METHODS AND APPLICATIONS OF ANALYSIS.

c 2010 International Press

Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 123136, March 2010 005
ON THE DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS OF THE GENERALIZED
FIFTH-ORDER KORTEWEG-DE VRIES EQUATION

CHUN-TE LEE

Abstract. In this paper, we present the dierential operators of the generalized fth-order KdV
equation. We give formal proofs on the Hamiltonian property including the skew-adjoint property
and Jacobi identity by the use of prolongation method. Our results show that there are ve 3-order
Hamiltonian operators, which can be used to construct the Hamiltonians, and no 5-order operators
are shown to pass the Hamiltonian test, although there are innite number of them, and are skew-
adjoint.
Key words. Hamiltonian system, Nonlinear dierential equation, Nonlinear partial dierential
equation, Fifth-order KdV equation, Ito equation, Sawada-Kotera equation, Caudrey-Dodd-Gibbon
equation, Kaup-Kupershmidt equation, Lax equation, Jacobi identity, skew-adjoint operator, pro-
longation.
AMS subject classications. 37K10, 37K05, 35Q53, 35G20, 35L05, 47J35
1. Introduction. The study of the generalized fth-order Korteweg-de Vries
(fthorder KdV) equation
u
t
+ uu
xxx
+ u
x
u
xx
+ u
2
u
x
+ u
xxxxx
= 0, (1)
where , and are arbitrary real parameters, has always been an important topic
in nonlinear physical phenomena. This equation not only describes the motions of
long waves in shallow water under gravity and in a one-dimensional nonlinear lattice
but also is an important mathematical model with wide applications in quantum me-
chanics and nonlinear optics. Typical examples are widely used in various elds such
as solid state physics, plasma physics, uid physics and quantum eld theory. A great
deal of research work has been conducted during the past decades for exact solutions,
such as soliton solutions [1, 2, 3, 4]. Several dierent approaches, such as Backlund
transformation, a bilinear form, and Lax pairs, have been used independently for
some constants , and , by which some of the soliton and multi-soliton solutions
are obtained [5]. Interesting and deeply examined examples of the fth-order KdV
equation are
Sawada-Kotera equation (SK equation) [6]
u
t
+ 5uu
xxx
+ 5u
x
u
xx
+ 5u
2
u
x
+ u
xxxxx
= 0. (2)
Caudrey-Dodd-Gibbon equation (CDG equation) [7]
u
t
+ 30uu
xxx
+ 30u
x
u
xx
+ 180u
2
u
x
+ u
xxxxx
= 0. (3)
Lax equation [8]
u
t
+ 10uu
xxx
+ 20u
x
u
xx
+ 30u
2
u
x
+ u
xxxxx
= 0. (4)
Kaup-Kupershmidt-type equation I (KK I equation, [9])
u
t
+ 10uu
xxx
+ 25u
x
u
xx
+ 20u
2
u
x
+ u
xxxxx
= 0. (5)

Received January 12, 2010; accepted for publication June 4, 2010.

Mathematical Institute, Univerisity of Oxford, 2429 St. Giles, Oxford, OX1 3LB, UK
(chuntelee2000@googlemail.com). PACS no. 02.30.Jr, 05.45.Yv, 02.30.Gp, 02.30.Ik, 02.30.Tb.
123
124 C.-T. LEE
Kaup-Kupershmidt-type equation II (KK II equation, [10, 11])
u
t
15uu
xxx

