PHYSICAL REVIEW B 82, 245405 2010

Generation of Hankel-type surface plasmon polaritons in the vicinity of a metallic nanohole

S. Nerkararyan and Kh. Nerkararyan
Department of Radiophysics, Yerevan State University, 1 Alek Manoogian, Yerevan 375049, Armenia

N. Janunts and T. Pertsch

Institute of Applied Physics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitt Jena, Max Wien Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany Received 6 September 2010; published 7 December 2010 It is shown that the electromagnetic elds of surface plasmon polaritons SPPs generated around a nanohole, milled in a metal lm, can be described by Hankel functions. These SPPs are dipole active and can be excited by a linearly polarized electromagnetic plane wave under normal incidence with respect to the metal surface . Two kinds of Hankel-type SPPs are generated simultaneously around a nanohole: inward and outward propagating with respect to the nanohole. The wave elds of the Hankel-type SPPs increase anomalously in the close vicinity of the nanohole and exceed considerably that of the incident wave. It is shown analytically that the excitation cross section of Hankel-type SPPs, around a nanohole with excitation area limited by circular boundary, is signicantly higher compared to the case of an innite metal surface. We conclude that the unusually high transmission of light through arrays of nanoholes milled in a metal lm can be ascribed to the excitation of inward Hankel-type SPPs, which transfer the energy toward the nanohole region. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.82.245405 PACS number s : 73.20.Mf, 78.67. n, 42.79.Ag, 68.47.De

I. INTRODUCTION

Optical transmission of subwavelength apertures has been of interest in physical science for many years.15 The study of these structures has greatly intensied since the pioneering experimental work of Ebbesen and co-workers on enhanced optical transmission through subwavelength hole arrays.6,7 Considerable experimental and theoretical efforts have been devoted to understanding transmission through periodic arrays of nanoapertures or through a single nanoaperture with surrounding periodic corrugations.810 The observations showed that transmission can be either enhanced or suppressed depending on the wavelength for periodic and quasiperiodic arrays, as well as for arrays with translational and rotational symmetry.1113 The transmittance of these arrays has been explained by coupling of incident light with SPPs through momentum matching provided by the long-range periodicity of the structures.1214 Recently it has been demonstrated that signicant spectral modulation of the transmission can be achieved also in a specically tailored quasiperiodic geometry, where translational periodicity and longrange order is totally absent.14,15 In this case the SPPs are excited not by the grating but by the individual nanoholes. Generally speaking, both SPPs excited by periodicity of the apertures and by the individual apertures can contribute to an enhanced optical transmission. The experimental and numerical studies of SPPs generated by single nanoapertures have been stimulated by their essential role in the optical transmission through arrays of nanoapertures. The features of cylindrical wave elds generated in the vicinity of nanoholes due to the scattering of the incident wave have been investigated using analytical and numerical methods.1620 The generation and focusing of SPPs by a single circular slit called plasmonic lens has been demonstrated. The focal position of the plasmonic lens can be tuned by changing the incidence angle of the beam.21 Recently it has been shown that excitation with radially polarized light delivers a tighter
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focus and higher energy in the plasmonic lens compared to linearly polarized light.22 Lezec and co-workers have made detailed studies on understanding the excitation, propagation, and attenuation mechanism of SPPs excited by single nanoslits as well as the phase shift between SPPs and the incident excitation light.14,23,24 It has been reported that a circular nanohole in a thin metal lm acts as a pointlike SPP source at normal or oblique incidence of linearly polarized light.25 Near-eld optical measurements have shown the dipolar character of the SPPs launched by nanoholes in a thin metal lm.26,27 In this paper we study analytically the properties of SPPs whose wave elds are described by Hankel functions and the possibilities of their excitation in the vicinity of a nanohole. In order to discriminate between the different contributions of the SPP to the optical transmission through subwavelength apertures, one has to answer two important questions. 1 Which kind of modes do exist around these apertures? and 2 whether they can be excited by normally incident light? A nanohole having a cylindric symmetry supports solutions of the wave equation describing the wave elds of SPPs by cylindrical functions, in particular, by the Hankel functions. These functions characterize the behavior of a SPP generated at the metal surface in close vicinity of a nanohole up to its rim. The eld values of Hankel-type SPPs increase approaching the nanohole but remain nite at the nanohole rim. Therefore, though Hankel functions diverge at the origin presented by the center of the nanohole, they give a valid picture of the physical processes for the case of a nanohole of nite size. Some of the Hankel-type modes are dipole active and can therefore interact with incident plane waves. To further elucidate the nature of the Hankel modes let us consider a pointlike dipole source situated at the center of a structure and its radiation is described by the functions with an innite value at the origin. Since electrodynamic processes are reversible, the existence of waves propagating not only from the center but also toward it can be reasonably presumed. Given that, a strong light localization at the center
2010 The American Physical Society

