Housekeeping Matters

Free cut on Thursday Seatwork to be emailed to the beadle tomorrow, Wednesday Quiz on Nov 20 (Tue next week) about the lecture today Read Ch 3-4 for Nov 20 (Tue) 3Long Test 1 on Dec 4, 75 items, all MCQ

13 November 2012
Bi 9 C, Dr Harvy Joy Liwanag

SOME CLARIFICATIONS

THEORY VS LAW

Theory vs Law
Both are based on a tested hypoethesis Both are supported by a large body of empirical data Both help unify a particular field Both are widely accepted by the vast majority of scientists Both laws and theories could be shown to be wrong at some time is there are data to suggest so

Law
An empirical generalization; a statement of a biological principle that appears to be without exception at the time it is made, and has become consolidated by repeated successful testing A set of observed regularities expressed in a concise verbal or mathematical statement.

Theory
The grandest synthesis of a large and important body of information about some related group of natural phenomena. An explanation for an observation or series of observations that is substantiated by a considerable body of evidence.

So, what's the difference?

Law describes what nature does under certain conditions, and will predict what conditions, will happen as long as those conditions are met. A theory explains how nature works. works.

So, what's the difference?

Laws are often times mathematically defined (once again, a description of how nature behaves) whereas theories are often non-mathematical. non-

Examples of Theories
Big Bang Theory Theory of Evolution and Natural Selection Theory of Relativity

Examples of Laws
Keplers Laws of Planetary Motion Universal Law of Gravitation Newtons Laws of Motion Laws of Thermodynamics

CONTROL VS EXPERIMENTAL GROUP

Control vs Experimental Groups

Experimental Group = Those participants exposed to the independent variable Control Group = Those participants treated just like the experimental group EXCEPT they are not exposed to the independent variable; the group with which the experimental group can be compared Independent Variable = What the investigator manipulates; the particular treatment or condition the investigator is most interested in the effects of Dependent Variable = What is measured or observed; the "data" collected in the "data" experiment

Example 1
Of 100 individuals with moderate depression, 50 receive 8 weeks of a new cognitivecognitive-behavioral therapy, while the other 50 are placed on a waiting list for 8 weeks. At the end of the 8 weeks all 100 are given psychological tests to assess their level of depression.

Example 2
A biopsychologist is studying the effects of anabolic steroids on the aggressive behavior of female rats. 24 female rats receive daily injections of a placebo (fake drug), while 24 others receive daily injections of the steroid. Round-the-clock Round-thevideotapes of the communal cages of all rats allow all aggressive encounters to be counted and timed.

Example 3
An industrial psychologist is interested in whether lowering the temperature in a packing room will increase productivity (number of products packed). Workers in two equivalent packing rooms participate in the study. One room is maintained at 65 degrees, the other room is left at the usual company temperature of 76 degrees.

THE VIRUS

Virus
Attributes of Life Chemical Uniqueness Complexity and Hierarchical Organization Reproduction Possession of a genetic program Metabolism Development Environmental Interaction Virus? Yes Sometimes Sometimes Yes Sometimes Sometimes Yes

Grades
Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 B+ B+ B C+ B B B B

The Macromolecules of Life

Learning Objectives
Knowledge
Understand the structure and function of the four macromolecules of life

Outline
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Skills
Be able to integrate the concepts of marcomolecules with the succeeding lectures in this class

Attitude
Be able to appreciate the complexity of life

Carbohydrates
Most abundant organic molecules in nature Empiric formula: (CH2O)n hydrates of carbon Functions:
Energy source Storage form of energy Part of cell membranes Structural components

Classification of Carbohydrates
Are polymers of repeating units
Monosaccharides Monosaccharides Disaccharides Disaccharides Oligosaccharides Oligosaccharides Polysaccharides Polysaccharides one two < 10 sugars > 10 sugars

Monosaccharides
Simplest form of carbohydrate
Cannot be hydrolyzed further

Based on No. of Carbon Atoms

Classified according to:

No. of carbon atoms Most functional group

Hexose vs Pentose

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides
Condensation products of two monosaccharide units Sugar units linked by glycosidic bond
glucose fructose

+ H2O

sucrose

Fig. 3-7b, p.38

Some Examples
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose (1 4) Glucose + Galactose = Lactose (1 4)

Disaccharides
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose 1 2
Sugar Maltose Source Digestion by amylase or hydrolysis of starch; germinating cereals and malts Milk In lactase deficiency, malabsorption leads to diarrhea and flatulence In sucrase deficiency, malabsorption leads to diarrhea and flatulence Clinical Significance

Lactose

Sucrose

Cane and beet sugar; pineapple; carrot roots

Oligosaccharides
Condensation products of 2 to 10 monosaccharides Example: Maltotriose In immunoglobulin

Polysaccharides
Condensation product of > 10 monosaccharide units May be linear or branched polymers Examples: Starch storage in plants, linear (1 4) Glycogen storage in animals, branched (1 4) and (1 6) Cellulose tough, indigestible, structural material in plants; (1 4)

y1

Cellulose

Glycogen
Sugar storage form in animals Large stores in muscle and liver cells When blood sugar decreases, liver cells degrade glycogen, release glucose

Starch

Fig. 3-9, p.38

Glycogen
Polysaccharide

Chitin

NitrogenNitrogen-containing groups attached to glucose monomers Structural material for hard parts of invertebrates, cell walls of many fungi

Chitin
Chitin occurs in protective body coverings of many animals, including ticks (pg 39)

Isomers
Same chemical formula = different structures C6H12O6

Fig. 3-10a, p.39

Slide 37 y1 add figure 3.9b

David, 10/19/2005

Epimers
Same chemical formula = different configuration of one carbon

Enantiomers
Mirror images of each other D-sugars vs L-sugars

Anomers
Sugars are convertible between a linear form and a ring form Most are in the ring form Fischer projection vs Haworth projection

Digestion of Carbohydrates
Complex carbohydrates are hydrolyzed to:
Oligosaccharides Free monosaccharides Free disaccharides

Sites of carbohydrate digestion:

Mouth Intestinal lumen

Complete at the junction of the duodenum and jejunum