NHD 2013 Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources
1665. Photograph. Cambridge Museum Library. Bucknell University, May 2008. Web. 9 Jan. 2013. <departments.bucknell.edu/history/carnegie/newton/logarithm.html>.
This picture depicts a mathematical problem that Isaac Newton was solving systematically. I will add it on the "Calculus" page, so viewers can get a glimpse of just how eager Newton was for correct and precise arithmetic answers.

Albert Einstein: Person of the Century. N.d. Photograph. Time Magazine. Einstein Was Right. University of Pittsburgh, 4 May 2012. Web. 3 Jan. 2013. <pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/HPS_0410/chapters/Einstein_young_old/Einstein_righ t.html>.
This source is the front cover of Time Magazine's Person of the Century edition, with Einstein on it. I used this photo to prove to the audience how influential Einstein was, and to give an introduction, so I could began discussing where he got his theories from.

Aristotlean Universe. 1600s. A Primer on Aristotle's Physics and Cosmology. Gettysburg College, 2007. Web. 27 Dec. 2012. <www3.gettysburg.edu/~marschal/clea/aristotl.html>.
I found a painting of the Aristotlean view of the Universe, which would have been created centuries ago, when no one had invented formidable telescopes yet. People such as Aristotle didn't really know for sure what the Solar System and beyond was like, but they believed it was perfect.

Blake, William. Isaac Newton. 1795. Tate Gallery, London. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. <www1.georgetown.edu/colleg/persona/prospective/44256/html/>
This is a painting by William Blake a few decades after Newton died. He depicted Newton as a kind of know-it-all god. This picture shows one of a multitude of different opinions on how significant people really thought Newton was.

Boutet, Claude. 1708. Newton and the Color Spectrum. Web Exhibits. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. <http://www.webexhibits.org/colorart/bh.html>.
This is a painting of a model of the color spectrum, through the eyes of someone in the early 1700s. Thy based their spectrum off of Isaac Newtons work, and it differed from others at the time. Still, there were

many misconceptions, to be fixed in the coming years. I added this source to my project to give the audience another perspective between fact and fiction, and how they were differently perceived.

Claudio De Dominico Celentano Di Valle Nove. Chemical Purification Through Sunlight and Moonlight. 1606. Palmer Hall Collection of Alchemical Manuscripts. Web. 20 Nov. 2012. <http://blogs.getty.edu/iris/getty-research-launches-newwebsite/>.
This is a drawing from around Isaac Newtons time, demonstrating the common thought of people. This source shows how people were very imaginative and superstitious, and didnt know the truth of many events.

Halley's Comet Depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry. 1077. New Comet DiscoveredMay Become One of the Brightest in History. UC Santa Barbara Department of Geography, 29 Sept. 2012. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. <http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/events/departmentnews/1090/new-comet-discovered-may-become-one-of-the-brightest-in-history/>.
This is a section of the Bayeux Tapestry, a large, embroidered cloth that has many scenes on it. One of these is Haleys Comet, which many back then thought was a bad omen. I used this picture to show how for centuries, people have been curious and awed by the world around them, not always understanding it.

Kepler's Model. N.d. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630). The Galileo Project. Web. 25 Dec. 2012. <galileo.rice.edu/sci/kepler.html>.
This is a drawing of Keplers model, the way he thought the planets orbited each other. He advanced

further in astronomy, and his work encouraged Isaac Newton to discover his 3 Laws of Motion as well as gravity.

Kneller, Sir Godfrey. John Locke. N.d. State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg. Seton Hall University, 2012. Web. 3 Jan. 2013.
This detailed portrait of John Locke shows him in his later years. I put it on the Enlightenment page of my website, to complement his section, and so viewers would receive a more thorough understanding of who really participated in the widespread acclaim of Newton.