75
2
u
x
u
xx
+ 45u
2
u
x
+ u
xxxxx
= 0. (6)
Ito equation [12]
u
t
+ 3uu
xxx
+ 6u
x
u
xx
+ 2u
2
u
x
+ u
xxxxx
= 0. (7)
As the constants , and taking dierent values, the properties of Eq. (1)
drastically change. For instance, the Lax equation with = 10, = 20, and = 30
and SK equation where = = = 5 are completely integrable and have N-soliton
solutions [6]. The KK-type equations (KK I, KKII) with = 10, = 25, = 20
and = 15, =
75
2
, = 45 respectively are known to be integrable too, and
has bilinear representations [10, 11, 13]. The Ito equation with = 3, = 6, and
= 2 is not integrable, but has a limited number of special conserved densities [14].
We also note that the Caudrey-Dodd-Gibbon equation can be transformed to the
Sawada-Kotera equation through a particular scaling transformation for u. So they
are the same equation.
As far as we are concerned, the question of Hamiltonian structures for the fth-
order KdV equation is very important and deserves serious considerations, since soli-
ton equations often come with some surprising Hamiltonian structures and are now
being recognized as an important aspect in soliton theory [15, 16, 17].
In this paper, we rummage through all possible dierential operators for the
generalized fth-order KdV equation (1), and give full validation tests of their Hamil-
tonian structures regarding the skew-adjoint property and the Jacobi identity. Such
two important properties will be veried in a systematic way carefully and directly
through prolongation method, and we will present all possible Hamiltonian operators
for equation (1).
2. Preliminaries. Most integrable systems are known to have Hamiltonian
structures. These are systems whose dynamical equations can be described through
Hamiltons equations. The general form of an innite-dimensional Hamiltonian sys-
tem takes the form
u
t
+D
H
u
= 0, (8)
where D is a skew-adjoint operator and H is a functional
H
_
u, u
(n)
_
:=
_

H (u, u
x
, . . . , u
nx
) dx, (9)
with the density function H coming from the space of dierentiable functions. Then
one can dene the Poisson bracket as
{F, G} =
_

F
u
D
G
u
dx, (10)
for any two smooth functionals F, G. For instance, it is well known that the KdV
equation
u
t
6uu
x
+ u
xxx
= 0,
DIFFERENTIAL OPERATOR OF FIFTH-ORDER KdV EQUATIONS 125
admits a Hamiltonian system as
u
t
= D
H
u
, H =
_ _
1
2
u
2
x
+ u
3
_
dx, (11)
where D =
x
, H is a functional called Hamiltonian and /u is the variational
derivative. Its Poisson structure is
{F, G} =
_

F
u

x
G
u
dx. (12)
A general dierential operator D is of the form
D :=
n

i=0
P
i
(u, u
x
, . . . , u
nx
)

i
x
i
, (13)
for some smooth dierentiable functions P
i
, where n is a nite, natural number. For
simplicity, one can write D as
D =

J
P
J

J
, (14)
where J = 1, 2, . . . , n, for some nite number n, and
J
:=
J
/x
J
. A dierential
operator D is of order n if its leading coecient is not zero, i.e. P
n
= 0, and of order
0 if it is a single dierentiable function.
Definition 1. Let A be the space of dierentiable functions, suppose
D =

J
P
J

J
, P
j
A, (15)
then its adjoint D

is a dierential operator which satises

_
P DQ dx =
_
QD

P dx, P, Q A.
Corollary 1. The adjoint of a dierential operator can be written as
D

J
(
J
) P
J
, (16)
which means that for any Q A, we have
D

Q =

J
(
J
) [P
J
Q] .
Moreover, an operator D is self-adjoint if D

= D, and skew-adjoint if D

= D.
Definition 2. A dierential operator D is called Hamiltonian if its Poisson
bracket (10) satises the skew-symmetry property
{P, Q} = {Q, P} , (17)
126 C.-T. LEE
and the Jacobi identity
{P, {Q, R}} +{{R, P} , Q} +{{Q, R} , P} = 0, (18)
for any smooth functionals P, Q, and R.
We note that if D is a skew-adjoint dierential operator whose coecients do not
depend on u or its derivatives, then D is automatically a Hamiltonian operator.
Although we should check the Jacobi identity in (18) by direct verications, it
still requires quite a lot of calculations even in such a relatively simple example like
the KdV equation. A radical simplication is oered by Olver [18] using the theory of
multi-vectors and prolongation of the vector eld. In this section we will apply such
method to justify a Hamiltonian operator.
Let A
q
be the space of general q-tuple dierentiable functions. One can dene
the general multi k-vector as follows
=
_
_
_

,J
R

J
_
u (x) , u
(n)
(x)
_

1
J1

k
J
k
_
_
dx, (19)
where R

J
A
q
are dierentiable functions depending on u and derivatives of u up to
some nite number. Here x =
_
x
1
, . . . , x
p
_
are independent variables, u =
_
u
1
, . . . , u
q
_
are dependent variables and J = (J
1
, J
2
, . . . , J
k
) is a k-th order multi-index with
0 J
k
p indicating which derivatives are being taken. Here =(
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
) is
a multi-index with 1
i
q indicating which variable are being using. The variables

i
Ji
are unit vectors of u corresponding to the derivatives /u
i
Ji
and is the wedge
product. Olver [18] further indicated that any skew-adjoint dierential operator D
can be written as a canonical form of functional bi-vector

