High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) Vs Uplink Interference

HSUPA VS Uplink Interference
Document Confidentiality: Internal
High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) VS Uplink Interference

PRINCIPLE & TEST REPORT With CASE STUDY
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
Dec 2010
Contents
1 PRINCIPLE................................................................................................ 4
1.1 High Speech Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)............................................................ 4
1.2 Uplink Interference......................................................................................................... 5 1.3 HSUPA VS Uplink Interference.................................................................................... 7 1.4 HSUPA Phase 1(TTI 10ms) and Phase 2(TTI 2ms).................................................... 9
2 TEST REPORT.....................................................................................
10
2.1 Simulation Result from HQ Test Lab............................................................................ 10 2.2 HSUPA Load Test Result from Customer-xxxs Test bed............................................ 11
3 CASE STUDY......................................................................................... 19
3.1 Problem Description.................................................................................................... 19 3.2 Problem Analysis............................................................................................................. 22 3.3 Solutions and Recommendations.................................................................................... 25

Abstract:
This technical paper aims to give the readers the understanding about the relationship of the HSUPA service and the uplink interference (3GPP terminology is RTWP, Received Total Wideband Power).
The basic principle, test reports and case study from live network are included here to give a clear view on how the HSUPA service impact on the uplink performance and how to optimize the network to gain a maximum benefit of HSUPA.
Since HSPA service is widely used in the market, with a good understanding of this topic, the engineer will be able to operate and optimize the network well.
PRINCIPLE
1.1 High Speech Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)

HSUPA is introduced within release 6 of the 3GPP specifications. It allows increased individual connection throughputs, increased total cell throughputs and reduced round trip times. In Huawei system (RAN10.0), the HSUPA data channel (E-DPDCH) can support either a 2 or 10 ms TTI.
HSUPA Phase 1, 10ms TTI offers the benefit of improved physical layer performance over R99, peak rate is 2 Mbps.
HSUPA (Phase 2), 2ms TTI offers the benefit of reduced system delays and higher potential throughput, peak rate is 5.76 Mbps.
(HSUPA TTI is configured via RNC MML command, SET CORRMALGOSWITCH: MapSwitch=MAP_HSUPA_TTI_2MS_SWITCH-1;)
Release 7 of 3GPP specification introduces the possibility of using 4 level Pulse Amplitude Modulation (4PAM) which equivalent to 16QAM to increase the maximum achievable throughput, peak rate is 11.5 Mbps. (support in Huawei RAN12.0).
1.2 Uplink Interference

In the WCDMA system, all the cells share the same frequency, which is beneficial to improve the system capacity. However, co-frequency multiplexing causes interference among the users.
The Received Total Wideband Power (RTWP) on the uplink is the sum of all user signals and the channel noise. Uplink Interference Composition is as follow;
RTWP (Received Total Wideband Power)
Noise Floor include of thermal noise and Noise Figure (NF) of the system.
PN K BoltzmannT *W ) + 1.38 = 10 log( K * constant, NF

10 23 J / K T Kelvin temperature, normal temperature: 290 K
W Signal bandwidth, WCDMA signal bandwidth 3.84MHz NF: Hardware (NodeB/UE) dependency, typical value of macro NodeB =3 dB
If no other external factors e.g. external interference (from illegal sources), hardware issue. The main factor that impact on Uplink interference is Traffic Load which includes traffic load from the users of the cell and adjacent cells. The relationship between uplink load and uplink interference (Noise Rise) is as below, ( = Load factor)
NoiseRise =
ITOT = PN
1 1 ( 1 + i ) Lj
1 N
1 1 UL
UL load is affecting the noise level at the Node B receiver (Noise Rise). A typical value of cell load for dimensioning ranges from 30% to 70 % 50% is a good compromise between the number of sites and the offered capacity. Too high uplink noise level cause cell shrink (reduction of coverage), breathing effect. The relationship between Noise Rise and RTWP (Received Total Wideband Power),
From previous page, RTWP (Received Total Wideband Power) dB = Noise Floor (Pn) + Noise Rise (Iown + Iother) Example, (Noise Floor is often called as Background Noise")
Equivalent Noise Figure
- Without TMA : Noise Floor (dBm) = Thermal Noise(KTB,room temperature = -108dBm) +

Equivalent Noise Figure (Feeder Loss + NF_B; NF_BS- depends on Node B type, Huawei typical value around 2.0 dB) Noise Floor (dBm) = -108 + (0.5+ 2.0) = -105.3 dBm With 75% Uplink Load (Noise Rise=6 dB), RTWP (dBm) = -105.3 + 6 = 99.3
With TMA: Equivalent Noise Figure will be reduced due to TMA. Example: NF Without TMA: (0.5+2.0) dB = 2.5dB , NFWith TMA (calculated from the formula above) Noise Floor (dBm) = -108 + (1.2) = -106.7 dBm , With 50% Uplink Load (Noise Rise =3 dB) - RTWP(dBm) = -106.7+3=-103.7 dBm 1.2 dB
1.3 HSUPA VS Uplink Interference