Largillire, Nicolas De. Voltaire. 1718. Interpreting the Enlightenment. Cal Poly. Web. 3 Jan. 2013. <http://cla.calpoly.edu/~lcall/111/week_four.html>.
This is a painting of Voltaire, probably the most influential person of the Enlightenment. Voltaire wrote treatises on Newton and the people of the Scientific Revolution. I used this picture to give my Enlightenment page more visual appeal.

"Letter from John Craig to Unidentified Recipient." Letter. 7 Apr. 1727. The Newton Project, 2012. Web. 13 Oct. 2012. <www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/THEM00030>.
This is a letter sent at the time of Newtons death. It reminisces on all of the things he accomplished, and how beneficial Newton was in further comprehending the world.

Letter Reacting to Newton's Death from Mist's Weekly Journal No. 103. Letter to Mr. Mist. 1727. The Newton Project, 2012. Web. 30 Sept. 2012. <www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/OTHE00003>.
This source is a letter someone wrote to a newspaper at the time of Isaac Newtons death. They expressed their awe of the amazing ideas of the universe, and how it has so much to offer. I found a few quotes where the author describes how Newton specifically helped the world understand how complex and fantastic knowledge can be.

Leon-Huen, Jean. Galileo. N.d. National Geographic, 28 Oct. 2010. Web. 20 Nov. 2012. <http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/bigphotos/33056056.html>.
This is a painting of Galileo Galilei, the last giant of the Copernican Revolution before Isaac Newton. He helped inspire Newton and his many ideas, including the telescope, which is shown in this painting.

Newtonianism for Ladies. 1737. Photograph. Boltzmann's Dream. Statistical Physics in the Introductory Course. University of Vienna, 2000. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. <http://homepage.univie.ac.at/franz.vesely/grc2000/bx/>. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. N.d. Photograph. www.pa.uky.edu/~jnorce/phy231.html. Web. 9 Nov. 2012.
I used this picture of the cover page of Newtons book, the Principia, to inform the audience of how he actually contributed to society, and as an introduction, so the audience knows what they are going to learn about.

Kneller, Sir Godfrey. Sir Isaac Newton. 1686. Web. 9 Nov. 2012. <csupomona.edu/~pbsiegel/phy303/ch2.html>.
This is a painting of Isaac Newton, shortly before he published the Principia. This source is helpful because it gives the viewer an idea of what Newton actually looked like, which could help them imagine what it was like to be there in Isaac Newtons time.

Matejko, Jan. Astronomer Copernicus or Conversations with God. N.d. A Brief History of Gravity. University of South California, 2004. Web. 29 Dec. 2012. <http://scf.usc.edu/~kallos/gravity.htm>.
This is a painting of Nicolaus Copernicus, founder of the Copernican Revolution. He was a major part of how Isaac Newton got started with his research. This picture will be used to show the way things were in the 1500s, and how people thought of the heavens.

The Impact of New and Better Data. Web. 20 Nov. 2012. <http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/NatSci102/NatSci102/lectures/tycho.htm>.
This painting from the time of Copernicus and the Scientific Revolution is a model of what he and others thought the Solar System looked like. This source is helpful because it exemplifies the idea that much debate was going on about the true origins of the universe. I will enable this picture on the banner of my website, so it signifies the historical context of Isaac Newton.

The Newtonian System of Philosophy. N.d. Photograph. Newtonian Textbooks of the Early 1700s. North Carolina State University. Web. 18 Jan. 2013. http://www4.ncsu.edu/~kimler/hi322001/textbooks.html
This is the cover of another book published about the Newtonian world during the Enlightenment. I used it to prove one of the points I explained, on how everyone was trying to be part of the intellectual transformation that was occurring.

Secondary Sources
100 Greatest Discoveries: Physics. Bill Nye. 2005. Web. 29 Dec. 2012.
I watched this documentary on immense discoveries in the history of physics, that changed it forever. A couple of the events shown involved Sir Isaac Newton, including the 3Laws of Motion and Universal Gravitation. I added a clip of this video on the "Physics" page, so the audience had an interactive version of the explanation of Newtonian physics.