D
=
1
2
_
{ D} dx =
1
2
_
_
_
q

,=1

_
_
dx, (20)
where D = (D

) is a q q-dimensional dierential operator. Thus studying the

Hamiltonian operator of the dierential equation is equally important as studying the
bi-vector of the equation.
Theorem 1. Let D be a skew-adjoint operator and let be a unit vector of D,
suppose

D
=
1
2
_
( D()) dx, (21)
is the corresponding functional bi-vector. Then D is Hamiltonian if and only if
pr v
D
(
D
) = 0, (22)
where pr stands for prolongation calculations.
3. Three-order operator. We start with the general three-order dierential
operator of the form
D =
3
x
+
1
u
x
+
1
u
x
, (23)
DIFFERENTIAL OPERATOR OF FIFTH-ORDER KdV EQUATIONS 127
where
1
and
1
are real parameters to be determined. In order to make the fth-order
KdV equation (1) from (8), we take a guess at the Hamiltonian form as
H =
_ _
1
2
uu
xx
+

1
3
u
3
_
dx, (24)
where
1
is a real parameter to be determined too. Then one can substitute (23) and
(24) into (8) to get
u
t
+
_

3
x
+
1
u
x
+
1
u
x
_ _
u
xx
+
1
u
2
_
= 0,
and we obtain a nonlinear system of algebraic equations for
1
,
1
and
1
:
(1) SK equation :
_
_
_
2
1
+
1
= 5,
6
1
+
1
= 5,
2
1

1
+
1

1
= 5.
Then we have solution
1
= 3,
1
= 1 and
1
= 1, and the potential
Hamiltonian operator as well as the Hamiltonian are
D
sk3
=
3
x
+ 3u
x
u
x
, (25)
H
sk3
=
_ _
1
2
uu
xx
+
1
3
u
3
_
dx. (26)
(2) CDG equation :
_
_
_
2
1
+
1
= 30,
6
1
+
1
= 30,
2
1

1
+
1

1
= 180.
Then we have
1
= 18,
1
= 6 and
1
= 6, and the potential Hamiltonian
operator as well as the Hamiltonian are
D
CDG3
=
3
x
+ 18u
x
6u
x
, (27)
H
CDG3
=
_ _
1
2
uu
xx
+ 2u
3
_
dx. (28)
(3) Lax equation :
_
_
_
2
1
+
1
= 10,
6
1
+
1
= 20,
2
1

1
+
1

1
= 30.
Then we have
1
= 4,
1
= 2 and
1
= 3, and the potential Hamiltonian
operator as well as the Hamiltonian are
D
Lax3
=
3
x
+ 4u
x
+ 2u
x
, (29)
H
Lax3
=
_ _
1
2
uu
xx
+ u
3
_
dx. (30)
128 C.-T. LEE
(4) KK I equation :
_
_
_
2
1
+
1
= 10,
6
1
+
1
= 25,
2
1

1
+
1

1
= 20.
Then we have
1
= 2,
1
= 1 and
1
= 4, and the potential Hamiltonian
operator as well as the Hamiltonian are
D
KKI3
=
3
x
+ 2u
x
+ u
x
, (31)
H
KKI3
=
_ _
1
2
uu
xx
+
4
3
u
3
_
dx. (32)
(5) KK II equation:
_
_
_
2
1
+
1
= 15,
6
1
+
1
=
75
2
,
2
1

1
+
1

1
= 45.
Then we have
1
= 3,
1
=
3
2
and
1
= 6, and the potential Hamil-
tonian operator as well as the Hamiltonian are
D
KKII3
=
3
x
3u
x

3
2
u
x
, (33)
H
KKII3
=
_ _
1
2
uu
xx
2u
3
_
dx. (34)
(6) Ito equation :
_
_
_
2
1
+
1
= 3,
6
1
+
1
= 6,
2
1

