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EIGRP Tutorial
December 3rd, 2010 Go to comments
Calculate EIGRP metric
In this part we will continue to learn about the EIGRP Routing Protocol
I built the topology with Packet Tracer to illustrate what will be mentioned. You can download the lab Iile
here: http://www.9tut.com/download/EIGRPCCNAselIstudy.zip (please unzip & use at least Packet
Tracer v5.3 to open it)
Check the neighbor table oI Router0 with the show ip eigrp neighbors command
Let`s analyze these columns:
H: lists the neighbors in the order this router was learned
Address: the IP address oI the neighbors
Interface: the interIace oI the local router on which this Hello packet was received
Hold (sec): the amount oI time leIt beIore neighbor is considered in 'down status
Uptime: amount oI time since the adjacency was established
SRTT (Smooth Round Trip Timer): the average time in milliseconds between the transmission oI a packet
to a neighbor and the receipt oI an acknowledgement.
RTO (Retransmission Timeout): iI a multicast has Iailed, then a unicast is sent to that particular router, the
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RTO is the time in milliseconds that the router waits Ior an acknowledgement oI that unicast.
Queue count (Q Cnt): shows the number oI queued EIGRP packets. It is usually 0.
Sequence Number (Seq Num): the sequence number oI the last update EIGRP packet received. Each
update message is given a sequence number, and the received ACK should have the same sequence number.
The next update message to that neighbor will use Seq Num 1.
As CCNA level, we only care about 4 columns: Address, InterIace, Hold & Uptime. Other columns will be
discussed in CCNP so you don`t need to remember them now!
Notice that you can see a line 'IP-EIGRP neighbors Ior process 100. 'Process 100 here means 'AS
100.
Next we will analyze the EIGRP topology with the show ip eigrp topology command. The output oI Router0
is shown below
The letter 'P as the leIt margin oI each route entry stands Ior 'Passive. Passive state indicates that the route
is in quiescent mode, implying that the route is known to be good and that no activities are taking place with
respect to the route.
Each route shows the number oI the successor it has. For example, the network 192.168.2.0,
192.168.1.0,192.168.3.0 & 192.168.4.0 have only 1 successor (and no Ieasible successor). Only network
192.168.5.0 has 2 successors.
We notice that there are 2 numbers inside the brackets (30720/28160). The Iirst one is the metric Irom
Router0 to the destination, the second is the AD oI this route, advertised by the neighbor. For example, the
third route entry has:
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Let`s see how to calculate them!
First you should learn the Iormula to calculate the metric. It`s a bit complex, I think :)
metric |K1 * bandwidth (K2 * bandwidth)/(256 - load) K3 * delay| * |K5/(reliability K4)|
Note: you can check these K values with the 'show ip protocols command. Below is an example oI this
command on Router0.
To change these values, use the 'metric weights tos k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 in the EIGRP router mode.
By deIault, K1 1, K2 0, K3 1, K4 0, K5 0 which means that the deIault values use only
bandwidth & delay parameters while others are ignored. The metric Iormula is now reduced:
metric bandwidth + delay
But the bandwidth here is deIined as the slowest bandwidth in the route to the destination & delay is the sum
oI the delays oI each link. Here is how to calculate the EIGRP metric in detail:
EIGRP uses the slowest bandwidth oI the outgoing interfaces oI the route to calculate the metric. In this
case we need to Iind out the bandwidth oI Fa0/0 oI Router0 & Fa0/1 oI Router1 as the destination network
is 192.168.3.0/24.
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Find the bandwidth
We can Iind the bandwidth oI each interIace by the 'show interIaces '. Below is an output oI the 'show
interIaces Ia0/0 on Router0.
All the interIaces in this topology have the bandwidth oI 100,000 Kbps so we will get the same result on
interIace Fa0/1 oI Router1 -~ The slowest bandwidth here is 100,000 Kbps. Now we can calculate the Iirst
portion oI the Iormula:
Notice that iI the result is not an integer then the result will be rounded down. For example, 10,000,000
divided by 1024 (the speed oI T1) equals 9765.625. The result will be rounded down to 9765.
Find the delay
EIGRP also used the delay oI the outgoing interIaces and it can also be Iound with the 'show interIaces ', the
delay lies next to the bandwidth value (Ior example, DLY 100usec). In this case, the delay value oI both
Fa0/0 oI Router0 & Fa0/1 oI Router1 is 100 usec (microsecond) so the sum oI delay is 100 100 200
usec. The second portion oI the Iormula is:
Get the metric
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Now just sum up two portions oI the Iormula and multiplied by 256 to get the result:
The result is 30720 and it matches the value shown in the topology table oI the route to 192.168.3.0/24
Using the Iormula above, we can easily calculate the AD oI that route (with slowest bandwidth
100,000Kpbs; sum oI delay 10)
metric (100 10) * 256 28160
This metric matches with the second parameter oI the above route.
