radically interrelated with all existence, then anything we write, say, or dono matter how insignificant it seemsexceeds us and holds the potential to affect human and nonhuman worlds. This metaphysics and ethics of interconnectedness enables Anzalda and other womanist spiritual activists to maintain their visionary perspectives and inclusionary politics in the face of personal and cultural tragedies and systemic issues, ranging from extreme poverty and chronic illness to racism, sexism, homophobia, genocide, and other forms of violence (Keating 2008).
From speculation to invitation

My job as an artist is to bear witness to what haunts us, to step back and attempt to see the pattern in these events (personal and societal), and how we can repair el dao (the damage) by using the imagination and its visions. I believe in the transformative power and medicine of art. Gloria Anzalda, Let us be the healing of the wound

I have not organized this exploration of poet-shaman aesthetics in the academics typical point-by-point oppositional approach, where the author presents her argument (often as a series of challenges to previous scholars) and then carefully delineates each reason with extensive textual support, detailed discussion, clever refutations of alternative perspectives, and so on. Instead, Ive tried to enact a more speculative, relational movement between Anzalda, other scholars, and myself. Ive bracketed my disagree-

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ments with some of the existing scholarship, noting places of divergence in nonoppositional terms. How, then, should I conclude? It would be so much easier to adopt a conventional academic format: I could lead into my conclusion by supporting my metaphysical and ontological claims with the recent development of Speculative Realism in continental philosophy (Bryant, Srnieck, and Harman 2011). Id focus especially on three aspects of Speculative Realism: (1) its critique of postKantian philosophys entrapment in a human-world correlationism that refuses to speculate on the possibilities of a reality thats entirely beyond human life, (2) its shift from a human-centered epistemology to an objectoriented ontology, and (3) its commonsense reminder that reality greatly exceeds human beings.13 I could then circle back to my opening paragraphs and use Speculative Realism to insist on the limitations in recent discussions of poststructuralisms linguistic turn; in fact, I could dismiss these critiques for their correlationist assumptions. Finally, I could remind readers that poststructuralism, Speculative Realism, and Object-Oriented Philosophy are only recent developments to those who remain solidly anchored in an exclusive focus on canonical western philosophy. Even the most cursory knowledge of Indigenous origin stories indicates that Indigenous peoples developed sophisticated, highly complex, object-oriented ontologies centuries ago. And for decades, Anzalda and other womenof-colors writers have been doing work that could easily be described as Speculative Realism. Indeed, Indigenous Knowledge and women-ofcolors theories have much to offer poststructuralism, Speculative Realism, Object-Oriented Philosophy, and other new developments in mainstream western thought. However, in keeping with my commitment to move beyond conventional academic discoursewhich generally relies on bold assertions, oppositional frameworks, and critical assessments of the limitations in other scholars perspectivesIm resisting this oppositional habit and taking a different approach.14 I conclude not with a definitive statement or with a critique of the critiques, but rather with an open invitation: Lets expand our thinking and break out of the status quo. Lets take new risks and develop robust conversations among apparently divergent philosophies and groupslike contemporary western theories, Indigenous philosophies, and women of colors writings ... and lets do so with the courage, the imagination, and the intellectual humility Anzalda models in her work.

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Acknowledgments

Earlier versions of various parts of this essay were presented at the 2010 El Mundo Zurdo International Conference on the Life and Work of Gloria E. Anzalda and the 2010 keynote for First Rhetoric Symposium, Colorado State, Pueblo; thanks to Donna Souder and the wonderful students and audience. Thanks also to Carrie McMaster for encouraging me to turn my talk into an essay and to Carrie, Ann M. Burlein, Betsy Dahms, George Hartley, Robin Henderson-Espinoza, Morgan ODonnell, and Jackie Orr for feedback on earlier versions of this essay. And, as always, thanks to Gloria Anzalda y las espritus for inspiration and guidance.
AnaLouise Keating, professor of womens studies and director of the doctoral program in womens studies at Texas Womans University, specializes in U.S. women of colors, multicultural theory, transformational pedagogies, queer theory, womanist spiritual activism, and Gloria Anzalda. She is the author or editor of eight books, including, most recently, Bridging: How and Why Gloria Anzaldas Life and Work has Transformed Our Own, (coedited with Gloria Gonzlez-Lpez), Teaching Transformation: Transcultural Classroom Dialogues, and The Gloria Anzalda Reader. Her most recent work focuses on womanist spiritual activism, transformational identity politics, and invitational pedagogies.

