CDMA Radio Resource Management

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY
MOBILE & PORTABLE RADIO RESEARCH GROUP
MPRG
Radio Resource Management in 3G CDMA

Dr. R. Michael Buehrer buehrer@vt.edu
12th Virginia Tech/MPRG Symposium on
WIRELESS PERSONAL
COMMUNICATIONS
June 5-7, 2002
Virginia
1872
Tech
VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY
MPRG
Overview
Introduction What is Radio Resource Management? RRM in CDMA Voice Networks (IS-95/cdma2000)
Base station assignment (including handoff) Power control Admission control Load control
RRM for Packet Data Services

IS-95B Data cdma2000 (3G1x RTT) Data Services 3G1xEV-DO (High Data Rate or HDR)
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Overview

IS-95B Data cdma2000 (3G1X RTT) Data Services 3G1X-EV/DO (High Data Rate or HDR)
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
What is RRM?
Service Provider goal: Maximize number of users for fixed resources User goal: Maximize QoS for least amount of money Wireless Network Design
Placing access points to maximize coverage/capacity for least number of base stations for fixed QoS
Radio Resource Management

Given access points how should power, spectrum, channels be allocated in order to meet QoS requirements for largest number of users as they move about the system ? This is the general RRM problem which is applicable to all wireless systems. We will look specifically today at CDMA systems
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Radio Resource Management in CDMA Voice Networks
In CDMA voice networks systems (i.e., 2G), RRM is primarily a task of interference management.
Capacity is directly dependent on the interference caused by one signal to another Maximizing capacity requires minimizing interference while maintaining required Frame Error Rate, probability of blocking, and probability of dropped call (i.e., the main QoS metrics in 2G) All signals have similar data rate, delay and FER requirements
Interference management is done via

Power control Base station assignment (Soft handoff) Admission control Load control
Virginia
1872
Tech
Radio Resource Management in Data MPRG Networks
In CDMA which support data services, RRM has the additional burdens of managing data connections (including packet access) Data services have varying
Data rate requirements FER requirements Jitter requirements Delay requirements
These additional requirements are accomplished via

burst allocation in mixed voice/data systems packet scheduling in packet data systems
in addition to traditional interference management

Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Overview

IS-95B Data cdma2000 (3G1X RTT) Data Services 3G1X-EV/DO (HDR)
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Overview
Power control Base station assignment (including handoff) Admission control Load control

IS-95B Data cdma2000 (3G1X RTT) Data Services 3G1X-EV/DO (HDR)
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Power Control
The key RRM technique in voice-centric CDMA systems is power control All channels (single carrier system) in all cells use the same frequency band. The resulting Multiple Access Interference limits system performance. The basic system resource (i.e., that which limits capacity) in CDMA is
Received interference power at the base station for uplink Total transmit power at the base station for the downlink
In order to maximize capacity, we need to minimize the interference power caused by each mobile to the system on the uplink and the transmit power required by each channel on the downlink while maintaining a desired quality of service (FER). This is accomplished with power control
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Power Control
Definitions
Open Loop Power Control
Transmitter attempts to minimize transmit power using average received signal strength as indication of path loss Long time constant Capable of adapting to large scale propagation effects: path loss and shadowing
Closed Loop Power Control

Uses feedback from the receiver to adjust the transmit power Slow power control (typically 50Hz or slower)
Feeds back Frame Error Rate (FER) information Adapts to large scale propagation effects Helps maintain target performance level
Fast power control (typically 800Hz or faster)

Receiver measures Eb/Io and compares to threshold. If measured value less than threshold, requests increase in transmit power (often called the inner loop) Receiver threshold is adjusted to maintain a target FER performance level (often Virginia called the outer loop)
Tech
1872
MPRG
Open Loop Power Control
When a mobile first attempts to access the CDMA network it uses Open Loop Power Control to assure that it achieves a good trade-off between
Interference caused to system Access time
The interference caused to other users is inversely proportional to mobile transmit power while the probability of network access for a given attempt is directly proportional to transmit power. In Open Loop Power Control, the mobile measures the pilot strength which is related to path loss. The transmit power is then set inversely to the measured pilot strength
Weak pilot large path loss high mobile transmit power Strong pilot low path loss low mobile transmit power
V the call This Open Loop Control can continue throughoutirginia Tech
1872
MPRG
Closed Loop (Slow) Power Control
For more accurate power control, mobile feedback is required. This feedback is referred to as closed loop power control. One metric which can be fed back to the transmitter is a frame error rate (FER) measurement or frame error indicator. The transmitter adjusts power levels in order to keep FER at desired level. This loop is slow (typically on the order of 50Hz). The fastest it can feedback information is once per frame (frame error indication). If an FER measurement is taken, the feedback rate is even slower. The forward link of second generation CDMA systems rely on this type of power control.
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Closed Loop (Fast) Power Control
Previous power control methods are slow and can compensate only for path loss and long-term shadowing. They are not sufficiently fast to track multipath-induced fading. To track this fluctuation, fast closed-loop power control must be used. In IS-95/cdma2000 the BS receiver measures the received signal strength every 1.25ms and sends a power control command to the transmitter. That command tells the transmitter to either increase or decrease the power by a predetermined step size (e.g., 1dB). Due measurement and reporting delays, as well as a fixed step size, fast power control, while significantly faster than open loop power control, still invert the channel fading in sufficiently fast fading conditions.
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG

AWGN channel Tx and rx power variation due to finite step size (0.5dB)
Unit average tx power
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG

Slow Fading 5 Hz fading 800Hz PC 0.5dB step
Fast power control
Power rise
Virginia
1872
can track slow multipath fading channel Receiver performance improved due to nearly constant receive power However, we pay some penalty at the transmitter in higher average tx power
Tech
MPRG

Fast fading 150 Hz fading 800 Hz PC 0.5dB step Power control
cannot track extremely fast fading Receive power varies wildly Little increase in transmit power Must rely on diversity
Tech
1872
Virginia
MPRG
Outer Loop Power Control
There are two parts to fast, closed loop power control:

Inner loop power control Outer loop power control
The inner loop works on a smaller time scale (e.g., 1.25ms) and instructs the transmitter to change its transmit power in order to equalize the received power. The outer loop works on a slightly longer time scale (e.g., 20ms) and adjusts the inner loop target in order to achieve a performance specification.
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Outer Loop Power Control adjusts the channel quality target (typically Eb/Io) to obtain a target Frame Error Rate (FER) This is accomplished by the following logic: n =0 FER_Target = 0.01; % could be any reasonable target EbIo_Target(n) = EbIo_Target_Init; For n >= 0 do
if frame(n) is in error Frame errors are typically detected by using a CRC check on the information bits.
Frame errors cause an increase in the EbIo_Target(n+1) = EbIo_Target(n) + OL_Step_Size; threshold, while else correct frames cause a EbIo_Target(n+1) = decrease in the EbIo_Target(n) OL_Step_Size*FER_Target/(1-FER_Target) threshold. n = n + 1;
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG

After loop converges, every a increase in the setpoint will be accompanied by 100(FER)-1 adB decreases in the setpoint.
Setpoint leaks down when frames are good
Setpoint jumps when frame error detected
a = OuterLoopStepSize a= a( FER ) 1 FER
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Power Control 2G vs. 3G
IS-95 versus cdma2000

In IS-95 only the reverse link uses the inner loop of closed-loop power control The forward link uses outer-loop power control only. The mobile simply reports frame errors and the base station adjusts transmit power accordingly It was originally believed that
The reverse link was the bottleneck The forward link did not need fast power control
It turns out that the downlink tended to be the bottleneck in CDMA systems and that the forward link can benefit from fast power control Thus, in cdma2000 fast inner-loop power control was added to the forward link
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Power Control Gains Forward Link

Outer loop power control only (50Hz) Required transmit power (as a fraction of the total base station power) is plotted versus mobile speed for cdma2000. Red curves are for a single transmit antenna Blue curves are for transmit diversity Fast inner loop power control benefits cdma2000 at low speeds where it is most needed
Tech
~6dB
Inner and outer loop power control (800Hz)
[Nicoloso00]
Temporal diversity benefit at high speeds
Virginia
1872
MPRG
Power Control Gains Reverse Link
If we monitor the received signal we find that for slow to moderate fading, power control improves the received signal quality significantly. Thus, the gains from a received Eb/Io perspective are large. If we monitor the transmitter we find that the improvement in received signal quality did not come for free. The penalty paid is a larger average transmit power. However, regardless of which perspective we choose, we find that power control is absolutely necessary from a system perspective. From a link performance perspective, we find that inner-loop power control provides benefits at slow to moderate fading rates, but can actually slightly degrade performance at high speeds. UMTS Gains in receive Gains in transmit Eb/Io power ITU Ped A (3km/hr) 5.8dB 3.6dB ITU Veh A (3km/hr) ITU Veh A [Holma00] (50km/hr) 1.8dB -0.5dB 1.0dB -0.8dB Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Factors which impact power control performance
Mobile Speed
Due to feedback delay power control becomes less effective as the fading rate increases
Power control errors

Power control bits are not coded to reduce delay. Power control bit errors will cause increase in required Eb/Io.
Diversity
If diversity exists (either in space or time) the gains from power control will be reduced since fading is mitigated and worst case is improved.
Soft Handoff
Power drift: When the mobile is in handoff, multiple BSs receive and independently detect a single power control command. This causes the two BSs to drift apart. The data received at the mobile from different BSs can be combined to improve quality, however power control bits are different thus the reliability of the power control bits on the downlink is degraded
Estimation of channel quality

If SNR measurements are inaccurate, power control will be less effective
Outer loop step size

Smaller step size on the outer loop reduces error in slow fading conditions, but may not be able to adequately track fast fading. Virginia
Tech
1872
MPRG
Overview
Power control Base station assignment (soft handoff) Admission control Load control

Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Base Station Assignment (Handoff)
Due to user mobility, base station assignment must change during a call (or session). Changing base station assignment is termed handoff. Hard handoff
TDMA/FDMA systems typically employ hard handoff where the mobile is only communicating with a single base station at any given time Thus, the mobile must terminate communication with one base station and simultaneously begin communication with a second base station (i.e., it must make a hard or break before make change)
Soft handoff
In CDMA, a mobile station can more easily communicate to multiple base stations simultaneously due to universal frequency reuse Due to power control, soft handoff is actually necessary in CDMA When the power received from two or more cells (or sectors) exceeds a irginia predetermined threshold, the mobile will communicateVwith all of these Tech cells until one base station becomes dominant
1872
MPRG
IS-95 handoff
Each cell in a CDMA system transmits a pilot. The pilot is used for acquisition, searching, demodulation and for performing mobile assisted handoff. Pilots are distinguished by transmitting different phases of a single spreading code. Offsets (phases) are in multiples of 64 chips. Mobiles assist in soft handoff by performing pilot strength measurements on all pilots in its vicinity T_ADD: This parameter is stored by the mobile and is used as the pilot detection threshold. When a measured pilot strength is above T_ADD, the mobile moves that pilot to its candidate set and requests a handoff T_DROP: This parameter is stored by the mobile and is used for moving a pilot out of the active set. It is lower than T_ADD to provide hysteresis and avoid cells from going in and out of handoff at an excessive rate
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
IS-95 handoff
Active set: This set contains the pilots associated with the forward traffic channels assigned to the mobile. Since there are three fingers in the Rake, three-way handoff is typically the maximum allowed. (Six way handoff is allowed by the standard) Candidate set: This set contains pilots that are not in the active set but are received with sufficient signal strength such that they could be properly demodulated. This set is typically no more than six pilots. Neighbor set: This set contains all the neighboring pilots that are not currently in the active or candidate sets. They represent pilots which are candidates for handoff due to physical proximity, but are not currently strong enough.
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Handoff
Measured Pilot Strength
T_ADD T_DROP
Candidate Set Neighbor Set (1) (2)(3) Active Set Neighbor Set (4) (5)(6) (7)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Pilot strength exceeds T_ADD. Mobile requests a handoff and moves pilot to candidate set. Base station sends message to begin handoff. Mobile moves pilot to active set and completes handoff. Pilot strength drops below T_DROP and mobile begins handoff drop timer. Handoff drop timer expires. Mobile sends message to base station. Base station sends handoff message. Virginia Tech Mobile terminates connection and moves pilot to neighbor set.
1872
MPRG
Soft handoff
Pilot Strength
Active Set: P1 Neighbor Set: P2 P3 Others
T_ADD
P1
P2 P3
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Soft handoff
Pilot Strength
Active Set: P1 Neighbor Set: P2 P3 Others
T_ADD
P1
P2 P3
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Soft handoff
Pilot Strength
Active Set: P1 P2 Neighbor Set: P3 Others
T_ADD
P1
P2 P3
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Soft handoff
Pilot Strength
Active Set: P1 P2 P3 Neighbor Set: Others
T_ADD
P1
P2 P3
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Soft handoff
Pilot Strength
Active Set: P2 P3 Neighbor Set: P1 Others
T_ADD T_DROP
P1
P2 P3
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Soft Handoff
Soft handoff is both necessary and a positive feature of CDMA It is necessary due to power control
Due to power control, the mobile should always be communicating with the base station with the strongest pilot to avoid a positive feedback loop. Hard handoff cannot guarantee this condition while soft handoff can.
Soft handoff improves system performance by

Improving coverage Reducing call dropping probability Reducing the required Eb/Io by providing macro-diversity
Soft handoff does require substantially more network resources since

Multiple channels are being used for a single mobile Base stations must communicate to facilitate the soft handoff procedure
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Softer Handoff
Soft handoff is defined as the condition where a mobile is communicating with multiple base stations. Softer handoff is defined as the condition where a mobile is communicating with multiple sectors of a single base station. Softer handoff differs from soft handoff primarily on the uplink. The performance of the downlink is roughly the same. On the uplink:
In soft handoff, each base station reports frame estimates to the Mobile Switching Center (MSC) and MSC must choose one of the two frames. In softer handoff the base station can coherently combine multipath from different sectors using a Rake receiver. Only one frame estimate is then sent to the MSC.
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Gains of Soft Handoff
Soft handoff provides macro diversity which positively impacts the system performance via
Increased coverage Reduced interference on the downlink which increases downlink capacity Reduced interference to other cells on the uplink which leads to increased uplink capacity Associated lower blocking probability for same offered load
Disadvantages of Soft handoff

Increased network resource usage due to communication between base stations Increased Walsh code usage on the downlink
Could limit downlink capacity if large number of users are in soft handoff
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Soft handoff Coverage Improvement

Typically target 90%
coverage Three-way handoff provides ~6dB coverage improvement for (-7dB pilot allocation) Assumptions:
Path loss exponent = 4 37 cell layout Log-normal shadowing (=8dB) Uncorrelated base stations Ec/Io threshold = -20dB
Performance of Soft handoff Coverage Improvement
[Kim00]
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Uplink Capacity Improvement
Soft hand-off provides macro-diversity which leads to lower required Eb/Io for a target FER. These relaxed requirements allow more users per cell, i.e., greater capacity. This is especially true for the uplink since no additional radio resources are required (unlike the downlink) Capacity is inversely proportional to the normalized interference seen by the base station K(1+f) where f is the average interference from other cells.
Hard Handoff
Soft Handoff (N=2)
Soft Handoff (N=3)
Soft Handoff (N=4)
f
Capacity Improvement
2.38 1
0.77 1.91
0.57 2.15
0.55 2.18
Path Loss exp. = 4 Shadow fading , =8dB