Artists concept of warped spacetime, with NASAs mission Gravity Probe B. Digital image. The Large, the Small, and How to Connect Them. Space Telescope Science Institute, 19 June 2012. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. <blogs.stsci.edu/livio/2012/06/19/thelarge-the-small-and-how-to-connect-them/>.
I found this digital image that explains Einsteins perspective of the universe. He thought time and space werent absolute, and they interacted in a sort of fabric. This picture will be an element which contributes to the unique aspect of Einstein and his work.

Bleiberg, Edward I. "The Scientific Revolution and Philosophical Rationalism." Arts and Humanities Through the Eras 2005: n. pag. Gale World History In Context. Web. 20 Oct. 2012.
This article that I found online describes the philosophy of the time of Isaac Newton. It describes how great thinkers like him attempted to change the way people thought, and how people reacted and thought differently.

Bristow, William, "Enlightenment", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.) <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2011/entries/enlightenment/>.
I read through this website article, on the widespread impact of Newton in the Enlightenment. I used a quote on the Enlightenment page, and was much more informed into what I should be researching more about.

Calculus and Motion in the Natural World. Digital image. The Science Checklist Applied: Mathematics. UC Berkeley. Web. 9 Jan. 2013.
This source is an image, with calculus graphs on one side, and a falling ball on the other. It clarifies that with Newton's newfound invention of calculus, he was able to decipher the revolutionizing natural world quickly and accurately.

Calculus Fractal. Digital image. Brown University, n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. <dam.brown.edu/people/sandsted/ug-experience.php>.
I found this image of a fractal. A fractal is a visual representation of the solutions to a calculus equation. The different colors mean different things about the numbers they symbolize. I added this picture to the Legacy page to explain how we connect todays methods with those of Newtons era, so we can still feel the amazement that he did.

Carrell, Jennifer Lee. "Newton's Vice: Some Say Alchemy Inspired Our Greatest Scientist." Smithsonian Dec. 2000: n. pag. Gale World History In Context. Web. 21 Oct. 2012.
I read this magazine article which talks about Isaac Newtons occult practices of alchemy. It changed my previous views on this part of him, and gave another perspective of his life. Carrell points out the pro and cons of Newtons thoughts on alchemy and science, as well as what other people at the time thought of them.

Carson, Cathryn. E-mail interview. 23 Nov. 2012.

I emailed Cathryn Carson, a history professor at UC Berkeley. She answered my questions on how Isaac Newton is still relatable to in modern times, as well as why his work has been so withstanding. I learned that Einstein actually only added to the truth of Newtonian physics, instead of discouraging it.

Color Theory." Massachusetts Institute of Technology, n.d. Web. 27 Dec. 2012. <http://web.mit.edu/22.51/www/Extras/color_theory/color.html>.
This article describes how Newton conducted his light experiments, and why they were so extraordinary. I learned more about how he was different from other scientists in the way he worked.

Dobbs, Betty Jo Teeter, and Margaret C. Jacob. Newton and the Culture of Newtonianism. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities, 1995. Print.
I checked out Newton and the Culture of Newtonianism, a book stuffed with primary sources and exemplifications of Newtons legacy during the Enlightenment. I learned about the myriad of books published about him, as well as the different opinions and reactions to the Principia.

Dolnick, Edward. "Is There and Edge to the Heavens?" Interview. Audio radio post. Radio Lab, 21 Feb. 2012. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. <http://www.radiolab.org/2012/feb/20/edge-heavens/>.

This is a podcast with author Edward Dolnick on Isaac Newtons experiments and theories on planets and physics. He is describing a certain idea, which supplements the picture I added on top of it. I incorporated this audio clip to make my website more user-friendly and effectively interactive.

Dolnick, Edward. The Clockwork Universe: Isaac Newton, the Royal Society, and the Birth of the Modern World. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2011. Print.
This is a well-written book describing what people were thinking at the time of Isaac Newton. I learned about how people had a hard time explaining natural occurrences, and made extravagant hypotheses they had no way of proving. I found a few quotes, and there were some primary pictures within. This source was helpful, because there were many perspectives, and portrayed Newton differently.