1
+
1

1
= 2.
Then we have
1
= 1,
1
= 0 and
1
= 1, and the potential Hamiltonian
operator as well as the Hamiltonian are
D
Ito3
=
3
x
+ u
x
, (35)
H
Ito3
=
_ _
1
2
uu
xx
+
1
3
u
3
_
dx. (36)
4. Three-order operator revisited. In this section we focus on 3-order, skew-
adjoint dierential operator form as
D =
3
x
+ 2a
x
+ a
x
, (37)
where a = a (x, t) is an analytic function to be determined.
Now technically we set a (x, t) =
2
u (x, t), where
2
is a real parameter to be
determined. A quick judgement of (1), (8) and (37) gives the Hamiltonian form
H =
_ _

2
2
uu
xx
+

2
3
u
3
_
dx, (38)
where
2
,
2
are real parameters to be determined. We substitute (37) and (38) into
(8) to get
u
t
+
_

3
x
+ 2a
x
+ a
x
_ _

2
u
xx
+
2
u
2
_
= 0,
and obtain the following nonlinear system of algebraic equations for
2
,
2
and
2
:
DIFFERENTIAL OPERATOR OF FIFTH-ORDER KdV EQUATIONS 129
(1) SK equation :
_
_
_
6
2
+
2

2
= 5,
2
2
+ 2
2

2
= 5,
5
2

2
= 5.
Solving the above nonlinear system, we get
2
= 2,
2
= 1 and
2
= 1/2, and
D
sk31
=
3
x
+ 4u
x
+ 2u
x
, (39)
H
sk31
=
_ _
1
2
uu
xx
+
1
6
u
3
_
dx. (40)
(2) CDG equation :
_
_
_
6
2
+
2

2
= 30,
2
2
+ 2
2

2
= 30,
5
2

2
= 180.
Solving the above nonlinear system, we have
2
= 12,
2
= 1 and
2
= 3,
and
D
CDG31
=
3
x
+ 24u
x
+ 12u
x
, (41)
H
CDG31
=
_ _
1
2
uu
xx
+ u
3
_
dx. (42)
(3) Lax equation :
_
_
_
6
2
+
2

2
= 20,
2
2
+ 2
2

2
= 10,
5
2

2
= 30.
The above system admits
2
= 4,
2
= 1 and
2
= 3, so that we have
D
Lax31
=
3
x
+ 4u
x
+ 2u
x
, (43)
H
Lax31
=
_ _
1
2
uu
xx
+ u
3
_
dx. (44)
We note that this is the same as D
Lax3
.
(4) KK I equation :
_
_
_
6
2
+
2

2
= 25,
2
2
+ 2
2

2
= 10,
5
2

2
= 20.
Then the above system gives
2
= 1,
2
= 1 and
2
= 4, and hence
D
KKI31
=
3
x
+ 2u
x
+ u
x
, (45)
H
KKII31
=
_ _
1
2
uu
xx
+
4
3
u
3
_
dx. (46)
We note that this is the same as D
KKI3
.
130 C.-T. LEE
(5) KK II equation :
_
_
_
6
2
+
2

2
=
75
2
,
2
2
+ 2
2

2
= 15,
5
2

2
= 45.
The above system gives
2
= 3/2,
2
= 1 and
2
= 6, so that we have
D
KKII31
=
3
x
3u
x

3
2
u
x
, (47)
H
KKII31
=
_ _
1
2
uu
xx
2u
3
_
dx. (48)
We note that this is the same as D
KKII3
.
(6) Ito equation :
_
_
_
6
2
+
2

2
= 6,
2
2
+ 2
2

2
= 3,
5
2

2
= 2.
The above system is a contradictory linear system of equations, and no solu-
tions for
2
,
2
and
2
can be found.
5. Fifth-order operator. In this section take the fth-order, skew-adjoint op-
erator of the form
D =
5
x
+ a
3
x
+
3
x
a + b
x
+
x
b, (49)
where a = a (x, t) , b = b (x, t) are to be determined. We suppose that
a =
3
u, b =
3
u
xx
+
3
u
2
, (50)
where
3
,
3
and
3
are real parameters to be determined. A quick judgement of
suitable Hamiltonian form from (8) and (49) is
H =
_
1
2
u
2
dx, (51)
Substituting (49) and (51) into (8), we obtain
u
t
+
_
u
xxxxx
+ 2
3
uu
xxx
+
3
u
xxx
u + 3
3
u
xx
u
x
+ 3
3
u
x
u
xx
+2
_

