1.

PRESENT SIMPLE Use to talk about: Habits or regular activities (Paul gets up at 5:30); Facts or attitude that are generally true (Sarah likes nursing). In affirmative, the present simple has the same form us the infinitive in all persons except third person singular where we add -s, except: Verbs that end in -o, -ch, -sh, -ss We add -es (Paul goes to work at 6). Verbs that end in -consonant+y We add -ies (He often tries to arrange a date with her). To form the negative we use does not (doesn't) for third person and for the rest persons do not (don't). (She doesn't want to change her job, I don't have got a blue car). To form questions we use Do/does + subject + infinitive without to (Do Paul and Sarah live together?, When does Sarah get home from work?) Questions: a) Which sentences describes a regular activity or an attitude? Paul has a shower every morning. He went to bed late last nigth. Sarah's going to Spain next summer. She loves the sun. b) Complete the sentences, using the present simple. Paul (play) football. Sarah (study) Spanish in her spare time. Paul sometimes (miss) the bus to work. Sarah (do) her shopping on Thursday. c) Complete the sentences using the present simple. Where (live) Paul?. Paul (not work) at weekends. Sarah (not want) to change her job. (Have) nurses a good social life? Keys: a) 1, 4. b) plays, studies, misses, does. c) Where does Paul live?, Paul doesn't work at weekends, Sarah doesn't want to change her job, Do nurses have a good social life? 2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS Use to talk about something that's in progress now, at this moment (She's watching TV); To talk about temporary activity or situation (Carl and Jesse are going out together); To talk about things that happen frequently and are irritating (You're always complaining); To talk about arrangements we've made for the future (I'm meeting Carl). In affirmative, the present continuous structure is: Subject + present of be (am/are/is)+ verbing. (We're working). To form the negative we use not after present of be. (She is not /isn't working). To form questions we use present of be + subject + verb-ing (Am I working?). Some verbs, most of them verbs of thinking and feeling, are almost never used in the present continuous: agree, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want, wish. Questions: a) Put the verb into the present continuous. Dad (make) supper. Jesse (help) her father?. She (get) ready to go out. The boys (not help) their father. b) Write sentences using always and the present You (go) out in the evening. She (use) the phone! c) Which sentences are incorrect? Jane is being in his bedroom at the moment. He's playing a computer game. He's loving computer games. His father hating computer games. He's thinking they're waste of money. James isn't agreeing. d) Complete the conversation: Dad: Where you (meet) Carl tonight? And what Time you (come) home? Jesse: We (meet) at town hall. I don't know what time I (come) home, but not late.

Keys: a) is making. Is Jesse helping her fahter? is getting, aren't helping. b) You're allways going out in the evening. She's always using the phone!. c) 1, 3, 4, 5, 6. d) Dad: Where are you meeting Carl tonight? And what time are you coming home? Jesse: We are meeting at town hall. I don't know what time I am coming home, but not late. 3. PAST SIMPLE Use to talk about a completed action that happened and finished in the past, the moment in the past is clearly defined (Tom got there at 16:00); To describe something that happened regularly in the past (They always visited museums); To describe a situation that existed in the past over a period of time (He went to the university). In affirmative, the past simple is formed of most regular verbs by adding -ed to the infinitive (visit visited) exceptions: Verbs with one syllable that end -consonant1 + vocal + consonant2 We add -consonat2 + ed (Paul stopped to work at 6). Verbs with more than one syllable, with accent in the last and end -consonant1 + vocal + consonant2 We add -consonat2 + ed (Paul permitted to work on Sunday). Verbs that end in -consonant + y We add -ied (He studied medicine, She played football). The 3 pronunciations of -ed: [id] after d- and t- (decided, visited). [t] after unvoiced sounds except [t] (looked, asked). [d] after voiced sounds except [d] (arrived, tried). Many common verbs are irregular: Go went, eat ate, drink drank, ... To form the negative we use did not (didn't) and infinitive without to for all persons. (She didn't want to change her job). To form questions we use Did + subject + infinitive without to (Did he live in Tokio?) Questions: a) What is the past simple of these verbs and how do you pronunce the final -ed? Wait, stop, move, want, watch, reply, get, come, have, say. b) Make these sentences negative. Ruben liked sight-seeing. Ruben missed his boat. c) What questions give these answers. What ...? He ate a large paella. How much ? He drunk several glasses of wine Keys: a) waited [id]; stopped [t]; moved [d], wanted [id], watched [t]; replied [d]; got; came; had; said. b) Ruben didn't like sight-seeing. Ruben didn't miss his boat. c) What did he eat? How much did he drink? 4. PAST CONTINUOUS We use it to talk about something that started before a certain time in the past and and was still in progress at that time (At 10.30 I was walking along King Street); To talk about a situation, to give a background to scene that happened in the past (What they were wearing? They were wearing jeans); We don't use with verbs not normally used in the continuous form (Know, want,...); We don't use to talk about a repeated action in the past (used to). In affirmative, the present continuous structure is: Subject + past of be (was/were) + verb-ing. (We were working). To form the negative we use not after past of be. (She wasn't working). To form questions we use present of be + subject + verb-ing (Was I working?). Some verbs, most of them verbs of thinking and feeling, are almost never used in the present continuous: agree, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want, wish.