Virginia
1872
[Viterbi94]
Tech
MPRG
Overview

Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Admission Control
Unlike TDMA Systems CDMA systems have a soft capacity limit. That is, they are not necessarily hard limited to a fixed number of channels (i.e., frequency or time slots) CDMA Systems are limited by the interference that can be tolerated by the system.
Higher FER requirement Lower Eb/Io requirement Lower Eb/No requirement Higher interference levels tolerated Higher interference levels Higher number channels can be supported
Thus, we must have some method of determining when the system load has reached a critical level Admission Control accepts or rejects a request to establish a radio connection. Metrics for characterizing the system load
Wideband power Throughput Number of connections
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Admission Control
If the number of connections are limited (either by mapping to system performance or by a channel element limit at the base station), the system capacity essentially is hard-limited. If wideband power (either transmit or receive) is monitored and used to control the load, the capacity is more directly related to the interference environment and the capacity is truly soft.
Reverse Link Admission Control
Limit A (typically 60% of pole capacity) new calls are blocked, but handoffs accepted Limit B (typically 85% of pole capacity) both new calls and handoffs blocked
Forward Link Admission Control

Limit A (typically 60% of tx power) new calls are blocked, but handoffs accepted Limit B (typically 85% of tx power) both new calls and handoffs blocked Note: ~10% of tx power is dedicated to pilot and overhead channels
Two tier admission process allows system to trade off blocking probability and dropping probability
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Admission Control
I total = I in cell + I other cell + PN
Total received interference at the base station
Uplink load as a function of the increase in background noise or noise rise is defined as P NoiseRise - 1 Itotal UL = 1 N = NoiseRise = I total NoiseRise PN Uplink load can also be defined as:
UL = (1 + f ) 1 W j =1 1+ ( Eb / No ) j R j j
N
Chip Rate Voice activity

Virginia
Tech
Ratio of other-to-own cell interference
Bit rate
1872
MPRG
Admission Control
Interference increase can be calculated from load increase as

I I total L 1 -
where uplink load due to new user can be calculated as:

L = 1 W 1+ v Eb / N o R
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Admission Control
Uplink
Interference Limit B
Noise rise due to new user Current load
Estimated load Interference Limit A
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Admission Control
Downlink Load Estimation

Downlink load can be determined from transmit power
DL =
Ptotal Pmax
Admission control is simply based on the increase in transmit power
Ptotal _ old + Ptotal Pthreshold

Ptotal depends on the initial power estimate obtained from open loop power control
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Overview

Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Load Control
Even with admission control, occasionally overload can occur. When overload occurs, load control must be exercised to avoid system instability (and amplifier overload). There are several methods of load control
Downlink: Deny power-up commands from the mobile Uplink: Reduce the Eb/Io target at base station Drop calls in a controlled fashion Throttle Packet traffic Handover to another carrier Apply Amplifier Overload Control (AOC)
Amplifier Overload Control

The output power of the entire sector is reduced (including the pilot). This has the effect of reducing the cell range, causing mobiles on the periphery to be picked up by neighboring cells which are hopefully under more lightly loaded conditions Virginia Takes advantage of cell breathing phenomenon Tech
1872
MPRG
Load Control
Application Amplifier Overload Control (AOC) Cells are defined by received pilot strength Reducing transmit pilot power protects against overload and effectively shrinks the cell
Cell of interest
Cell of interest
Before AOC
By reducing the pilot strength, mobiles naturally will handover to surrounding cells
After AOC
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Overview

Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Data Services in CDMA
IS-95, the original CDMA cellular service, allowed for data service at 9.6kbps or 14.4kbps (the equivalent of one voice channel) IS-95B allowed for higher data rates by allowing a single mobile to use up to 7 additional supplemental channels for a maximum burst data rate of 8*9600=76.8kbps or 8*14400=115.2kbps cdma2000 3G1X allows for multiple supplemental channels (SCCs) each of which can achieve 9.6kbps-307kbps (assuming the system load allows it) by varying the code length (spreading gain) and coding. Multiple SCCs allows multimedia (i.e., simultaneous voice and data services) cdma2000 3G1xEV-DO achieves even higher throughput than 3G1X by providing packet-based data service only.
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Data Services in CDMA
CDMA is ideally suited to voice communications where all users require the same data rate and introduce roughly the same interference to the system. However, there are several challenges to using CDMA for data services, including:
Signal acquisition for packet access using spread spectrum incurs overhead and delay Bandwidth spreading limits the data rates allowable In a reuse environment, dynamic TDMA tends to be more efficient than CDMA for high data rate services.
Burst allocation in IS-95B overcomes each of these challenges
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
IS-95B Packet Data
IS-95B introduced both higher data rates through channel aggregation, as well as a Burst Mode for packet operation Reverse Link Burst operation:
Mobile is assigned a low rate fundamental channel and remains in a dormant state when there is no data to transmit. Then data buffer exceeds predetermined threshold, mobile goes into active state and sends a supplemental channel request message (SCRM) along with pilot strength measurements The base station (BS) or mobile switching center (MSC) uses the pilot measurements along with reverse channel load measurements to make a burst control decision (i.e., burst admission control). If burst is admitted, the BS/MSC sends a supplemental channel assignment message (SCAM) on the fundamental channel. The SCAM specifies the burst length, number of SCCs assigned, and start time of burst. If mobile still has data to send after assignment period, it sends another SCRM.
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
IS-95B Data
Forward Link Burst Operation

When the data buffer at the network interface exceeds a predetermined threshold, the Inter-working Function (IWF) sends a burst request to the BS/MSC. The BS/MSC may request pilot strength measurements from the mobile. It optionally uses these reported measurements along with the downlink power load to make an assignment of SCCs to the mobile. The BS/MSC then sends a SCAM to the mobile specifying the burst length, the Walsh channels to be used, and the start time of the burst.
Power control
On the reverse link all codes are transmitted with the same power. The power control is accomplished via the fundamental channel. This is deemed sufficient since all codes have same data rate and error target. On the forward link only slow, outer loop control is provided.
Handoff
Follows IS-95 voice practices for the fundamental channel May or may not be used for SCHs (more in a moment)
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
IS-95B Packet Data