3
u
xx
+
3
u
2
_
u
x
+ (
3
u
xxx
+ 2
3
uu
x
) u
_
= 0
and nonlinear system of algebraic equations for
3
,
3
and
3
:
(1) SK equation :
_
_
_
3
3
+
3
= 5,
6
3
+ 2
3
= 5,
4
3
= 5.
This system is a contradictory system of linear equations with no solutions
can be found.
DIFFERENTIAL OPERATOR OF FIFTH-ORDER KdV EQUATIONS 131
(2) CDG equation :
_
_
_
3
3
+
3
= 30,
6
3
+ 2
3
= 30,
4
3
= 180.
This system is a contradictory system of linear equations with no solutions
can be found.
(3) Lax equation :
_
_
_
3
3
+
3
= 10,
6
3
+ 2
3
= 20,
4
3
= 30.
This system gives innite solutions under the condition 3
3
+
3
= 10 and

3
= 15/2. It gives innite numbers of skew-adjoint operators as
D
Lax5
=
_
_

5
x
+ 2
3
u
xxx
+ (
3
+
3
) u
xxx
+(3
3
+ 2
3
) u
xx

x
+ 3
3
u
x

xx
+15u
2

x
+ 15uu
x
_
_
, (52)
H
Lax5
=
_
1
2
u
2
dx. (53)
(4) KK I equation :
_
_
_
3
3
+
3
= 10,
6
3
+ 2
3
= 25,
4
3
= 20.
This system is a contradictory system, meaning no solutions can be found for

3
,
3
and
3
.
(5) KK II equation :
_
_
_
3
3
+
3
= 15,
6
3
+ 2
3
=
75
2
,
4
3
= 45.
This system contains contradictory linear equations such that no solutions
can be found for suitable
3
,
3
and
3
.
(6) Ito equation :
_
_
_
3
3
+
3
= 3,
6
3
+ 2
3
= 6,
4
3
= 2.
This system gives solutions when 3
3
+
3
= 3 and
3
= 1/2, so that we have
D
Ito5
=
_
_

5
x
+ 2
3
u
xxx
+ (
3
+
3
) u
xxx
+(3
3
+ 2
3
) u
xx

x
+ 3
3
u
x

xx
+u
2

x
+ uu
x
_
_
, (54)
H
Ito5
=
_
1
2
u
2
dx. (55)
132 C.-T. LEE
6. Classication of the dierential operators. In previous sections, we ap-
ply the operator multiplications to obtain many potential Hamiltonian operators
of 3-order and 5-order for the fth-order KdV equations (1). These operators are all
nontrivial, but need to be further veried for its Hamiltonian nature. In this section
we would use the method of prolongation [18] to verify the skew-adjoint property and
Jacobi identity in order to justify the Hamiltonian structure for the equation (1).
6.1. Skew and non-skew adjoint operator. First we note that
D

sk3
=
3
x

x
(3u) u
x
,
=
3
x
3u
x
4u
x
,
= D
sk3
,
hence D
sk3
is not skew-adjoint, let alone can be used to dene a Hamiltonian struc-
ture for the SK equation. Similarly, we have
D

CDG3
=
3
x

x
(18u) 6u
x
,
=
3
x
18u
x
24u
x
,
= D
CDG3
,
which shows that it is not skew-adjoint and surely can not be used to construct the
Hamiltonian system for the CDG equation. Furthermore, D
Ito3
is not skew-adjoint.
On the other hand, we have
D

sk31
=
3
x

x
(4u) + 2u
x
,
=
3
x
4u
x
2u
x
,
= D
sk31
.
Therefore D
sk31
is a skew-adjoint operator for the SK equation, and plays a suitable
candidate for being a Hamiltonian operator, which will be veried later.
In a similar manner, D
Lax3
, D
KKI3
, D
KKII3
, and D
CDG31
are all skew-
adjoint operators and will be further veried for the Jacobi identity later.
We now turn to the obtained 5-order Lax operator to get
D