Notes

1. Feminist critiques of the linguistic turn have proliferated in recent years. For a few examples, see the essays collected in Alaimo and Hekman 2008, Hekman 2010, and Barad 2007. 2. For indigenous theories of participatory language, see especially Cajete 2000, 2835, 7072, 18089 and Womack 2008, 36570. See also the essays collected in Nelson 2008 and Mohawk 2010. 3. My use of the word radical (with its Latin origin in roots) is quite intentional: Im arguing that Anzalda anchors herself and her writing in languages material reality. Thanks to Robyn Henderson-Espinoza for asking about this clarification. 4. At the time of her death, Anzalda was working on a writing manual, as well as several other projects, which included analyses of aesthetics and the writing process. 5. Patricia Hill Collins describes visionary pragmatism as a creative tension symbolized by an ongoing journey. Arriving at some predetermined destination remains less important than struggling for some ethical end. Thus, although Black womens visionary pragmatism points to a vision, it doesnt

6.

7. 8.

9.

10.

11. 12. 13.

14.

prescribe a fixed end point of a universal truth. One never arrives but constantly strives (1998, 18990). Cajete draws on the work of French anthropologist Lucien Levy-Bruhl to describe this participatory worldview: the animistic logic of Indigenous, oral peoples for whom ostensibly inanimate objects like stones or mountains are often thought to be alive and from whom certain names, spoken out loud, may be felt to influence the things or beings that they name, for whom particular plants, particular animals, particular places, persons and powers may all be felt to participate in one anothers existence, influencing each other and being influenced in return (Levy-Bruhl 1985 in Abram 1996:57) (Cajete 2000, 27). For additional theories of participatory language, see Layli Maparyans discussions of re-languaging and nommo in The Womanist Idea (2011, 12930, 27980). For such accusations, see, for example, Coteras 2008, 183 and SaldaaPortillo 2001, 37987. For a discussion of this critique, see Hartley 2010. Anzalda offers her most extensive discussions of desconocimientos in now let us shift (2002, 55054) and Interviews/Entrevistas (2000, 17778, 197, 200, 287). In brief, desconocimientos could be described as a type of willed unknowing or an epistemology of ignorance. The word occult is Anzaldas preferred term. For discussions of her occult practices, see Anzaldas collected interviews (2000), Conner 2010, and Levine 2005. Entremados de PQ is part of Anzaldas unpublished Prieta series, which she variously described as a novel, a short story collection, autohistorias, and a short story cycle: this projectwhich she began drafting in the late 1970s and was still revising at the time of her 2004 transitionincludes a series of chapters (or stories) all revolving around different versions of the same protagonist, Prieta. You can read a later version, titled Reading LP, in The Anzalda Reader (2009). For a discussion of epistemological and ethical implications, see Keating 1996 and 2008. As George Hartley pointed out in his comments on an earlier version of this essay, transportation is the root meaning of metaphor. The term correlationism is Quinten Meillassouxs (2008, 57). As Robin Mackay explains, correlationism represents post-Kantian philosophys injunction that, unable to know things in themselves, philosophy must limit itself to the adumbration of conditions of [human] experience (Mackay, 2008, 4). For discussions of correlationism, Speculative Realism, and Object-Oriented Philosophy, see Harman 2010 and Harman 2011. Thanks to George Hartley for the reminder that I could do this!

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Saldaa-Portillo, Josefina. 2001. Whos the Indian in Azatln? Re-Writing Mestizaje, Indianism, and Chicanismo from the Lacandn. In The Latin American Subaltern Studies Reader, ed. Ileana Rodrguez, 40223. Durham: Duke University Press. Squint, Kirstin. 2010. Choctawan Aesthetics, Spirituality, and Gender Relations: An Interview with LeAnne Howe. MELUS 35(3):21124. Womack, Craig. 2008. Theorizing American Indian Experience. In Reasoning Together: The Native Critics Collective, ed. Craig Womack, Daniel Heath Justice, and Christopher B. Teuton, 353409. Nebraska: University of Oklahoma Press.