Call origination: packet data service option Service Negotiation: max fwd/rev channels Packet Data Registration Link Establishment (PPP, RLP) Traffic Channel Release Call origination: packet data service option Service Negotiation: max fwd/rev channels Existing Packet Data Registration Link Establishment (RLP) Supplemental Channel Request Message (SCRM) Pilot strength measurements, data backlog Supplemental Channel AssignmentMessage (SCAM) Burst Length, assigned supplemental channels, burst time Dormant State
Mobile station
BS/MSC
Inactivity timer Packet arrival
Active State
Active State
Burst Level Admission Control
[Kumar99]
High rate burst transmission
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Burst Admission Control
Burst admission control algorithms are used by the BS/MSC after a burst request is received to determine the start time, duration and number of codes assigned to each burst. On the forward link burst admission is determined by constraining the maximum transmit power at each sector.
The BAC algorithm considers all burst requests and the current downlink power load and determines if the current request will cause the downlink load to exceed a predetermined limit. If admission will cause the load to go over the limit, fewer channels can be assigned, lower power can be assigned assuming that ARQ will make up for the higher FER, or the request can be denied (i.e., zero codes assigned)
On the reverse link burst admission is based on limiting the minimum attenuation from the mobile to the cells with which it could potentially interfere.
Pilot measurements are used to determine the potential interference that the mobile could cause to all neighboring base stations. If access will cause any of the neighboring base stations to exceed their received power limits, the request is denied. Virginia
Tech
1872
MPRG
RL Burst Admission Control
The burst admission control algorithm uses a pilot strength threshold Tburst to determine whether or not a burst is admitted. The mobile reports pilot strength measurements for all pilots in the active and candidate sets. If the pilot strength of the strongest pilot not in the active set is below Tburst , and the user isnt in the process of executing a handoff, then the burst is admitted. Note that if Tburst = Tadd then bursts are always admitted. As Tburst is reduced, the data coverage area is reduced, but so is the impact on voice capacity. The number of codes assigned and the length of the burst are a function of the number of voice users already admitted in the cell and its neighbors, and the pilot strength measurements.
The more loaded the cell, the lower the number of channels and/or burst duration The higher the pilot strength measurements, the lower the number of channels assigned since it will cause more interference to neighboring cells. Increasing the burst duration increases the likelihood that a burst will be interrupted by a handoff request Virginia
Tech
1872
MPRG
Burst Admission Control
More stringent requirements lead to lower burst admission probabilities but higher voice capacity since bursts which are closer to cell boundaries (thus causing more interference to adjacent cells) are not admitted. [Kumar 99]
Burst given six code channels or 57.6kbps

Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Overview

Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
cdma2000 Data Channels
cdma2000 provides improvements over IS-95B by

Increasing the granularity of possible data rates using variable spreading gain and coding schemes as opposed to coded aggregation Multiple concurrent data services Improved Link Access Control Improved Medium Access Control
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
IS-95 and cdma2000 Layer Structure

Packet Data Application TCP IP PPP UDP Voice Services Circuit data application
High Speed Circuit Network Layer Services
OSI 3-7
Signaling Services
Link Access Control
LAC protocol MAC control states
Null LAC
OSI 2
Medium Access Control
Best Effort Delivery QoS control
Multiplexing
OSI 1
cdma2000 functionality
Physical Layer
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
LAC/MAC Improvements in cdma2000
True LAC protocol entity

Supports highly reliable point-to-point transmission over the air for signaling services and (optionally) for circuit data services. May use ARQ retransmission. Allows Null LAC which allows voice to be treated as circuit data application.
Multiple instances of MAC state machine possible for multiple services 5ms frame structure for dedicated control channels IS-95 MAC
Two states active/dormant Active: traffic channel assigned to the mobile, link layer and PPP connections established between IWF and mobile Dormant: No traffic channel is assigned to the call, but knowledge of users registration for data service and PPP connection maintained. Data can only be transmitted in active state, but timeout is long due to the expected bursty nature of the data. If timeout is short, inefficiencies arise since a whole new link would need to be established for each packet. However, long timeouts waste resources since a channel is occupied without data to transmit.
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
MAC Control States

Long Timeout
Dormant State
IS-95B
Active State
Traffic
cdma2000
Active State
Timeout
Timeout Control Hold State Traffic Suspended State
Timeout
Dormant State
Traffic
Traffic, power control and control channels assigned Power control and control channels assigned Very fast traffic channel reassignment
Traffic
No dedicated No dedicated channels channels No BS, MSC RLP and PPP state resources irginia V maintained PPP Tech state VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE Virtual Active Set maintained AND STATE UNIVERSITY
1872
MPRG
LAC/MAC Improvements in cdma2000
cdma200 MAC
Additional MAC control states to allow finer control of the physical layer resources by data services.
Control Hold State: Dedicated control channel (with discontinuous transmission capabilities) maintained between user and the BS. Control commands can be transmitted with little to no latency. Power control also maintained. Suspended State: No dedicated channels to or from the user are maintained, but the state information of the RLP is maintained as well as a virtual active set which permits either the user or the BS to know which BS can best be used in the event that packet traffic arrives.
Multiple MAC state machines allowed Best effort delivery: MAC provides reliable transmission using RLP but no guarantees Multiplexing and QoS control: Enforcement of negotiated QoS levels by mediating conflicting requests from competing services and prioritization of requests.
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
cdma2000 Power Control
IS-95B used code aggregation in order to achieve higher data rates. Thus, a single power control loop handling all of the channels was possible. However, cdma2000 provides higher data rates through variable spreading factors. This results in potentially different Eb/Io values for the supplemental and fundamental channels. cdma2000 provides two power control loops for Forward Link:
Primary power control loop at Secondary power control loop at (Total feedback rate is 800Hz) 800Hz 400Hz 200Hz 0Hz 400Hz 600Hz
cdma2000 provides no support for multiple loops on reverse link