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Z Y

is expected. The realization of such strong localization in three dimensions is very difcult due to a generally complex phase-amplitude distribution of localizing waves whereas in the two-dimensional case the realization of such a process is quite permissible. We note that the eld description in the region of the nanohole itself is beyond the scope of our considerations. The SPPs described by Hankel functions have been previously discussed in the context of light diffraction by the nanohole, where the nanohole was considered as a secondary source of SPPs.8,28 Here we focus on the analytical description of the generation of Hankel-type SPPs transferring the energy toward the nanohole. We believe these are the waves strongly contributing in the eld enhancement in the immediate vicinity of the nanohole.
II. HANKEL-TYPE SPP

FIG. 1. Color online Three-dimensional plot of the z component of the electrical eld Ez of a Hankel SPP in the vicinity of a nanohole plotted at the gold/air interface calculated for the parameters = 532 nm and r = 50 nm. The arrow shows the polarization direction of the incident beam which is parallel to the x axis. The amplitude of the electrical eld of the Hankel SPP signicantly increases in the immediate vicinity of the nanohole.

In this chapter we will show that a metal surface containing a nanohole supports Hankel-type SPPs propagating inward and outward with respect to the nanohole. We consider the problem in a cylindrical coordinate system , , z with the origin placed at the center of the nanohole, the coordinate z oriented perpendicular to the surface and z = 0 being the dielectric-metal interface. The dielectric occupies the half-space associated with z 0 and is described by the dielectric permittivity d. The metal in the half-space corresponding to z 0 has the dielectric permittivity m m= m+i m, m 0 and the nanohole is characterized by the radius r. We consider the surface waves of TM type with the z component of the magnetic eld Hz = 0. The z components of the electric eld of a SPP can be dened by the following wave equation:
2

1, where the z = 0 plane coincides with the metal-dielectric interface. The Hankel-type SPP has a dipole character and propagates along the polarization direction of the incident beam shown by the arrow in the picture. Applying the boundary conditions the continuity of the wave elds at the metal-dielectric interface at z = 0 leads to the following expressions: D D k2 + d
d

=C =+C

m, m, 2 m.

2 d

= k2 + m

We can obtain the dispersion relation for the Hankel-type SPP by substituting the expressions for km,d in Eq. 4
d d

m m

Ez + z2

Ez
2

1 Ez

1
2

Ez
2

d,m 2

Ez = 0. t2

1
d

Here c is the speed of the light. In the region of the dielectric r , this equation has two linearly independent z 0 and solutions, which are described by Hankel functions of the rst and second kinds
1,2 Ez,n = DHankn1,2

,
d

=
2

.
d

k2 + d

2 d

dz+i t

cos n ,

Where Hankn1 x = Jn x + iY n x , Hankn2 x = Jn x iY n x , where Jn x and Y n x are integer-order Bessel functions of the rst and second kinds, respectively, kd = d 2 / c2 and is the wave frequency. The constants d and D are to be determined from the boundary conditions. The other components of the wave elds in this region can be calculated via Maxwell equations and the expressions in Eq. 2 . In the same r can way the electric elds in the metal region z 0 , also be described by Hankel functions
1,2 Ez,n = CHankn1,2

2 2 Note that kd,m + d,m = c2 dd+ mm = kSPP 2, where kSPP is the wave vector of the planar SPP. 1 and = kSPP, the Hankel In the wave zone, where functions can be approximated as29

Hankn1

exp + i

n 2 4 n 2 4

Hankn2

exp i

k2 + m

2 m

e+

mz+i t

cos n ,

where km = m 2 / c2 and the constants m and C are determined from the boundary conditions. A typical three-dimensional surface plot of the real part of the electric eld Re Ez around the nanohole is shown in Fig.

From Eqs. 6 and 7 it can be concluded that the wave elds containing the functions Hankn1 describe inward propagating SPPs while the elds containing Hankn2 describe outward propagating SPPs. In the following we will call them converging and diverging Hankel-type SPPs, respectively.