Geib, Robert. Isaac Newton: Influences From Galileo, Kepler, Descartes, Bacon, and Newton's Role in the Scientific Revolution. University of Framingham Psychology and Philosophy Department, Spring 2008. Web. 18 Oct. 2012.
This paper by a senior at the University of Framingham goes over how Isaac Newton came up with his ideas, with the help of other scientists, and how he incorporated them in his book, the Principia. It also talks about Newtons significance in the world today.

Gleick, James. Isaac Newton. New York: Pantheon, 2003. Print.

One of the first books I read on Sir Isaac Newton, I was given a thorough introduction into his widespread book and correspondence. This book helped me think about how I could focus down my research, as well as what I should study further so I could fully grasp the concepts and be able to make my topic relate to the NHD theme this year.

Gleick, James. "Rippin' the Rainbow a New One." Interview. Audio radio post. Radio Lab, May 2012. Web. 24 Nov. 2012. <http://www.radiolab.org/2012/may/21/riprainbow/>.
This interview with author James Gleick explains why Newtons thoughts about light had such lasting effects. He discusses what society believed previously, why it was incorrect, and how all of that was changed.

Goldman, Steven L. Scientific Revolution. Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics. Ed. Carl Mitcham. Vol. 4. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005. 1732-1735. Gale World History In Context. Web. 25 Oct. 2012.
This article describes the main contributors in the Scientific Revolution, and how they each added to the radical movement that swept across Europe.

Hatch, Robert A. Sir Isaac Newton. University of Florida, 1998. Web. 22 Sept. 2012. <http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/ufhatch/pages/01-courses/08sr-newton.htm.>.
This source was helpful for me, because it described Newton's life on a more personal level. It talked about the feuds and arguments Newton had, as well as the different publications he wrote. This site vibrantly described the world before and after Newton, and the opinions they had of the world. I will use this source to guide me in what primary documents I should focus on.

Hawking, Stephen W. On the Shoulders of Giants: The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy. Philadelphia: Running, 2002. Print.
This book contained all of the major pieces by thinkers like Copernicus, Descartes, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, and Einstein. There was also commentary from Stephen Hawking, where he further explained theories and words.

"Isaac Newton." Bellevue College, n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2012. <http://scidiv.bellevuecollege/Math/Newton.html>.

I used this source to understand more about the individual events and achievements of Isaac Newton's life. I knew that Newton discovered a lot, but this website informed me about the most productive years of Newton's life in Woolsthorpe. This source aided me in knowing what specific websites I may need to research more.

Isaacson, Walter. "20 Things You Need to Know About Einstein." Time.com. Time, 5 Apr. 2007. Web. 10 Jan. 2013. <http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1936731_1936743,0 0.html>.
I discovered this previous article from TIME Magazine online, while researching Albert Einstein. It tells a tale of the historical context of Einstein, and the multitude of influences he had over his lifetime.

Krull, Kathleen, and Boris Kulikov. Isaac Newton. New York: Viking, 2006. Print.
This book was very helpful and easy to comprehend. It described Newton from many perspectives, showing the different sides of him. I had a fuller understanding of the man he was. Also, this book showed me the multiple ways Newton has affected the world. There were also quotes that I used from this book. I will use this book to research more of the historical context of Isaac Newton.

Mason, Paul. Isaac Newton. Austin, TX: Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 2001. Print.
This book guided me into the historical context of Isaac Newton. I learned about the Scientific Revolution and how many new ideas were being made at the time. Scientists like Kepler, Copernicus, Galileo, Aristotle, and Descartes contributed to Newton's ideas, and changed the way he worked.