However, some research shows that a secondary loop would be beneficial
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Separate Power Control Loops
10
No Power Control Using FCH Only Separate SCH PC Loop
Probability of Frame Error
10
-1
Reverse Link Performance cdma2000 FCH (9.6kbps) Eb/Io = 6dB SCH 460.8kbps (RC6) Rayleigh fading (Ped A path model )
10
-2
10
-3
Power Control provides 2.7dB gain Separate Loop provides additional 12 dB gain
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Eb /No (dB) 4.5 5 5.5 6
[Lee99]
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Performance Trade-offs
Forward Link capacity and coverage

As data rate increases, transmit power requirements increase for a constant Eb/Io requirement. Thus, large capacity cannot be made available under same coverage guarantees as voice rate. In order to maximize system throughput, coverage must reduce with increasing data rates.
Supplemental channels and Soft handoff

By placing supplemental channels in soft handoff we can reduce the Eb/Io requirements for a given FER. However, soft handoff consumes both forward link radio resources as well as network resources. Since SCCs can consume more resources than voice calls, this consumption is greater in data systems. FER requirements can often be relaxed due to availability of ARQ thus SCCs often not put in soft handoff
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Reverse Link Interference Constraints

Higher data rate users on the uplink consume resources in multiple cells since their transmit power spills over into neighboring cells The greater the distance of the mobile from the primary base station, the more interference it will cause to other cells. These users should be restricted in data rate. (Mobiles will also be limited in range for high rates due to power limits.) To maximize cell throughput the burst admission control should reject a large percentage (~15%) of the requests from mobiles near the edge of the cell.
Reverse link power control

Uplink Eb/Io requirements are reduced by nearly 2dB at low speeds as compared to high speeds due to fast power control. Since most data users are anticipated to be low mobility, reverse link power control has a large impact on system throughput. At low speeds smaller power control step sizes are allowable. A lower power control step size can reduce Eb/Io requirements by nearly 1dB. By increasing the FER target in the outer loop (and using ARQ) Eb/Io can be reduced by another 0.5dB or so.
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Mobility Tracking
There is a large infrastructure overhead associated with signaling and reallocation/deallocation of resources for users going into and out of soft handoff since the burst allocation algorithm must re-evaluate the interference conditions. Thus, users which trigger handoffs often should be assigned shorter bursts to avoid handoffs during burst mode transmission. Burst allocation algorithms ideally should take mobility into account. A running average of handoff events provides a good mobility metric to include in these algorithms.
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Overview

IS-95B Data cdma2000 (3G1X RTT) Data Services 3G1xEV-DO (High Data Rate or HDR)
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
High Data Rate 3G1xEV-DO
While cdma2000 3G1x provides for flexible data rates and increases throughput over IS-95, if data services are expected to be Internet-like (i.e., tolerant of delays and asymmetric), a new forward link structure can be designed to increase throughput. Third Generation Phase 1 (3G1x) Evolution (EV) Data Only (DO) or 3G1x-EV/DO radically changes the forward link from 3G1x. The physical layer interface is incompatible with 3G1x and thus it requires its own 1.25MHz carrier. The downlink uses time multiplexing rather than code multiplexing since this is more efficient for delay tolerant services. Instead of using power control to maximize resource utility, HDR uses rate control. Virginia
Tech
1872
MPRG
Forward Link Scheduling
The base station time multiplexes users along with pilot bursts at full transmit power using rate control, as opposed to code multiplexing all users and the pilot and using power control. Rate control is based on pilot strength measurements (and consequent Ec/Nt or Ec/Io estimates) at the mobile. All mobiles estimate Ec/Nt using pilot strength measurements and map that estimate to a data rate request. This request is transmitted to the base station along with the ID of the strongest base station every 1.67ms slot. The MSC uses this information to schedule packets in order to maximize throughput while constraining latency using a proportionally fair scheduling algorithm. Specifically, the scheduler sends data to the mobile that has the highest DRC where DRC is data rate request and R is average R rate it has received over a predetermined window.Virginia Tech
1872
MPRG
3G1xEV-DO : Various Data Rates

Packet Length 128 bytes 128 bytes 128 bytes 128 bytes 128 bytes 384 bytes 256 bytes 384 bytes 512 bytes Slots 16 8 4 2 1 2 1 1 1 FEC 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/3 1/3 2/3 2/3 2/3 Modulation QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK 8PSK 16QAM Ec/Nt -12.5dB -9.5dB -6.5dB -4.0dB -1.0dB 1.3dB 3.0dB 7.2dB 9.5dB
Data Rate 38.4kbps 76.8kbps 153.6kbps 307.2kbps 614.4kbps 921.6kbps 1228.8kbps 1843.2kbps 2457.6kbps
Packet sent during 1.67ms slots (2048 chips) [Bender00]

Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
3G1xEV-DO: Predicted Data Rate Probabilities
[Bender00]
76.8 102.4 153.6 204.8 307.2 614.4 921.6 1228.8 1873.0 2457.0 Data Rate (kbps) Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Forward Link Scheduling
An intra-cell packet-based scheduling scheme providing high-speed packet data transmission to cellular mobile users Total throughput is sacrificed in order to preserve fairness Maximum throughput of an individual user in a multi-path fading environment is achieved when [Bedekar99]
Each base station transmits to its data users
one at a time with full power
The optimal total throughput is a constrained optimization problem subject to different user QoS requirements
Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
Scheduling Tradeoff
Throughput vs. latency

For a general case of N classes and the latency ratio Lmax /Lmin, the maximum achievable throughput C is [Bender00]
C=
P +
n=1 n
n0
n = n0 +1
Pn ( Lmin / Lmax ) b/s,
P / R
n=1 n
n0
n= n0 +1
( Pn / Rn )( Lmin / Lmax )
Rn: date rate of class-n packets, and R1<R2 < RN Pn: relative frequency of class-n packets, n=1,,N. no is such that Rn C for n no, and Rn>C for all n>n o.
1xEV-DO scheduling sacrifices a certain amount of system capacity for fairness among users using latency ratio constraint 1xEV-DO down link supports 12 combinations of data rate and slot allocation, and deviates from the strict bimodal latency allocation due to Virginia numerology considerations Tech
[Bender00]
1872
Bimodal latency Each users latency is either Lmax (if Rn<C) or Lmin (if Rn>C)
MPRG
Proportional Fairness (PF)
A vector of rates R=[R1, R2, , R N] T is proportionally fair if it is feasible and if for any other feasible vector R, the aggregate of proportional changes are zero or negative, i.e.,
' Rn Rn R 0, n =1 n N
Kelly has proven that [Kelly97]

A system optimum is achieved when users choices of charges and network choice of allocated rates are in equilibrium
1xEV-DO uses PF criteria to provide the best possible scheduling algorithm in the sense that the total percentage decrease suffered by all the other users is greater than the increase by one or some specific users under another scheduling algorithm[Kelly97] Proportionally fair all users are served with a throughput that is proportional to their C/I. It can be shown that the algorithm will serve all users approximately the same amount of time/power, but at data rates proportional to their channel conditions [Holtzman00]. Virginia
Tech
1872
MPRG
PF Algorithm
Multi-user diversity is obtained by scheduling transmission to the user having more favorable channel conditions
Time constant Tc determines the maximum time duration that a user can be starved Tc represents a tradeoff between maximum tolerable delay and the overall throughput
Pseudocode of PF algorithm // Definitions DRC i(t): current requested rate from user i at slot t, i=1, , N. Ri(t): moving-average data rate of user i at slot t , i=1, , N. Rc: current transmission rate of user i, i=1,,N. Tc: time constant of user moving-average data rate // Scheduling at each new packet transmission 1. decide the highest DRC m(t)/R m(t)=max{DRCi(t)/R i(t), i=1,,N.} 2. Send data to user m 3. randomly break the ties if any // update average user data rate at each slot Ri(t+1) = (1-1/T c)Ri(t) + 1/T c*Rc, i=1,, N, where Rc= DRCi(t) if user i is receiving data, Rc= 0 otherwise
PF limitations
Does not satisfy the differing multiuser QoS requirements, but fairness across the board Unavoidable scheduling inefficiencies when channel is changing Virginia
Tech
1872
MPRG
EV-DO Simulation Example

Drops in C/I correspond to drops in individual throughput, but not necessarily cell throughput
Moving average Access AT0: 8.3m/s, ~1000m Terminal data rates over 1000 AT1: 2.8m/s, ~850m consecutive slots (1.67ms/slot) AT2: 0.8m/s, ~300m
AT3: 8.3m/s, ~1200m
Access Terminal SINR estimates

