5. Operational Amplifiers (14.1 14.

7)
o Introduction to Operational Amplifiers o Differential and Common-mode Operation o Practical Op. Amp. Circuits o DC Offset Parameters o Frequency Parameters

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Introduction to Operational Amplifiers

+Vcc +Vcc Inverting Input (-) Inverting Input (-) NonInvInput (+) output output Push-pull Emitter follower at the output Collector Constant current source Amplifier voltage gain very high 2

ii = 0 v+ = v-

- +

Non Inverting Input (+) ii = 0

R0= 0
-Vcc

Therefore Operational Amplifier has Differential (1) very high input impedance, Ri= Amplifier (or) ii = 0 Op. Amp. Emitter (2) very high voltage gain Av = 105 input Constant (or) v+ = vImpedance current (3) very low output impedance R0 = 0 Very high
source

-Vcc Output Impedance very low

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Single input Operational Amplifiers

vvVs v+
Inverting input
Phase of Vo is inverted (=180degree phase-shifted)

v+

vo
Non-Inverting input

vo

Vs

Phase of Vo is not inverted (=0degree phase-shifted)

Differential input Operational Amplifiers

vVd v+

vo
Non-Inverting input

Inverting input

Phase of Vo will not invert if +Vd goes to (+)input. Here both inputs are used EE2603-05 3

 Differential and Common-mode input voltages

Differential and Common-mode Operation

vDifferenti al input voltage Vd = Vi1 Vi2 Common mod e input voltage Vc = Output voltage Vo = AdVd + AcVc Differenti al mod e gain = Ad = Common mod e gain = Ac = Vi1 + Vi2 2

Vi2 Vi1

v+

vo

Vo is a function of both common-mode inputs and differential-mode inputs

Vo (if Vd = 0) Vc

Vo (if Vc = 0) & Vd

Example:
Vd = Vi1 Vi2 = 1 ( +2) = 3V Vc = Let Vi1 = 1V and Vi2 = 2V

Vi1 + Vi2 1 + ( +2) = = 0.5V 2 2 Vo = AdVd + AcVc = Ad ( 3) + Ac (0.5)

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Ad & Ac will be found from circuit configurat ions

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 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)

Common Mode Re jection Ratio = CMRR =

Ad Ac Ad Ac (dB)

Common Mode Re jection Ratio in dB = (CMRR )dB = 20 log

Vo can be found from CMRR as follows if Ad,Vc,and Vd are known

A V Vc Vo = AdVd + AcVc = AdVd 1 + c c = AdVd 1 + AdVd CMRR Vd

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Example: Given that when Vi1=0.5V , Vi2=-0.5V we get Vo=8V, and when Vi1=1mV , Vi2=1mV we get Vo=12mV. Find Ad , Ac , CMRR(dB) of the given Op. Amp. amplifier
vVi2
0.5mV

1. In Differential mod e we put Vi1 = 0.5mV and Vi2 = 0.5mV and get Vo = 8V
8V

v+ Vi1
-0.5mV

Vd = Vi1 Vi2 = 0.5mV ( 0.5V ) = 1mV 0.5mV + ( 0.5mV ) = 0mV 2 Vo = AdVd + AcVc 8V = Ad 1mV + Ac 0 and Vc = Ad = 8V = 8000 1mV

vo=AdVd+AcVc

vVi2
1mV

2. In Common mod e we put Vi1 = 1mV and Vi2 = 1mV and get Vo = 12mV
12mV

v+ Vi1
1mV

Vd = Vi1 Vi2 = 1mV 1mV = 0mV Vi1 + Vi2 1mV + 1mV = = 1mV 2 2 Vo = AdVd + AcVc 12V = Ad 0mV + Ac 1mV and Vc =

12mV = 12 1mV A 8000 Common Mode Re jection Ratio = CMRR = d = = 666.7 Ac 12 Ac =

vo=AdVd+AcVc

Common Mode Re jection Ratio in dB = (CMRR )dB = 20 log 666.7 = 56.48 dB EE2603-05