Newman, William R. "Why Did Isaac Newton Believe in Alchemy?" Lecture. Perimeter Institute, Waterloo, Ontario. 6 Oct. 2010. 8 Dec. 2010. Web. 27 Dec. 2012.
I watched this documentary, which discusses the possible reasons why Newton could have taken on alchemy. In the beginning, Newman illustrates multiple perceptions and accomplishments of Newton, which I incorporated in a clip on the home page of my website.

Newton's Dark Secrets. Dir. Chris Oxley. NOVA PBS, 2005. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/physics/newton-dark-secrets.html>.
This is a documentary that was produced by NOVA in 2005. It covers the personal thoughts and actions of the troubled-yet-brilliant Isaac Newton. I learned why Newton took certain courses of action, such as the practice of alchemy. This source was helpful in incorporating Newtons predecessors to him.

Newton's First Law. Digital image. NASA, 10 Sept. 2010. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. <www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/newton1.html>.
This is a visual explanation of Newton's 1st Law of Motion. It includes a real world application of the law, and definitions of related words in it.

Newton's Mountain. Digital image. Gravitational Orbits and Space Flight. N.p., Sept. 2012. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. <www.astro.virginia.edu/class/oconnell/astr121/guide08.html>.
This picture represents what Newton was thinking when he came up with his Universal Law of Gravitation. It explains the forces of inertia, etc. and a hypothetical situation to describe how gravity works.

Newton's Second Law. Digital image. NASA, 18 Apr. 2011. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. <www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/newton2.html>.
This diagram illustrates Newtons 2nd Law of Motion. It gives a real world scenario in which the law can be applied, as well as the fundamental basics of its origins and meaning.

Newton's Third Law. Digital image. NASA, 25 Mar. 2010. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. <wright.nasa.gov/airplane/newton3.html>.
This is another diagram, this time with Newtons 3rd Law of Motion. I used this source to make my website more informative, without being too cluttered. This picture is beneficial for the fact that it describes concisely, and relates my topic to today.

Peterson, Ivars. Newton's Clock: Chaos in the Solar System. New York: W.H. Freeman and, 1993. Print. Photograph. Neptune. University of Oregon. Web. 20 Jan. 2013.
This photo of the planet Neptune is useful for my project, because astronomers found Neptune by applying Newtons 3 Laws of Motion to the orbit of Uranus. I added it on my Legac page.

Prism with Spectrum. Digital image. Chapter 3. Quantum Physics from Planck and Einstein to Bohr, Heisenberg, De Broglie, and Schrdinger. University of Virginia, n.d. Web. 23 Dec. 2012. <http://faculty.virginia.edu/consciousness/new_page_6.htm>.
This is a picture that shows how when light passes through a glass prism, it separates the light into a rainbow. I integrated this picture on the Optics page to give viewers a visual explanation of the phenomena that occurs so it makes more sense as to what Isaac Newton was doing in his experiments.

Sagittarius A*. N.d. Photograph. Sagittarius A*: Peering into the Heart of Darkness. Chandra X-Ray Obervatory, 2010. Web. 18 Jan. 2013. <chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2010/sgra/>.
This picture, taken by the Chandra X-Ray Telescope, is of the black hole in the middle of the Milky Way. I added it to the Einstein page, because Albert Einsteins rules helped discover black holes, as well as the differences in space and gravity seen around them.

Salutos, Pete. Prism and Rainbow Colors. N.d. Photograph. Thousands of Invisibilty Cloaks Trap A Rainbow. Science Daily. Web. 22 Nov. 2012. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120525103920.htm>.
This is a picture of a prism reflecting many colors, which acknowledges Isaac Newtons work on optics. I used this picture on the banner of my website, to show that Newtons work was all-encompassing.

Schechter, Eric. "Why Do We Study Calculus? Or, a Brief Look at Some of the History of Mathematics." Vanderbilt University, 23 Aug. 2006. Web. 28 Dec. 2012. <http://www.math.vanderbilt.edu/~schectex/courses/whystudy.html>.
I read this article by Eric Schechter, a professor at Vanderbilt University, on how and why calculus has its esteemed place in mathematics today, as well as it all started. After reading this source, I realized how all of the people of the Scientific Revolution, Newton, and others were connected.