Virginia
1872
Tech
MPRG
EV/DO Simulation Example

Drops in individual C/I correspond to drops in individual throughput, but not necessarily cell throughput
Average sector throughput with 4 Access Terminals
Moving average Access Terminals data rates over 1000 Virginia consecutive slots (1.67ms/slot) Tech
1872
MPRG
1xEV-DO
Bursty, delay-tolerant packet data services are most efficiently served via time multiplexing rather than code multiplexing. 1xEV-DO takes advantage of this fact and uses time multiplexing with rate adaptation achieve very high sector throughputs (hundreds of kbps) Proportionally fair scheduling algorithm maximizes sector throughput under the constraint of maximum latency ratios. The above discussion focused on the forward link. The reverse link is essentially the same as cdma2000. Data systems as envisioned to be asymmetric with higher forward link requirements. Standard also specifies the use of demultiplexing of the data into 16 parallel streams, each using a separate Walsh code to allow transmit signal to appear similar to IS-95/cdma2000 voice Virginia signals. This allows reuse of RF front end. Tech
1872
MPRG
Summary
The key to maximizing the efficiency of CDMA-based wireless systems is management of the radio resources. In voice systems this is primarily done through interference management. Minimizing interference while maintaining error rate performance maximizes capacity. This is accomplished via
Power Control Soft hand-off Admission Control Overload control
Adding data to voice systems adds additional burst admission control requirements. This is needed to balance data coverage with voice capacity. Packet-data-only systems use a combination of rate control, fast Virginia cell-site selection and multi-user diversity. Tech
1872
MPRG
References
[Garg00] V.K. Garg, IS-95 and cdma2000: Cellular/PCS Systems Implementation, Prentice-Hall, 2000. [Holma00] H. Holma and A. Toskala, ed., WCDMA for UMTS, John Wiley and Sons, 2000. [Kim00] K.I. Kim, ed., Handbook of CDMA System Design, Engineering, and Optimization, Prentice-Hall, 2000. [Yang98] S.C. Yang, CDMA RF System Engineering, Artech House Publishers, 1998. [IS95] TIA/EIA/IS-95-A, Mobile Station-Base Station Compatibility Standard for Dual Mode Wideband Spread Spectrum Cellular System, Telecommunication Industry Association, Washington, DC, May 1995. [Nicoloso00] S.P. Nicoloso, M. Metke, and R.M. Buehrer, Frame-Quality Based vs. Eb/No based Power Control Methods for the cdma2000 Third Generation Standard, Proceedings of the Virginia Tech Wireless Symposium, June 2000. [Knisely98] D.N. Knisely, S. Kumar, S. Laha, and S. Nanda, Evolution of Wireless Data Services: IS-95 to cdma2000, IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 140-149, October 1998. [Kumar99] S. Kumar and S. Nanda, High Data-Rate Packet Communications for Cellular Networks Using CDMA: Algorithms and Performance, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 472-492, March 1999. [Holtzman00] J. Holtzman, CDMA Forward Link Waterfilling Power Control, Virginia Tech Proceedings of VTC2000 Spring, pp. 1663-1667, May 2000.
1872
MPRG
References
[Bender00] P. Bender, et. al, CDMA/HDR: A Bandwidth-Efficient High-Speed Wireless Data Service for Nomadic Users, IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 7077, July 2000. [Bedekar99] A. Bedekar, et al., Downlink scheduling in CDMA data networks, Proceedings of Globecom99, pp. 2653-2657. [Kelly97] F. Kelly, Charging and rate control for elastic traffic, European Transactions on Telecommunications, Vol. 8, 1997, pp. 33-37. [Perez] J. Perez-Romero, et al., Traffic and physical layer effects on packet scheduling design in W-CDMA systems, Electronics Letters, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 341-342. [Mot01] Motorola, HSDPA system performance with/without FCS (faded but no motion), 3GPP TSG RAN WAG1, TSGR1#18(01)0046, Jan, 2001. [Ejzak97] R.P. Ejzak, et.al., BALI: A Solution for High-Speed CDMA Data, Bell Labs Technical Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, Summer, 1997, pp. 134-51. [Lee99] W. Lee and N.P. Secord, Performance of Closed-Loop Power Control for a Multiple-Channel Mobile Station in the cdma2000 System, Proceedings of WCNC99, pp. 908-912. [Viterbi94] A.J. Viterbi, et. al., Soft Handoff Extends CDMA Cell Coverage and Increases Reverse Link Capacity, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 1281-1287, October 1994. Virginia
Tech
1872

CDMA Radio Resource Management

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

CDMA Radio Resource Management

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY

MOBILE & PORTABLE RADIO RESEARCH GROUP

Radio Resource Management in 3G CDMA

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY

MOBILE & PORTABLE RADIO RESEARCH GROUP

RRM for Packet Data Services

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY

MOBILE & PORTABLE RADIO RESEARCH GROUP

RRM for Packet Data Services

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY

MOBILE & PORTABLE RADIO RESEARCH GROUP

Radio Resource Management

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY

MOBILE & PORTABLE RADIO RESEARCH GROUP

Radio Resource Management in CDMA Voice Networks

Interference management is done via

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY

MOBILE & PORTABLE RADIO RESEARCH GROUP

Radio Resource Management in Data MPRG Networks

These additional requirements are accomplished via

in addition to traditional interference management

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY

MOBILE & PORTABLE RADIO RESEARCH GROUP

RRM for Packet Data Services

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY

MOBILE & PORTABLE RADIO RESEARCH GROUP

RRM for Packet Data Services

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY

MOBILE & PORTABLE RADIO RESEARCH GROUP

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY

MOBILE & PORTABLE RADIO RESEARCH GROUP

Closed Loop Power Control

Fast power control (typically 800Hz or faster)

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY

MOBILE & PORTABLE RADIO RESEARCH GROUP

Open Loop Power Control

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY

MOBILE & PORTABLE RADIO RESEARCH GROUP

Closed Loop (Slow) Power Control

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY

MOBILE & PORTABLE RADIO RESEARCH GROUP

Closed Loop (Fast) Power Control

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY

MOBILE & PORTABLE RADIO RESEARCH GROUP

Closed Loop (Fast) Power Control

Unit average tx power

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY

MOBILE & PORTABLE RADIO RESEARCH GROUP

Closed Loop (Fast) Power Control

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY

MOBILE & PORTABLE RADIO RESEARCH GROUP

Closed Loop (Fast) Power Control

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY

MOBILE & PORTABLE RADIO RESEARCH GROUP

Outer Loop Power Control

There are two parts to fast, closed loop power control:

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY

MOBILE & PORTABLE RADIO RESEARCH GROUP

Outer Loop Power Control

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY

MOBILE & PORTABLE RADIO RESEARCH GROUP