Plastic N.A.: = = d = distance from A1 centroid to A2 centroid Plastic section mod.

: = ymax = furthest y distance (up or down) Elastic section mod.: = Moment produces 1st yielding: = = Ultimate moment: Form factor = = = Centroid: ( ) = 275

Inelastic Analysis of Beams Total Compressive Force: = Total Tension Force: T =

Example I beam Af = area of a flange, h = total height = web + 2 flange heights Aw = area of web, b = width of flange = +2 (parallel axis theorem) Af Aw

( + ) (

, =

(parallel axis thm.) )

Consolidation Theory = =1

+ = 0.83% 0.83% < % < 6.7% +

0 < % < 0.83%

) = 825

) = 2750

Shear (normal) force: S =

Approximate Methods Vertical -assume: inflection points in girder at L/10 from nodes -assume: inflection points at center of columns Moment at ends for distr. load: =

Horizontal Portal

Coeff. Of consolidation: = , =

u = excess pore pressure = 2 2

- usually ignored, sum of shears = 0 Axial Forces = wL/2 for both sides Cantilever Vertical Equilibrium: F + F + + F =0 ( ) = = = = = = ( ) = ( ) , ,

( , For tD > 0.2: ( ) = ( )= ( )=1

) sin =1 1 2 ( ,

exp (

Lab Init. Specimen Height = HI = Hi - Hfp Init. Water cont. = (init. Tot mass vol solid)/(vol solid) Void ratio = (tot vol vol solid)/(vol solid) Vol solid = (mass dry soil) / (spec grav * density water) Deg satur. = spec grav * water content / void ratio Vert eff stress (when pore pressure is zero) = (applied load tare load +top cop & stone) / Area Vert strain = (meas axial deform. apparatus comp.) / Init specimen height Compressibility (av) = -void ratio / vertical stress Coeff. Of consolidation (cv) (root time) = 0.848 * (drainage height)2 / time for 90% consolidation Coeff. Of consolidation (log time) = 0.197 * Hd2 / time for 50% consolidation Drainage height computed at 50% consolidation for both cases Hydraulic conductivity = (coef. Of consol. * av * unit weight water) / (1 + void ratio) Rate of secondary compression (c) = change in strain per log cycle of time after primary is complete

Truss Beams Bending A = cross section Bending Moment, M=N*b e = elongation Diagonals carry no force Flexural Rigidity, EI Shear Rigidity, shear area times shear modulus, GAs = =2 ( ) = .5

Truss Beams Shear

=2 =2

= elongation of diag. , =

, =

Matrices Rotating:

= cos + sin = sin + cos = = cos sin sin cos

Linear Spring in 1-D = = = = =

2 Springs in Series + = 0

2 Springs in Parallel + ( + = ( + ) +

Springs in 2 Dimensions 0 0 0 0 = 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

= =

Concrete Mix Proportioning 1. Choose slump & max aggregate size (based on application) 2. Water content (weight/volume)- a function of slump, max aggregate size, whether you have entrained air. The same chart would also gives you % air by volume. 3. Water/Concrete ratio- a function of the average compressive strength you need and whether there is entrained air 3. Coarse aggregate, get a value for dry-rodded volume per volume, depends on max aggregate size and fineness modulus of your sand--use the specific dry-rodded gravity to get the weight/volume 4. Fine aggregate- add up all the other volumes, sand fills up the leftover 5. Adjust for moisture: % deviation from SSD x density= weight/unit volume extra water in the aggregates, add this to the aggregate mass, subtract it from the water Other random things: if it will be exposed to freeze-thaw, you need entrained air, superplasticizer increases slump Reinforced Concrete: = = .03 = Cracked c=cdr*de

Neutral Axis Locations (c): Steel Stiffness Ratio, Sr = Es/Ec dAc = (Sr-1)As ,As=area steel de=depth to center of bar from top Uncracked c =(w*d*d/2+dAc*de)/(w*d+dAc) Reinforcement area ratio, =As/(de*w) cdr=(Sr*Sr**+2Sr*)^.5-Sr*

Failure, Tension: c=As*s/(*c*w), s=yield strength of steel, c=strength concrete, and from figure M= =As*s*(de-*c) Failure, Compression: c =(-b'+(b'*b'+4*a'*b'*de)^0.5)/2/a' b' =As*ys*Es , ys =s/Es a'=*c*w M=*c*w*c*(de-*c) Max Force =2M/a, a=distance to load point

Beam/Matrix Example

From slope-deflection equations: 2 (2 + 3 ), = 2 ( + 2 3 ) = From global equilibrium: + + =0 & = = 6 6 ( ( + + )+ )+ 12 + (

w w L If we add axial deformation: 0 0 0 12 0

12 6

12 6

12

=0

12 12 6

= 6 2

12

X 0 0 X 0 0

X 0 0

6 4

X = new element Shaded = old elements from left

0 0

X 0 0