Shank, JB. Telephone interview. 27 Dec. 2012.

I talked to Mr. Shank, History Professor at the University of Minnesota. We discussed the widespread effects that Newton has had over the years. I learned more about how his work is connected to the Scientific Revolution, and how Albert Einstein and modern physics have influenced Newtons ideas of classical mechanics. My interview with Mr. Shank gave me a better understanding of the mindset of people his day, as well as some of the people and events involved.

Sir Isaac Newton. James Madison University. Web. 14 Dec. 2012. <http://educ.jmu.edu/~sochacjs/Newton.html>.
This is a stamp with Sir Isaac Newton on it. In the background is a rainbow, which may signify Newtons work in optics. I used this source to show how people still honor and tribute Newton today, 350 years later.

Solar System. Digital image. Chandra X-Ray Observatory, 5 Sept. 2012. Web. 15 Jan. 2013. <http://chandra.harvard.edu/blog/node/395>.
This image depicts the Solar System in a very colorful and interesting way. I used this picture on the Materials page. When a viewer clicks on the picture, they are taken to the Annotated Bibliography.

Standard Model of Fundamental Particles and Interactions. Digital image. The Standard Model of Particle Physics: A Lunchbox's Guide. John Hopkins University, n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2013. <pha.jhu.edu/~dfehling/>.
This is a diagram of the Standard Model. The SM is how particle physicists classify many of the particles of the universe, into different groups based on behavior and properties. I put this image on the Legacy web page, to exhibit how far scientists have flown in the field of physics, and how they really are making sense of everything.

Storey, Barron. Isaac Newton. N.d. Moonlighting as a Conjurer of Chemicals. New York Times, 11 Oct. 2010. Web. 19 Jan. 2013. <nytimes.com/2010/10/12/science/12newton.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0>.
This is an imaginative painting of Isaac Newton from a very unique perspective. I used it on the Materials page, so when viewers click on it, they are taken to the process paper page.

The Cultural Context of Newtonianism. Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 4. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Gale World History in Context. Web. 10 Oct. 2012.
This is an article I found from the Gale WHIC Database. It describes the lasting cultural effects that Newton introduced. I learned more about how Newton made people question the world, and try to find the true meaning of life. I also found a quote from this source.

The Twin Keck 10 Meter Telescopes. N.d. Photograph. Swinburne University of Technology. Is There a Black Hole at the Center of the Galaxy? UCLA Galactic Center Group. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. <astro.ucla.edu/~ghezgroup/gc/journey/smbh.html>.
This is a photograph of the Keck telescopes, which are essentially giant versions of Newtons refracting telescope, which he made 300 years prior. This photo demonstrates the significance of Newton still today.

The Universe in a Nutshell. Michio Kaku. Big Think, 15 Aug. 2012. Web. 27 Dec. 2012.
This documentary vividly describes major components and ideas in physics. Michio Kaku explains the main forces that govern the universe, including Newton, gravity, and the Principia. I enabled a few clips from this documentary onto my website, so viewers can get a creative view of Isaac Newton.

Tyson, Neil Degrasse. My Man, Isaac Newton. N.d. Big Think. Web. 17 Jan. 2013.

This is an audio clip of scientist Neil Degrasse Tyson, who animatedly exemplifies how Isaac Newton is so unique. Tyson covers points from Newtons light experiments to his studies on astronomy and calculus. I added a part of this on the Conclusion page as a final review of Newtons lasting ideas.

White, Michael. Isaac Newton: Discovering the Laws That Govern the Universe. N.p.: Black Birch, 1999. Print. Giants of Science.
This book told me more about how people thought back in the 1600-1700s. I learned that Isaac Newton helped make science a more sophisticated study. I found a quote from Albert Einstein and his views on Galileo and Newton. This book explained Newtons legacy in physics.