CC103: Engineering Surveying 1 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION Definition:-

Surveying is a meld of science, art and measurement technology used to determine & record the relative positions of points on earths surface in order to produce maps. Survey field measurement includes horizontal and slope distance, vertical distance and the horizontal-vertical angle. In addition to taking measurement in the field, the surveyor can derive related distances and directions through geometric and trigonometry analysis (Barry F.Kavanagh). The concept of surveying is From whole to the part.

Classification of surveys:i. Plane Survey Ignores the curvature of earth (earth surface is considered as plane), for small projects covering area less than 250km2 / 55 km Plane survey are used for the layout of highways, railways, canals, fixing boundary pillars, construction of bridge, factories etc. for majority engineering project (to determine the boundaries, area, or elevations), plane surveying is the first step to execute them.

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Geodetic Survey Curvature of earth has to be taken into account, for large areas; more than 250km2/55 km and degree of accuracy is also great. The curvature of earth is also taken into account. Geodetic surveys are usually carried out by the Department of National Survey. Geodetic survey are used for Remote sensing, mapping and charting depending on plane surveying of fixed reference points, like monuments, longitude and latitude coordinates; magnetic effects, and relative velocity of Earth points to each other.

Purpose of Surveying

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to produce map or plans - The determination of the relative positions of natural and artificial features on or adjacent to the surface of the earth, so that they may be correctly represent on maps, plan or sections. setting out - The setting out upon the ground of proposed construction or engineering works. The information on the new works is normally found in setting out documents which usually include some of the drawings describe above.

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CC103: Engineering Surveying 1 Chapter 1

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computations such as areas and volumes - The execution of calculations for land areas, for earthworks volumes etc, either based on field measurements or on measurements abstracted from maps, plans and section

categorization based on instrument used - exp: chain, compass, level, plane tabling, theodolite Categorization based on purpose of survey (Branches of surveying)

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Engineering those associated wt the engineering design, often requiring geodetic computations. The important of this surveying are: To produce new plan of the construction To produce control point for the construction project To calculate the areas and volumes of land data Setting out the building same as the plan

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Cadastral to re-establish and mark the corners of original land boundaries. In Malaysia, a cadastral survey has been conducted by Department Of Survey and Mapping (JUPEM) and license surveyor firm. Hydrographic - deals with any body of still or running water such as lake, harbor, stream or river. Hydrographic surveys are used to define shore line and under water features. Topographic - a survey that measures the elevation of points on a particular piece of land, and presents them as contour lines on a plot. A topography map is simply a drawing that shows the natural and artificial features of an area. A topography survey is a survey conducted to obtain the data needed for the preparation of a topography map Astronomical determine meridian direction and geographic latitude, observation on Polaris, the sun or other stars. Global Positioning System - satellite- system positioning based on control stations in near-earth orbit, rather than on a conventional network of ground control, that would satisfy the positioning requirements of both stationary and moving platforms.

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Photogrammetry (aerial) - is a cost efficient surveying method for mapping large areas and be safer than other surveying methods. It is safer to take photographs of a dangerous area than to place surveyors in harms way. Photogrammetry creates a photographic record of the project site (snapshot in time). Remote Sensing to obtain information about material objects or area, without coming into physical contact with it. In remote sensing, information transfer is accomplished by use of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) is well known in examples of weapon ranging, laser illuminated homing of projectiles. LIDAR is used to detect and measure the concentration of various chemicals in the atmosphere, while airborne LIDAR can be used to measure heights of objects and features on the ground more accurately than with radar technology.

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There are 3 basic stages involved in engineering surveying work:i. Reconaissance / Inspection of the project area to obtain an overall picture of the whole area Observe & Carry Out actual survey works to collect data Present the surveying work data will be presented in the form required such as field book, appendices on calculation process, plan or map.

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