 Questions: a) Complete these sentences into the present continuous. At 10:30 Mrs. Garfield / not go / to the bank. Where / she go?. She /go / to the post office. b) Complete these sentences using past continuous or past simple. I (walk) past the bank when the door suddenly (open). While I (watch) they (throw) a bag of money into the car. As they (drive) away, the manager (run) out of the bank. Keys: a) At 10:30 Mrs. Garfield wasn't going to the bank. Where was she going? She was going to the post office. b) I walked past the bank when the door suddenly was opened. While I was watching they threw a bag of money into the car. As they were driving away, the manager run out of the bank. 5. PRESENT PERFECT The present perfect refers to a past action, but we're more interested in the present effects (I've cut my finger); To give or ask some information (Have you lost your job?). In affirmative, the present perfect is formed with have/has + the past participle (She's started) To form the negative we use have/has not (haven't/hasn't) + the past participles. (They haven't eaten). To form questions we use have/has + subject+ the past participle (Has he lived in Tokio?) Present perfect with: So far = up to now = up to today (Lucy hasn't found job so far). Already (I've already phoned her acabo de llamarla). Yet in negative and questions (Have you found a job yet? I haven't had any replies yet). Just (I have just met Peter in the bus). Ever (Have you ever worked on a factory?). Never (I've never lived abroad Fuera del pas). Today/this morning/this week (He's only seen her for two months this year). Questions: a) Answer the questions: Is Dave miserable because he lost his job?. No, he (not lost) his job. What's the problem with his finger? He (cut) it. Can he play at the concert? No, they (ask) Rick to play instead. b) Do the sentence in present perfect with What/Peter/do/so far? c) Answer the questions using just, already and yet: Has Lucy found a job? No, she (find) one Why doesn't Lucy contact the newsagent's? She (phone) them. How does Peter know about the job at the newsagent's? He (see) the advert. d) Has Lucy worked in an office? D1) Add ever to this question. D2) Add before to this question. D3) Answer the question using never No, she ... Keys: a) He hasn't lost. He's cut it. They've asked. b) What has Peter done so far? c) No, she hasn't found one yet. She's already phoned them. He's just seen the advert. d) Has Lucy ever worked in an office? Has Lucy worked in an office before? No, she has never worked in an office.

6. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Use to talk about: Actions that started in the past, that has continued over a period of time and is still continuing now (he arrived two hours ago and he's still been waiting now). Note: To say how long an action has been happening we use for and since (I've waiting for two hours, I'm waiting for two hours). Actions which started in the past, which continues over a period, and which has just stopped. In affirmative, the present perfect continuous is formed with have/has + been + verb-ing (She's been eating) To form the negative we use have/has not (haven't/hasn't) + been + verb-ing (They haven't been living in Tokio). To form questions we use have/has + subject + been + verb-ing (Has he been eating in a restaurant?) Questions: a) Put the follow sentences into the negative and the question form. They've been queueing. He's been waiting. b) Complete the sentences, using the present perfect continuous. Some people came early this morning, so they/wait/all day. One girl said: I queue 6 o'clock this morning. c) Complete the answers. Has she often tried to see then in concert? Yes for years. Has she often bought their album? Yes for a long time. Has she often listened ot their music? Yes since she was 15. Keys: a) They haven't been queueing, Have they been queueing? He hasn't been waiting. Has he been waiting? b) Some people came early this morning, so they have been waiting all day. One girl said: I have been queueing since 6 o'clock this morning. c) Yes ,she has been trying for years. Yes, she has been lbuying for a long time. Yes he has been listening fsince she was 15.

7. THE PAST PERFECT Use to talk about: when we are speaking about past to talk about a second earlier past of the first and finished (In 1994, when I met Enzo, he had come to Spain in 1992). When something happened in the past before another thing, we use the past perfect for the first action and usually present simple for the most recent (After hed eaten a large dinner, he fell asleep) In affirmative, the past perfect is formed with had + past participle (She'd studied) To form the negative we use had not (hadn't) + past participle (At 8 o'clock, they hadn't arrived). To form questions we use had + subject + past participle (Had he eaten in a restaurant?) Questions: a) Put the verbs into the past perfect. How long (live) Enzo in America? He (not make) many friends in America. He (want) to go back to Naples for a long time. Keys: a) Had Enzo lived. He hadn't made. He'd wanted.

8. THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Use to talk about: when we want to emphasise that something had been in progress continuously up to a certain time in the past. In affirmative, the past perfect continous is formed with had + been + verb-ing (The airline had been calling him for the 20 minutes To form the negative we use had not (hadn't) + been + verb-ing (When his father came, Tom hadn't been doing his homeworks). To form questions we use had + subject + been + verb-ing. Questions: a) Complete the sentences with the past perfect continuous or the simple past Enzo (live) in Los ngeles for two years when he (decide) to go back to Naples. On the plane Enzo (eat) for an hour when he (fall) asleep. Enzo (no sit) on the bench for long, when he (see) a policeman. Keys: a) Had been living, decided. Had been eating, fell. Hadn't been sitting, saw.

9. THE FUTURE: WILL/WON'T, SHALL/SHAN'T Use to talk about: when we want to emphasise that something had been in progress continuously up to a certain time in the past. In affirmative, the past perfect continous is formed with had + been + verb-ing (The airline had been calling him for the 20 minutes To form the negative we use had not (hadn't) + been + verb-ing (When his father came, Tom hadn't been doing his homeworks). To form questions we use had + subject + been + verb-ing. Questions: a) Complete the sentences with the past perfect continuous or the simple past Enzo (live) in Los ngeles for two years when he (decide) to go back to Naples. On the plane Enzo (eat) for an hour when he (fall) asleep. Enzo (no sit) on the bench for long, when he (see) a policeman. Keys: a) Had been living, decided. Had been eating, fell. Hadn't been sitting, saw Follow to agree appear arrange ask choose decide deserve expect hope (do something) intend manage offer plan pretend promise refuse seem tend wait want would like Follow -ing appreciate avoid consider delay deny discuss enjoy finish (get through) imagine involve keep (keep on) mention mind miss postpone (put off) quit (give up) suggest -ing or to. Same meaning begin cant bear cant stand continue hate like love prefer start -ing or to. Different meaning forget regret remember stop try

Phrasal verbs Ask after: Preguntar por alguien Broke down: Averiarse. My car broke down on the way to work Come out: Salir. His new novel is coming out in January Fallen out: Caer. My sister and I have fallen out again Filled in: Rellenar. I filled in the form Filled in: Sustituir. My teacher was ill and Mr Jones filled in Come into: Conseguir Get round to: Eludir, rodear.

Give away: Regalar Lack of: Falta de Look forward to: Esperar poder Look up: Buscar Put up with: Aguantar Run into: encontrarse con alguien Taking over: Recibir un encargo.
Turned down: Rechazar. He turned down the job offer Postpositions: Agree to, with, about, on Approve of Argue with? Arrive in, at Ask after Bad at Be acustomer to Be afraid of Be clever at Be familiar with Be good at Be interested in Be rude to Depend on Drean of Excited about Glance at Hear about Insist on Laugh at Participate in Shoot at Smell of Smile at Stare at

Vocabulary Aware: Consciente Amused: Divertido Bald: Calvo Blizzard: Tormenta de nieve Blosson: Florecer Booth: Puesto Bunch: Ramo Burglary: Robo en casa Cute: Lindo Concerned: Preocupado Cozy: Acogedor Cans: Latas Canning: Enlatado Dare: Atreverse Deed: Obra, hecho Dew: Rocio Donor: Donante Fasten: Fijar Faint: Sonido dbil

Fit: Ajuste Fussy: Quisquilloso Glance: Mirar Gullible: Ingenuo Jaw: Mandbula Loggers: Madereros Lumber: Maderas Mall: Centro comercial Messy: Confuso Mood: Estado de nimo Paw: Pata Pimple: Grano, espinilla Pitfall: Riesgo Pot: olla Pour: Verter Profits: Ganancias Quarter: Barrio Regret: Lamentar Seldom: Raramente Shed: Derramar, echar, mudar. Shift: Cambiar Shrill: Sonido agudo Shiny: Brillante Shrink: Encoger Shut: Cerrar Sidewalk: Acera Slay: Matar Spill: Derramar Spit: Escupir Split: Partir Stain: Mancha Stare: Mirar fijamente Stubborn: Terco Summit: Cumbre Sweep: Barrer Swell: Hincharse Tear: Desgarrar Thrive: Prosperar Tidy: Ordenado Thrust: Empujar Trespasser: Intruso Tread: Pisar, andar Undertake: Emprender, acometer Upset: enfadar, trastornar Wallet: Cartera de bolsillo Wax: Encerar Wealthy: Rico Wean: Detestar Yawn: Bostezar
X degrowth X unpretty