Example: The CMRR of an Op. Amp. is 56.48dB. It is found that when Vi1=0.5V , Vi2=-0.5V we get Vo=8V, Find Ac , and what will be the value of Vo if Vi1=Vi2=1mV of this Op. Amp.
vVi2
0.5mV

1. In Differential mod e we put Vi1 = 0.5mV and Vi2 = 0.5mV and get Vo = 8V
8V

v+ Vi1
-0.5mV

Vd = Vi1 Vi2 = 0.5mV ( 0.5V ) = 1mV 0.5mV + ( 0.5mV ) = 0mV 2 Vo = AdVd + AcVc 8V = Ad 1mV + Ac 0 and Vc = Ad = 8V = 8000 1mV

vo=AdVd+AcVc

56.48dB = 20 log CMRR CMRR = Ac = Ad =

Ad Ac

= 10

56.4

20

= 666.7

8000 = 12 666.7 666.7 Vc 12 = 8000 1mV 1 + Vo = AdVd 1 + = 12mV CMRR Vd 666.7 1mV

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Practical Op. Amp. Circuits

1. INVERTING AMPLIFIER

IF Ra Ia Va vv+

RF
v+ = v = 0 Va v Va v V Vo = and IF = o = Ra Ra RF RF Ia = IF or

vo

Ia = Ii = 0

R V Va Vo = AV = O = F Ra RF Va Ra

2. NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER

RF IF Ra Ia vVa= v+

vo

v+ = v =
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R Vo Ra + RF = =1+ F Va Ra Ra
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Vo Ra = Va Ra + RF

3. VOLTAGE FOLOWER

vVa= v+

vo

v+ = v = Vo = Va Vo =1 Va

4. INVERTING SUMMING AMPLIFIER

RF IF

Va Vb Vc

Ra Ia Rb Ib Rc Ic vv+

V v v + = v = 0 Ia = a = Ra

vo

V Vo V V = IF = Ia + Ib + Ic = a + b + c RF Ra Rb Rc V V V VO = RF a + b + c R a Rb Rc and

V v and Ib = b = Rb

V v and Ic = c = Rb Rc

Vb

Va Ra

Vc Rc

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5. DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

RF IF Va V1 Ra R1 Ia vv+ R2
v+ = v = V1

vo

IF =

v Vo V v v V But Ii = 0 Ia = IF a = o RF Ra RF R Va F R a

R2 V v and Ia = a and R1 + R2 Ra

substituting for v we have R R2 Vo = V1 1 + F R R + R a 1 2

6. NON-INVERTING SUMMER

RF Ra V1 V2 R1 R2 vv+

vo

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1 V1 - V+ V2 - V+ 1 V1 V2 + = 0 V+ + R R = R + R R1 R2 2 1 2 1 V V RR V+ = 1 2 1 + 2 R1 + R2 R1 R2 1 V 0 - V+ Vo - V+ 1 + = 0 o = V+ + R Ra RF RF F Ra V V R R RR Vo = V+ 1 + F = 1 2 1 + 2 1 + F R R + R R R R a a 1 2 1 2
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7. OP. AMP. DIFFERENTIATOR

R C X vc ic vv+

IR
v + = v = 0 vc = X dvc 0-Y dX = IR = Ic = C =C R dt dt dX Y = RC Y = differenti al of X dt

8. OP. AMP. INTEGRATOR

C R iR vv+ vc

ic

v + = v = 0 vR = X X 1 1 = IR = ic but vc = 0 Y = ic dt = R C C 1 Y = X dt Y = integral of X CR

X dt R

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DC Offset Parameters
Op. Amp. Input offset current IIO is actually is not zero but very small and equal to (IIB)+ - (IIB)- which are flowing at corresponding input terminals Due to this Op. Amp. Input offset currents depending upon circuit connections, there is an output voltage Vo even if the two inputs are grounded.
Rf
Rf

R1 RC

(IIB)

(IIB) R1 R1

(IIB)+

vo

Thevenins equivalent
R1

RC (IIB) RC
+

vo

From differenti al amplifier analysis,

-

+ (IIB)
-

R1 -

(IIB) R1

R + R Vo = f (IIB )R1 + 1 + f (IIB )RC R R1 1 R if R1 = RC , and if 1 << f then R1