Note: The output oI 'show ip eigrp topology command shows only Ieasible successors while the output oI
'show ip eigrp topology all-links shows all neighbors, whether Ieasible successors or not. To learn more
about the 'show ip eigrp topology all-links please read http://www.digitaltut.com/route-eigrp-simlet.
Although it belongs to CCNP exam but CCNA level can read it too.
EIGRP Routing table
The last table we will discuss is the routing table. This is the most used table to check the operation oI
EIGRP. Here is the output oI the show ip route command on Router0:
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The routing table has two parameters |90/30720| but the Iirst one is the administrative distance oI EIGRP.
EIGRP has a deIault administrative distance oI 90 Ior internal routes and it is oIten the most preIerred routing
protocol because it has the lowest administrative distance.
Administrative distance is the measure used by Cisco routers to select the best path when there are two or
more diIIerent routes to the same destination Irom two diIIerent routing protocols.
Below is the administrative distances oI the most popular routing protocols used nowadays. Notice that the
smaller is the better.
So, iI a network running two routing protocols at the same time, Ior example EIGRP and OSPF, which
routing protocol will the router choose? Well, the answer is EIGRP as it has lower Administrative Distance
than OSPF ( 90 110).
The second parameter, as you can guess, is the metric oI that route as we discussed above.
~no auto-summary with EIGRP
One oI the Ieatures oI EIGRP is 'support VLSM and discontiguous networks. Discontiguous networks are
networks that have subnets oI a major network separated by a diIIerent major network. Below is an example
oI discontiguous networks where subnets 10.10.1.0/24 and 10.10.2.0/24 are separated by a 2.0.0.0/8
network.
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Now let`s see what will happen when we turn on EIGRP on both oI the routers. To turn on EIGRP you will
use these commands:
R1(config)#router eigrp 1
R1(config-router)#network 2.0.0.0
R1(config-router)#network 10.10.1.0 (or network 10.0.0.0)
R2(config)#router eigrp 1
R2(config-router)#network 2.0.0.0
R2(config-router)#network 10.10.2.0 (or network 10.0.0.0)
You can try to use the more speciIic 'network 10.10.1.0 instead oI 'network 10.0.0.0, hoping that EIGRP
will understand it is a sub-network. But iI we check the conIiguration with the 'show running-conIig
command we will notice that EIGRP has auto-summarized our network.
R1#show running-config
-~ Network 10.10.1.0 has been summarized to network 10.0.0.0 because it knows 10.x.x.x network
belongs to class A.
The same thing happens Ior R2. Now we should check the routing table oI R1 with the 'show ip route
command
R1#show ip route
From the output above we learn that R1 only knows about the directly connected 10.10.1.0/24 network but
it doesn`t have any inIormation about the Iar-away 10.10.2.0/24 network and a ping to 10.10.2.1 cannot be
successIul (but notice that we can ping to that directly connected network, 10.10.1.2, Ior example).
So we can conclude that iI a router receives the same route with what it is advertising then it will not learn that
route. In the above example, the 'collision occurs because both oI the routers summarize into network
10.0.0.0/8 and advertise it to other router. The neighboring router realizes that it is also advertising this
network so it drops this network inIormation.
Now iI we use the 'no auto-summary command on both routers then the problem will surely be solved but
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Iirst let`s try to use that command only on R1 router.
R1(config)#router eigrp 1
R1(config-router)#no auto-summary
R1#show ip route
-~ Nothing changes!
R2#show ip route
-~ R2 has just learned about the new '10.10.1.0/24 network which is advertised Irom R1 so R2 can ping
this network
In conclusion when we enable 'no auto-summary on R1 then R1 will advertise its network with their subnet
mask so R2 can learn them correctly.
To grasp how to conIigure EIGRP, please read my article ConIiguring EIGRP with GNS3
Pages: 1 2 3
Comments (138) Comments
Comment pages
Previous 1 2 3 380
1. 9tut
May 29th, 2012
Rose: The AD is one hop less than the FD so it has only 1 outgoing interIace (Fa0/1 oI Router1)
and the delay oI this interIace is 10.
2. Anonymous
June 14th, 2012
Very amusing and educational. Good job.
Thanks,
Hansen Kannie CCNA, CCDA, CCNP, CCDP, CCIE R&S written.
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3. Ank
June 19th, 2012
In Routing table .Is it true, Ior outbound interIace the value would be 50 or the interIace name E0
(intead oI 50) ?