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The converging Hankel-type SPPs transfer wave energy to the nanohole region. Therefore, in the area of the nanohole the wave elds increase substantially. This fact also follows from the eld expression in the immediate vicinity of the 1 nanohole which corresponds to the limiting case of Hankn1 i
n

total eld of converging Hankel SPPs can be decomposed into the sum of all harmonics of the converging Hankel SPPs E=
n=0

cn1 En1 ,

H=
n=0

cn1 Hn1 ,

13

0 ,

where cn1 = and N= c 4 En2 Hn1 En1 Hn2 dS. 15 1 N j En2 dV

V

where n is the gamma function. In the next section it will be shown that the mode associated with n = 1 is the only mode excited in the case of a normally incident and linearly polarized plane wave.

14

III. EXCITATION EFFICIENCY OF THE HANKEL-TYPE SPP

We have shown in the previous section the existence of an entire class of converging and diverging Hankel-type SPPs at the metal surface around a nanohole. Now we will focus on calculating the cross section and the efciency of the converging Hankel-type SPP excitation via external currents produced by a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave illuminating the metal surface containing a nanohole. For simplicity we will consider the case of normal incidence with the polarization direction parallel to the x axis. The electric elds of the incident beam then have the following form: Ex = Aei Ex = Qei
t+qz tkdz

Here the components En1,2 and Hn1,2 are determined from Eqs. 2 and 3 via Maxwell equations. In Eq. 14 the in, tegration is carried out over the volume r 2 , and z 0. The factors cn1 are proportional to the 0 excitation cross section of the Hankel SPPs and represent the overlap integral of the generated current and the Hankel SPPs. In Eq. 15 N is a normalizing coefcient and the integration is done over any surface = const, where is the unit vector. After some mathematical calculations, using formulas 2 , 3 , and 14 , we obtain for the factors cn1 the following expression: cn1 =
m m 2 m

+ Be+i

tkdz 2

0 , z 0 .

9 +i +
d m

with q2 = k2 x

c2

10

A D

1 n1Hankn

kSPPr kSPPr,

16

Relationships between the amplitudes are found from the boundary conditions: Q= 2i
m d

i +i i

A,
d

where n1 is the Kronecker symbol. Therefore, under normal incidence with respect to the metal surface the Hankel SPP with the order number n = 1 is the only mode excited. The cross section of the excitation is the ratio of the power of the converging Hankel SPP and the intensity of the incident beam
2

B=

m m

d d

A.

11

r,

c2
2 m m

2 m

d 2 m

d m

+
2

The components of the current density in the metal can be obtained from Ohms law j =+
m

Hank11 17

kSPPr kSPPr .

4
m

Qei

t+qz

cos

j =

Qei

t+qz

sin

12

This formula shows the excitation cross section in the case of a homogeneous and innite illumination of the metal surface. In the case of longer wavelengths, when d m and small nanohole radius rkSPP 1 , formula 17 can be simplied substantially to = c2 4 2
2 m

7/2

Hankel-type SPPs are excited by the external currents generated in the metal by a linearly polarized incident plane wave. Formally the procedure to determine the SPP wave elds excited by the external currents is identical to the determination of the elds in metallic waveguides. This procedure is described in detail in Ref. 30 and here we will only show the nal formulas. Inside the metal and in the vicinity of the nanohole, the electric and magnetic components of the

18

The cross section decreases strongly with increasing m corresponding to increasing wavelength due to two reasons. First, according to Eqs. 10 and 11 the amplitude of the electric eld decreases in the metal with increasing m . Second, the q and m parameters increase with increasing m see Eqs. 5 and 10 which decreases the volume of

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Normalized cross section ( R, r , )
350

Wavelength [nm]

1000 900 800 700 600 500 0

FIG. 2. Color online a Three-dimensional sketch and b two-dimensional cross section of the metallic disk structure geometry, which provides limited area excitation of Hankel-type SPP. The SPP is generated at the disk surface enclosed by the radii of the nanohole r and the disk R.