Lax5
=
_
_

5
x

3
x
(2
3
u) + (
3
+
3
) u
xxx

x
((3
3
+ 2
3
) u
xx
)
+
xx
(3
3
u
x
)
x
_
15u
2
_
+ 15uu
x
_
_
=
_
_
_
_

5
x
2
3
u
xxx
6
3
u
xx

x
6
3
u
x

xx
2
3
u
xxx
+ (
3
+
3
) u
xxx
(3
3
+ 2
3
) u
xxx
(3
3
+ 2
3
) u
xx

x
+ 3
3
u
xxx
+ 6
3
u
xx

x
+3
3
u
x

xx
15uu
x
15u
2

x
_
_
_
_
,
=
_

5
x
2
3
u
xxx
(
3
+
3
) u
xxx
(3
3
+ 2
3
) u
xx

x
3
3
u
x

xx
15u
2

x
15uu
x
_
,
= D
Lax5
.
Therefore it is skew-adjoint.
DIFFERENTIAL OPERATOR OF FIFTH-ORDER KdV EQUATIONS 133
For the 5-order Ito operator, we have
D

Ito5
=
_

5
x

3
x
(2
3
u) + (
3
+
3
) u
xxx

x
((3
3
+ 2
3
) u
xx
)
+
xx
(3
3
u
x
)
x
_
u
2
_
+ uu
x
_
,
=
_
_

5
x
2
3
u
xxx
6
3
u
xx

x
6
3
u
x

xx
2
3
u
xxx
(
3
+
3
) u
xxx
(3
3
+ 2
3
) u
xxx
(3
3
+ 2
3
) u
xx

x
+3
3
u
xxx
+ 6
3
u
xx

x
+ 3
3
u
x

xx
u
2

x
uu
x
_
_
,
=
_

5
x
2
3
u
xxx
(
3
+
3
) u
xxx
(3
3
+ 2
3
) u
xx

x
3
3
u
x

xx
u
2

x
uu
x
_
,
= D
Ito5
,
hence it is also a skew-adjoint operator.
6.2. Hamiltonian and non-Hamiltonian operator. The skew adjoint prop-
erty of dierential operators are easily checked through (16). Jacobi identity is nor-
mally easier to check by examining the closure of the corresponding symplectic form.
However, most of the operators are highly nontrivial, making it extremely dicult
to invert. Thus we will turn to the use of the method of prolongation. We refer the
interested readers to [18, 19] for details on this method. Here we simply note that
if we dene a bi-vector as
D
=
1
2
_
D() dx, then D would satisfy the Jacobi
identity provided
pr v
D
(
D
) = 0.
Here the assumption is that
= [u] ,
and by denition, prolongation acts only on coecients functionally dependet on u.
Now we examine D
Lax3
in (29), but we rst write its bi-vector form as

DLax3
=
_ _
1
2

xxx
+ 2u
x
+ u
x

_
dx.
Notice that
pr v
DLax3
(u) =
xxx
+ 4u
x
+ 2u
x
,
so we have
pr v
DLax3
_

DLax3
_
= pr v
DLax3
_ _
1
2

xxx
+ 2u
x
+ u
x

_
dx,
= 2
_
(
xxx

x
+ 4u
x

x
+ 2u
x

x
) dx,
= 0.
This shows that D
Lax3
is a Hamiltonian operator, and H
Lax3
=
_ _
1
2
uu
xx
+ u
3
_
dx
is the corresponding Hamiltonian. Following similar procedures, D
KKI3
, D
KKII3
,
D
sk31
and D
CDG31
are all shown to be Hamiltonian operators.
134 C.-T. LEE
Furthermore, D
Lax5
in (52) has the bi-vector form as

DLax5
=
1
2
_
D
Lax5
() dx
=
1
2
_
_
_

xxxxx
+ 2
3
u
xxx
+ (
3
+
3
) u
xxx

+(3
3
+ 2
3
) u
xx

x
+ 3
3
u
x

xx
+15u
2

x
+ 15 uu
x

_
_
dx.
Notice that
pr v
DLax5
(u) =
_
_

xxxxx
+ 2
3
u
xxx
+ (
3
+
3
) u
xxx

+(3
3
+ 2
3
) u
xx

x
+ 3
3
u
x

xx
+15u
2

x
+ 15uu
x

_
_
,
we have, by using the integration by parts and boundary conditions,
pr v
DLax5
_