4. nawel algeria
July 3rd, 2012
thank you Ior the tuto its cool
5. Anonymous
July 9th, 2012
What a great Summary oI EIGRP.
6. Jason
July 11th, 2012
This page should be updated to note that iI K5 0, the Iormula reduces to Metric |k1 * bandwidth
(k2 * bandwidth)/(256 - load) k3 * delay|.
Otherwise, the metric Iormula solves to zero when K5 is zero.
7. Shemie
July 16th, 2012
(CD-ROM) This product is ok. I got a while back Ior my CCNA with the CCNA kit. It has a dcenet
supporting lineup oI router and switches. It seriously lacks commands especially in routers. just a Iew I
noticed when creating my virtual network: any logging command and any exec command (which means
you always have a logout timer) these are just a Iew that I can think oI oII the top oI my head. There
are many more but i can only remember the conI t ones right now and I have since uninstalled. I
expected more Irom Sybex. Their CCNA study guide (Lammle) is amazing. All-in-all not good. To get
my CCNA I used CCNA study guide (Lammle),CCNA IOS Commands Survival Guide (Lammle),
CCNA Fast Pass (Lammle) Ior the book/lab exercises. I used Cisco Packet Tracer 5.3 Ior my virtual
lab.Also, the Study guide would have been enough to pass the exam, but I wanted the extra command
inIo and labs in the Fast Pass and Survival Guide.Packet Tracer is available through Cisco Academy
and a Iew other places. I don`t really know all the ways to get it unless you are DOD. II your DOD
you can get it Ior Iree.
8. Geet
July 18th, 2012
Thanks Ior the comment. To know that 1 pesron has beneIited Irom the inIormation that I post is good
enough Ior me. I completely agree with your statement that keeping a blog on going is a challenge. The
biggest challenge is having content to post that is beneIicial.When it comes to linux Iinding something
that your looking Ior is sometimes not very easy, and Ior me, its never easy. It usually takes me a Iair
amount oI time to locate what I need Ior whatever im working on. I always Iind myselI saying why cant
someone just post the things in a easy step by step Iormat in one place instead oI having to search all
over Ior the answer. So thats what I attempt to do.Thanks again Ior the comment. Its awesome. Please
keep coming back and Ieel Iree to post your things you have Iound or run into
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keep coming back and Ieel Iree to post your things you have Iound or run into
9. Please Explain
July 19th, 2012
EIGRP Load Balancing.
9tut Load balancing: EIGRP supports UNEQUAL metric load balancing, which allows
administrators to better distribute traIIic Ilow in their networks.
Todd Lammle Book Load Balance up to Iour EQUAL cost link
Please conIirm. thanks
10. learner
July 22nd, 2012
please Explain, EIGRP can load balance upto 4 equal cost path links by deIault, you can use
variance command, set it to one, it will load balance equal cost paths, but it can provide load balancing
upto 16 paths(variable cost path links)
11. learner
July 22nd, 2012
9tut and Xallax Hii, i Iound these tutorials extremely good, i would like to know what you guys
are doing these days and in terms oI certiIications by Cisco , really i would love to help u guys in these
tutorials someday .. I appreciate your eIIorts !!
12. learner
July 22nd, 2012
9tut.. Superb explanation oI AD , FD n successor route , even Todd Lammle didn`t explained it in
such a nice way..!!
13. thuti2000
July 25th, 2012
This was the best description oI AD FD that I ever read..well done and thank you.
14. Lage
August 3rd, 2012
Hi guys,
Thank you Ior the wonderIul work you people are doing Ior everyone who is trying to learn all oI this
stuII. Thanks 9tut you`re great.
By the way can you please tell me where i can get the Packetracer you are using please let me know.
You may contact me at linkinggmail.com.
Thank you and bless yall..
15. Lage
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August 3rd, 2012
Sorry actually my email is linkonygmail.com
16. Lage
August 3rd, 2012
9tut my email is linkonygmail.com please pass on the Packetracer tool.
17. Anonymous
August 4th, 2012
This is good tutorial.
For those want to understand Iurther the strengths oI EIGRP Ior your network, you may want to read
these articles:
http://www.netxplane.com/2012/07/the-strength-oI-eigrp-part-i.html (EIGRP Feasible Successor)
http://www.netxplane.com/2012/07/the-strength-oI-eigrp-part-ii.html (EIGRP Unequal Load Sharing)
18. amila
August 9th, 2012
loop-Iree path valid path ??????????? help meeee
19. nithalia
August 10th, 2012
good job.............