20

40 60 Disc radius R [m]

80

100

interaction overlap of the incident wave and the Hankel SPP. The excitation cross section can be increased signicantly by limiting the SPP excitation area, which can be achieved either by limiting the diameter of the incident beam or by limiting the metal surface around the nanohole. The latter is easier to realize experimentally. Hence we will consider the structure shown in Fig. 2, which is a metallic disklike structure with a nanohole in the center. The Hankel SPPs are excited in the area enclosed by the nanohole radius r and the disk radius R. In order to study the excitation of Hankel SPPs solely two assumptions are made. At rst, the disk height is assumed to be large enough to provide a good separation from the metal substrate in order to neglect the inuence of SPPs excited in the substrate region. At second, the rims of the nanohole and the disk are assumed to be blunt in order to neglect the excitation of the SPP at the disk surface due to light scattering at the rims. In the frame of these assumptions we obtain an expression for the cross section of the Hankel SPP excitation R,r, = r, Hank11 kSPPR kSPPR Hank11 kSPPr kSPPr 2 Hank11 kSPPr kSPPr
2

FIG. 3. Color online Density plot of the normalized excitation cross section of the Hankel-type SPP versus the disk radius and the wavelength in the case of homogeneous illumination and assuming a nanohole radius of r = 50 nm. The orange curve shows the propagation length of the planar SPP locus of points 1 2 Im kSPP , . R , r , represents the enhancement factor of the excitation cross section of a Hankel SPP in a metallic disk with radius R compared to the case of an innite metal surface, when both surfaces contain nanoholes with radius r.

has a total maximum at the disk radius equal to the propagation length LSPP of the planar SPP. In this case the excitation cross section of Hankel SPPs can be increased by two orders of magnitude compared to the case of innite illumination. The inset in Fig. 4 shows the zoomed region of the plot in the vicinity of the disk radius equal to LSPP shown with orange line to demonstrate the fast oscillations which are the results of SPP interference. The blue and red circles show the local minima and maxima, respectively, separated by half the SPP wavelength. The SPPs generated at the disk surface with radii resulting in local maxima are in phase while for radii leading to local minima the generated SPPs are out of phase. The amplitude of the fast oscillations has the same behavior as the normalized cross section. It inNormalized cross section R,r,
130

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0

120 110 100 90 25 26 27 28

19 The dependence of the normalized cross sections R , r , r, on the disk radius and wavelength is = R,r, / shown in Fig. 3 for the case of homogeneous illumination. Gold is used as a metal and air as a dielectric in the calculations.31 R , r , represents the enhancement factor of the Hankel SPP excitation cross section in a metallic disk with radius R compared to the case of an innite metal surface. At short wavelengths R , r , does not benet much from the increasing disk radius because of strong damping of the SPP while for large disk radii the longer wavelengths lead to a larger enhancement factor. This fact is attributed to the larger propagation length at longer wavelengths. Although the excitation efciency increases with increasing disk radius it exhibits a maximum around the value equal to the propagation length of the planar SPP represented by the orange curve in Fig. 3. The characteristic behavior of the normalized cross section depending on the disk radius at a wavelength of = 700 nm and a nanhole radius of r = 50 nm is shown in Fig. 4. R , r , exhibits fast oscillations with the period of the wavelength of the planar SPP and

SPP

r 50 nm 700 nm LSPP 26.4 m

50

100

150

200

250

Disc radius R m
FIG. 4. Color online Dependence of the normalized excitation cross section of the Hankel-type SPP on the disk radius R in the case of homogeneous illumination at the wavelength of = 700 nm and a nanohole radius of r = 50 nm. The cross section exhibits fast oscillations as a function of the disk radius see inset with the period of the planar SPP wavelength and has a total maximum at the propagation length of the planar SPP orange line . The Hankel SPPs generated at disk radii resulting in local maxima of the cross section blue circles in the inset are in phase. In case of radii with local minima of the cross section red circles the Hankel SPPs are out of phase.

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PHYSICAL REVIEW B 82, 245405 2010

0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00

r 50nm 1000nm

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Disc radius R m

4 3 2 1 0

r 50nm R 1800nm

250 200 150 100 50 0 1 2 3 4

r 50nm

500 600 700 800 900 1000 Wavelength nm

Excitation efficiency

Excitation efficiency

480nm

Disk radius R m

FIG. 5. Color online a Density plot of the excitation efciency distribution on a logarithmic scale log10 versus the wavelength and the disk radius R. b Dependence of the efciency on wavelength in the case of a nanohole radius of r = 50 nm, disk radius R = 1800 nm along the blue line . c and d show the efciency dependence on the disk radius for a nanohole radius of r = 50 nm and wavelengths c = 1000 nm and d = 480 nm, respectively.