DLax5
_
=
1
2
_
_

_
(2
3
+ 2
3
)
_
_

xxxxx
+ 2
3
u
xxx
+ (
3
+
3
) u
xxx

+(3
3
+ 2
3
) u
xx

x
+ 3
3
u
x

xx
+15u
2

x
+ 15uu
x

_
_

xxx
2
3
_
_

xxxxx
+ 2
3
u
xxx
+ (
3
+
3
) u
xxx

+(3
3
+ 2
3
) u
xx

x
+ 3
3
u
x

xx
+15u
2

x
+ 15uu
x

_
_

xx

x
+30u
_
_

xxxxx
+ 2
3
u
xxx
+ (
3
+
3
) u
xxx

+(3
3
+ 2
3
) u
xx

x
+ 3
3
u
x

xx
+15u
2

x
+ 15uu
x

_
_

x
_

_
dx,
=
1
2
_
_

_
(2
3
+ 4
3
)
x

xxxx

xxx
3
3
u
x
(2
3
+ 2
3
)
xx

xxx
(4
3

3
u 30u)
xxx

xx

x
2
3
_
(
3
+
3
) u
xxx
+15uu
x
90
3
uu
x
_

xx

x
_

_
dx.
When 3
3
+
3
= 10, we have
pr v
DLax5
_

DLax5
_
=
1
2
_
_

_
(40 10
3
)
x

xxxx

xxx
3
3
u
x
(20 4
3
)
xx

xxx
(4
3
(10 3
3
) 30) u
xxx

xx

x
2
3
_
(10 2
3
) u
xxx
+(15 90
3
) uu
x
_

xx

x
_

_
dx.
Therefore
pr v
DLax5
_

DLax5
_
= 0,
which proves that D
Lax5
is not Hamiltonian as a form of (49).
To verify the 5-order Ito operator in (54), we rst write its bi-vector form as

DIto5
=
1
2
_
D
Ito5
() dx,
=
1
2
_
_
_

xxxxx
+ 2
3
u
xxx
+ (
3
+
3
) u
xxx

+ (3
3
+ 2
3
) u
xx

x
+ 3
3
u
x

xx
+ u
2

x
+ uu
x

_
_
dx.
DIFFERENTIAL OPERATOR OF FIFTH-ORDER KdV EQUATIONS 135
Since
pr v
DIto5
(u) =
_

xxxxx
+ 2
3
u
xxx
+ (
3
+
3
) u
xxx

+(3
3
+ 2
3
) u
xx

x
+ 3
3
u
x

xx
+ u
2

x
+ uu
x

_
,
it is tedious but straightforward to show that
pr v
DIto5
_

DIto5
_
=
1
2
_
_

_
(2
3
+ 2
3
)
xxxxx

xxx
+3
3
(2
3
+ 2
3
) u
x

xx

xxx
2
3
_
_

xxxxx
+ 2
3
u
xxx
+(
3
+
3
) u
xxx

+uu
x

_
_

xx

x
+2u
_

xxxxx
+ 2
3
u
xxx
+3
3
u
x

xx
_

x
_

_
dx,
=
1
2
_
_

_
(2
3
+ 2
3
)
xx

xxxx

xx
(2
3
+ 4
3
)
xxxxx

x

xx
+(3
3
(2
3
+ 2
3
) u
x
)
xx

xxx
(4
3

3
u 2u)
xxx

xx

x
_
6
3
uu
x
+ 2
3
(
3
+
3
) u
xxx
+2
3
uu
x
_

xx

x
_

_
dx,
by using the integration by parts and boundary conditions.
Notice that with the condition 3
3
+
3
= 3, the above expression turns out to
be
pr v
DIto5
_

DIto5
_
=
1
2
_
_

_
(6 4
3
)
xx

xxxx

xx
(12 10
3
)
xxxxx

x

xx
+(3
3
(6 4
3
) u
x
)
xx

xxx
(4
3
(3 3
3
) u 2u)
xxx

xx

x
(6uu
x
+ 2 (3 3
3
) (3 2
3
) u
xxx
)
xx

x
_

_
dx,
= 0,
for any
3
. This shows that the Ito equation has no 5-order Hamiltonian operator as
the form of (49).
7. Conclusions. In this paper, we present all of the dierential operators for
the fth-order KdV equation (1) including the order-3 and order-5 dierential op-
erators. All the skew-adjoint and Hamiltonian operators have been presented and
identied. We show that there are ve order-3 Hamiltonian operators, but no order-5
Hamiltonian operators existed for the fth-order KdV equations, although they are
perfectly skew-adjoint and there are innite number of them.
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