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Major Developmental Levels and Tasks

A developmental task is a skill that needs to be met at a particular stage in life in order for development to continue. The major developmental tasks are physical, motor or cognitive skills that are considered vital to physical and mental health. Different sets of major developmental tasks. Physical maturation or Physical Development involves the childrens physical growth; the most obvious sign of development.

During the first year of life, children typically triple their birth weight, and their height increases by about half. From age 3 to the beginning of adolescence at around age 13, growth averages a gain of about 5 pounds and 3 inches a year. Cultural expectations, which usually have an influence during middle childhood and include cooperation and socialization

(It involves the psychosocial development by Erik Erikson) Individual ideals and ambitions, which include the development of skills important in the adult world of work and responsibility. History of Developmental levels and tasks The first outline of major developmental tasks originated in the 1930s and was an extension of Freudian psychology. While they are set according to age, the completion of these tasks depends on genetic and environmental factors. Life Stages and Developmental tasks Infancy and early childhood- basic tasks like walking, eating solids and being toilet trained are among the first physical milestones. Learning to talk and bonding with people are some of the first motor, cognitive and social tasks. Middle childhood- socialization and learning how to play both alone and with others are of importance, as are developing skills such as reading and writing. Adolescence stage- the focus becomes less on what is being done and more on what individuals do to influence and change their world. Personal independence and becoming more mentally mature are important major developmental tasks, as is finding intimacy in relationships. Adult stages -broken into early, middle and old age, with tasks centering on family, work and psychological adjustments to each stage, particularly the acceptance of old age.

A developmental milestone is the reaching of a point where one stage ends and the next begins. These points are not always clear, as one stage often overlaps with the next. Erik Erikson was the first to organize life into eight stages that cover the entire lifespan rather than focus on biological stages of childhood development.

Developmental Tasks
Life Stage Developmental Task Social attachment. Maturation of sensory,perceptual, and motor functions. Sensorimotor intelligence and primitive causality. Understanding the nature of objects and creating categories Emotional development Elaboration of Locomotion Fantasy Play Language development Self-control Sex-role Identification Early moral development Self-esteem Group play

Infancy (birth to 2 years)

Toddler hood (2 to 4)

Early School age (4 to 6)

Friendship Concrete operations Middle School age (6 to 12) Skill Learning Self-evaluation Team Play Physical Maturation Formal Operations Emotional Development Membership in the Peer group Sexual Relationships Autonomy from parents Sex-role Identity Internalized Morality Career choice Marriage Childbearing Work

Early Adolescence (12 to 18)

Later Adolescence (18 to 22)

Early Adulthood (22 to 34)

Nurturing the marriage relationship Management of household Middle Adulthood (34 to 60) Parenting Management of a career Promoting intellectual vigor Redirecting energy to new roles and activities Adopting ones life Developing a point of view about death Coping with physical changes of aging Developing a psycho historical perspective

Later Adulthood (60 to 75)

Very old age (75 until death)

B3. Developmental stages and tasks by Freud and Erikson


Developing Personality : Psychosexual Stages by Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud- an Austrian physician who formulated the Psychosexual Stages. Psychosexual stages- developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between demands of the society and their own sexual urges Fixations are conflicts of concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur.

Freuds Theory of Personality Development Stage Age Major Characteristics


1. Oral Birth to 12-18 months Interest in oral gratification from sucking, eating, mouthing, biting Gratification from expelling and withholding feces, coming to terms with the societys controls relating to toilet training Interests in the genitals, coming to terms with Oedipal conflict leading to identification with same sex parent Sexual concerns largely unimportant Reemergence of sexual interests and establishment of mature sexual relationships

2. Anal

12-18 months to 3 years

3. Phallic

3 to 5 -6 years

4. Latency 5.Genital

5-6 years to adolescence Adolescence to adulthood

Oral Stage- according to Freud, a stage from birth to age of 12 to 18 months, in which an infants center of pleasure is the mouth.

Anal Stage- according to Freud, a stage from age of 12 to 18 months to 3 years of age, in which a childs pleasure is centered on the anus Phallic Stage- according to Freud, a period beginning around age 3 during which a childs pleasure focuses on genitals.

During phallic stage the child must also negotiate one of the most important hurdles of the personality development, the Oedipal conflict. Oedipal conflict is a childs sexual interest in his or her opposite parent, typically resolved through identification with the same sex parent. Also, in this stage, the Identification occur, it is the process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible, imitating that persons behaviour and adopting similar beliefs and values. Latency Period- according to Freud the period between the phallic stage and puberty during which childrens sexual concerns are temporarily put aside. Sexual interests are temporarily dormant, even in the unconscious. Then, during adolescence, sexual feelings reemerges, marking the start of the final period. Genital Period- the period from puberty until death marked by mature sexual behaviour (e.g. sexual intercourses).

Social Development: Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development


Erik Erikson- developed one of the more comprehensive theories of social development. He viewed developmental changes according throughout life as a series of eight stages of psychosocial development of which occur during childhood. Psychosocial Development- development of individuals interactions and understanding of each other and of their knowledge and understanding of themselves as members of society.

Stage
1. Trust-vs- Mistrust

Approximate Age
Birth- 1 years

Positive Outcomes
Feeling of trust from environmental support Self-sufficient if exploration is encouraged Discovery of ways to initiate actions Development of sense of competence Awareness of uniqueness of self, knowledge of role to be followed

Negative Outcomes
Fear and concern regarding others Doubts about self, lack of independence Guilt from actions and thoughts Feelings of inferiority no sense of mastery Inability to identify appropriate roles in life

2. Autonomy-vsshame and doubt 3. Initiative-vs-guilt 4. Industry-vsinferiority 5.Identity-vs-role confusion

1 years-3 years

3-6 years 6 years-12 years

Adolescence

6. Intimacy-vsisolation

Early adulthood

7.Generativity-vsstagnation 8, Ego-integrity-vsdespair

Middle adulthood

Late adulthood

Development of loving sexual relationships and close friendships Sense of contribution in continuity of life Some of unity in lifes accomplishments

Fear of relationships eith others Trivialization of ones activities Regret over lost opportunities of life

Trust-versus-mistrust stage- according to Erikson, the first stage of psychosocial development, occurring from birth to age 1 yeats, during which time infants develop feelings of trust or lack of trust. Autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage- the period during which, toddlers ( ages 1 to 3 years) develop independence and autonomy if exploration and freedom are encouraged or shame and self doubt if they are restricted and overprotected. Initiative-cersus-guilt stage- the period during which children ages 3 to 6 years, experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action Industry-versus-inferiority stage- the last stage of childhood during which children ages 6 to 2 years may develop positive social interactions with others or may feel inadequate and become less sociable. Identity-versus-role confusion stage- a time in adolescence of major testing to determine ones unique qualities. Intimacy-versus-isolation stage- a period during early adulthood that focuses on developing close relationships. Generativity-versus-stagnation stage- a period in middle adulthood during which we take stock of our contributions to family and society Ego-integrity-versus-despair stage- a period from late adulthood until death during which we review lifes accomplishments and failures.

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