creases with the disk radius, reaches a maximum value when the radius equals the LSPP and then decreases to unity. A similar effect has been observed in the slit-nanohole structure.32 The excitation efciency of Hankel SPPs is determined as the ratio of the Hankel SPP power generated at the disk surface and the power of the incident beam on the disk. Since the cross section R , r , is proportional to the Hankel SPP power, the excitation efciency then can be dened as R,r, = R,r, . R2 r2 20

sorption the stronger is the generated current and the higher is the efciency. The comparison of Figs. 5 c and 5 d demonstrates that the peak value of the excitation efciency at = 480 nm is about 4000 times larger than at = 1000 nm. The strong absorption will increase the excitation efciency but it will also damp the excited SPP. The efciency at = 480 nm drops from its peak value of 250 to almost 0 at a disk radius of about R = 2.5 m while at = 1000 nm it drops from 0.075 to 0.005 15 times at around R = 8 m. The reason of the slow decrease in R , r , over the disk radius at larger wavelengths is the longer propagation length compared to that at shorter wavelengths. Consequently SPPs generated at longer distances from the nanohole contribute more efciently to the formation of the Hankel SPPs. However, a signicant drop of the efciency occurs already at distances of about two to three times of surface Plasmon wavelength SPP. This suggests that the major part of the Hankel-type SPP generation occurs in close vicinity of the nanohole. Therefore we claim that this is the region where the Hankel-type SPP originates from. It is necessary to compare our current work with previous studies of SPPs generated due to the light scattering from a cylindrically symmetric nanoapertures. First, we investigate the generation of SPPs which transfer the energy to the nanohole region, while in the scattering problems, mostly the case of SPPs escaping from the nanohole is discussed. Second, we discuss the case of normal incidence of the beam on the surface when generated SPPs can be described by the Hankel function of the rst order. In the case of inclined illumination the excited SPPs can be described by the innite sum of all orders of Hankel functions. In the latter case the wave elds can be quite different from the case discussed in our paper.18 Finally, the nanohole can generate also radiative modes which are beyond the scope of this work. It has been shown that in the immediate vicinity of the nanohole the total eld is different from the SPPs elds, and this difference decreases quickly for larger wavelengths.17,19,32 Since the Hankel SPPs decay rapidly other diffracted waves such as creeping waves or Norton waves can dominate in the total eld also at large distances from the nanohole.19,32
IV. CONCLUSION

R , r , shows the portion of the energy of the incident beam transferred into the Hankel SPP at the disk surface. A density plot of the excitation efciency on a logarithmic scale is shown in Fig. 5 a as a function of wavelength and disk radius R. The observed oscillating character and the continuous decrease in the excitation efciency with increasing wavelength and disk radius are a result of the similar behavior of the tangential components of Hankel SPPs. The efciency is the highest around the wavelength of 500 nm which is caused by the strong absorption of gold in this spectral domain. Furthermore, it sharply decreases with increasing wavelength due to the weak absorption at longer wavelengths as shown in the Figs. 5 a and 5 b see also expression 18 . In other words, the efciency is proportional to the factors cn1 which are the overlap integrals of the Hankel-type SPPs and the current density generated in the metal by the incident light. Therefore the stronger the ab-

104

104

Excitation efficiency

In conclusion a we have shown that the wave elds of SPPs, generated at a metal surface possessing a nanohole, can be described by Hankel functions. Simultaneously two kinds of Hankel-type SPPs are excited around the nanohole. One of them converges in the nanohole while the second one diverges from the nanohole. In the close vicinity of the nanohole, the wave elds of the SPPs increase anomalously and considerably surpass the values of the wave elds of the incident beam. b It has been found that Hankel-type SPPs are dipole active and can be excited by an incident linearly polarized electromagnetic plane wave. They originate in the close vicinity of the nanohole. c We have applied an analytical method, developed in the metallic waveguide theory, to calculate the excitation cross section and to derive explicit analytical expressions for the excitation efciency. d It is found that the efciency can be increased by several orders

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of magnitude when the Hankel SPPs are excited in the limited region of the surface, particularly at the surface of a disklike structure. The efciency reaches its maximum values around disk radii equal to the propagation length of a planar SPP. It also exhibits fast oscillations with a period of SPP caused by the interference of SPPs. e We claim that the enhanced optical transmission through arrays of nano-

holes can be attributed to the excitation of the converging Hankel-type SPP which delivers energy to the nanohole.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research was supported by the following grants: ANSEF-2202, BMBF-PhoNa, and DFG-Nano Guide.

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18 A.

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