20. Lucas
August 22nd, 2012
I love this, its so great ! and easy to understand
21. Good job
August 31st, 2012
This tutorial was written very good I didn`t expect it to be on this site, better than some books.
22. RJ
September 4th, 2012
When EIGRP comes up Ior the Iirst time.(the router will try to establish a neighboring relationships by
sending 'Hello packets to others running EIGRP)-its Iine but.it exchanges its TOPOLOGY table
with its neighbors and not ROUTING table.in this above diagram R2 will also send its TOPOLOGY
table to R1 by 'Update packets. Remember that R2 will send its complete TOPOLOGY table Ior the
Iirst time and not ROUTING table.R1 conIirms it has received the Update packet by an 'ACK
message.R1 will also send to R2 all oI its TOPOLOGY table Ior the Iirst time.R2 sends a message
saying it has received R1's TOPOLOGY table.
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23. PLEASE CORRECT THIS POINT 9TUT
September 4th, 2012
When EIGRP comes up Ior the Iirst time.(the router will try to establish a neighboring relationships by
sending 'Hello packets to others running EIGRP)-its Iine but.it exchanges its TOPOLOGY table
with its neighbors and not ROUTING table.in this above diagram R2 will also send its TOPOLOGY
table to R1 by 'Update packets. Remember that R2 will send its complete TOPOLOGY table Ior the
Iirst time and not ROUTING table.R1 conIirms it has received the Update packet by an 'ACK
message.R1 will also send to R2 all oI its TOPOLOGY table Ior the Iirst time.R2 sends a message
saying it has received R1's TOPOLOGY table.
24. Magneta
September 9th, 2012
This is very easy tutorial.
25. Asok Mohan
September 14th, 2012
hats oII 9tut worth 9$
26. Ramesh
September 18th, 2012
this tutorial is very good, i understand so much things. So please post this type oI notes & improve our
knowledge.
Regards & Thanks
Ramesh
27. Raj
September 20th, 2012
Shemie,
can yo uplseaes let meknow when can i download Packet Tracer 5.3.. as i am just able to Iind only the
broken links and that disappoints me :(
28. sotir1984
September 24th, 2012
One question? Do i have a brain Ireeze or iI K5 is 0 then all is zero?
29. Anonymous
September 27th, 2012
The literature is amazing , some times we Iind things to be diIIicult because we do not have right people
to expalin it !!!, wel done
Gaid
30. AnkushK
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30. AnkushK
September 27th, 2012
anyone
how to change the AS number oI eigrp without using 'no command?
plz help me my xm is on 29th.....tnx in advance
31. kushal arora
September 29th, 2012
widout no command we can`t chnge it ..we hav to put
'no router eigrp AS
thn agn new as no as above
32. C3C
October 11th, 2012
Since I can`t aIIord to enroll into any online or onsite classes I have had to use whatever help I can Iind
on the Internet. The Sybex test engine is very limited so I turned to GNS3. Since it is a Cisco cert I
require i have Iound that using the Cisco learning Iorum a big help. I just now Iound 9tut and it also
helps. I Ieel that it is possible to pass any Cisco test without buying into any online or onsite training.
Again thanks to 9tut Ior your help.
33. S Shrestha
October 13th, 2012
Much gratitude to 9tut.com. Your work is like a Gem Ior those who wants to learn about Cisco
system and Iace the CCNA exam. Although, I have once gone through Todd Lamelle`s book, the
concise presentation oI your materials helps to quickly review the concepts and retain in the brain. I
have already taken the membership to support your eIIort. Keep going 9tut.com, you are the hope Ior
all oI us!!!Cheers!!
34. tinasoIt
November 2nd, 2012
thank so much.
35. avish malrotra
November 9th, 2012
plz i want a Iull summary oI eigrp
36. TelcoGuy
December 2nd, 2012
When calculating the metric you say 1024 is the speed oI T1, are you talking about a T1 carrier? T1's
are 1.544Mbps
37. Shri
December 4th, 2012
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Didn`t get the use oI 'no auto summary command plz explain
38. Pijush
January 2nd, 2013
9tut
You guys are Rockstar! Even Todd lamle have not explained this way, about AD and FD. I have used
Reachard Deal`s(easy and vast) book to understand AD and FD. Its is truly great
Shir
'auto summary is the term used to reIer summarized boundary oI a class Iull network. so 10.0.5.0
would be treated as 10.0.0.0, where subnet bit oI an address is situated to that class(known as deIault
mask(means no subnet)). whether it is under class A,B or C.
192.168.1.1 192.168.1.0 (Ior class c)
172.16.25.0 172.16.0.0 (Ior class b)
21.25.35.74 21.0.0.0 (Ior class a)
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