Norton's equivalent

DC

Thevenins equivalent

R + Vo = f [R1 ] IIB IIB = Rf IIO R 1

+ where input offset current IIO = IIB IIB

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Op. Amp. Input offset voltage Vi is actually is not zero but very small and equal to VIO which appears across the input terminals
R1 RC (VIO) Rf
If input currents assume zero VRC = 0 V + = VIO

vo

From non inverting amplifier analysis, R Vo = 1 + f [VIO ] R1

Due to both Op. Amp. Input offset voltage VIO and Op. Amp. Input offset current IIO appearing at the input terminals of the Op. Amp, Vo will appears as follows even if external input voltage sources are grounded (equals zero)
R Vo = Rf IIO if VIO = 0 and Vo = 1 + f VIO if IIO = 0 R1 R if VIO 0 IIO from Superposition theorem, Vo = Rf IIO + 1 + f VIO R1

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Op. Amp. Average bias current IIB is sometimes given in IC data. It is the average of (IIB)+ and (IIB)Rf R1 RC (IIB)
-

(IIB)+

vo

(IIB)+ and (IIB)- can be found from IIB and IIO as follows:
+ IIB + IIB + IIB = and sin ce IIO = IIB IIB 2 + + + IIB IIB 2IIB IIO IIB + IIB + + = = IIB IIB + = 2 2 2 2

+ + IIB IIB 2IIB IIO IIB + IIB = = IIB IIB = 2 2 2 2

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Example: (a) Calculate the Vo of the following Op. Amp. Amplifier when Vin = 0 The Op. Amp data is Input offset voltage VIO=4mV, Input offset current IIO=150nA. (b) find (IIB)+ and (IIB)- if Average offset current is given by IIB=900nA.
R1 5kW (Vin) RC 5kW Rf 500kW

vo

R ( a) Vo = Rf IIO if VIO = 0 and Vo = 1 + f VIO if IIO = 0 R1 if VIO 0 IIO from Superposition theorem, R 500k Vo = Rf IIO + 1 + f VIO = 500k 150nA + 1 + 4mV = 479mV R1 5k

I 150nA + (b) IIB = IIB + IO = 900nA + = 975nA 2 2 I 150nA IIB = IIB IO = 900nA = 825nA 2 2

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AV
AVD
AV1=0.707AVD BW3 AV3 AV2=1

Frequency Parameters
Voltage follower
1xft=AVDfC

BW1=fc

Vo=Vin
f
(transition)

Vin @fmax

(cutoff)
Gain 20

fC

BW2=ft

Gain=AV=1 fmax=BW=ft

ft

Av

Gain-BW product = constant

BW

10 1 50kHz 100kHz 1000kHz ft

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Slew Rate (SR) Maximum rate at which amplifier output can change in microsecond (s)
SR = Vo (V / s) t
Vo=Vin

Vin

DV Gain=AV=1 Dt

Maximum frequency (f) Maximum frequency that an op. amp. May operate at depends on both the Bandwidth (BW) and the Slew Rate (SR) parameters of the op. amp.
dvo = 2fK (V / s) dt to have no distortion at the output , rate of change must be less than Slew Rate sin = (when very small) vo (t) = K sin(2ft ) = K (2ft ) SR K
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2fK (V / s) SR K SR = 2f

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Example: Determine the maximum frequency that can be used for the following circuit, Op. Amp. Slew Rate is 0.5V/s. If the input frequency is 300krad, find output will be distorted or not.
10kW (Vinp=0.02V, w =300x103) 240kW

vo

Av =

R Vo 240k = f = Vo Vin Ri 10k

= 24 [Vin ]p = 24 0.02V = 0.48V = K

SR 0.5V / s 1.1 10 6 6 1.1 10 rad / s max f = = = 175kHz K 0.48V 2 2 in 300 103 3 in = 300 10 f = = = 47.75kHz < 175kHz = fmax in 2 2 output wave will not be distorted

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