HSUPA service allows the users to achieve higher throughput on uplink but in the same time also increase significant interference which causing the reduction of cell user access number and impact on the overall performance.
It is great important to balance between the achievable throughput and system performance on the uplink. Therefore, Huawei systems apply the Load Control mechanisms to control the level of uplink interference in each service phase.
(More detail about Load Control Algorithms, please refer to Load Control Feature Document)
Load Control algorithms are different between HSUPA and R99 UL as follows:
1. Call Admission Control (CAC): For HSUPA, PBR-based decision is used to check whether the QoS requirement of existing users is fulfilled. The QoS is measured on the basis of the Provided Bit Rate (PBR) of the users. If the QoS requirement is fulfilled, new users are allowed to access the network. 2. Load Control (LDR) : -UL R99 is controlled by UL LDR trigger threshold if UL UU LDR algorithm is switch on. -HSUPA, its scheduling is controlled by Maximum Target Uplink Load Factor and the real uplink load contributed by none scheduled EDCH users.
ADD CELLHSUPA: CellId=[Cellid], MaxTargetUlLoadFactor=75;
1.4 HSUPA Phase 1(TTI 10ms) and Phase 2(TTI 2ms)

To ensure that the HSUPA user can access the cell, the minimum GBR (Guarantee Bit Rate) is recommended. When set the GBR need to consider the trade-off between user throughput and cell user number. High GBR High user throughputHigh Uplink Interference Lower cell user number Low GBR Low user throughput Low Uplink Interference Higher cell user number If GBR set in RNC =64kbps (1) 2ms HSUPA Minimum Throughput=MAX one RLC pdu -bit rate GBR =
MAX 320bit/2ms 64kpbs =160kbps (2) 10ms HSUPA Minimum Throughput=MAX one RLC pdu-bit rate GBR
=MAX 320bit/10ms 64kpbs
=64kbps
If GBR not set in RNC (1) 2ms HSUPA Minimum Throughput =MAX one RLC pdu-bit rate GBR
=MAX 320bit/2ms 0kpbs =160kbps
(2) 10ms HSUPA Minimum Throughput =MAX one RLC pdu-bit rate GBR
=MAX 320bit/10ms 0kpbs
=32kbps
To sum up, with different HSUPA TTI, 2ms and 10ms , the minimum guaranteed throughput of user is vary 160kbps vs 64kpbs / 160kbps vs 32kbps. So, when the uplink load is limited, the number of user that can access the cell is different (HSUPA TTI=2ms serve less number of user per cell due to higher guaranteed throughput which generating higher uplink interference).
2 TEST REPORT
2.1 Simulation Result from HQ Test Lab
HSUPA 2ms TTI- single antenna simulation (GBR=64kbps, MaxTargetUlLoadFactor =75%) FTP user number (simultaneously upload) is limited at 8 due to the limited capacity of air interface (uplink interference).
1R _A tenn X n a U umer U l oad nt Th g ut EN b p ofA rou hp en a% n kbp s CAT5 8 74. 43 1215. 63 CAT6 8 86. 07 1163. 18
HSUPA 10ms TTI- single antenna simulation (GBR=64kbps, MaxTargetUlLoadFactor =75%)
FTP user number (simultaneously upload) is limited at 20 due to the limited capacity of air interface (uplink interference).
1R _A X ntenna U umer U l oad nt Th EN b p ofA roug ut hp enna% kb ps CAT5 20 76. 50 1100. 00
2.2 HSUPA Load Test Result from Customer-xxxs Test bed

Cell throughput and cell user number are significantly improved especially on HSUPA Phase2 (TTI 2ms.) when implemented new features in RAN 12.0-Interference Cancellation(IC) and Adaptive Retransmission. Interference Cancellation Feature(IC) aims to reduce the UL interference among users and increase the UL system capacity.
Adaptive Retransmission Feature((Dynamic NHR) enables the system to dynamically
change the retransmission rate upon the Cell Load and UE Tx Power.
When cell load and UE Transmit Power are limited, the retransmission rate will be increased. Increasing the retransmission time requires less UE Tx power thus lower uplink interference.
When cell load and UE Transmit Power are less, the retransmission rate will be decreased to completely utilize the resources and increase the effective rate of UE.
Retransmission UE Transmit Eb/N0 * Coverage * Power * UL Interference* UE peak throughput peak low Cell Throughput Max User (Multi-users) Number
Large Small
low high
low high
large small
low high
high low
more less
high
*At the same effective rate of UE
(Please refer to the comparisons charts of Large and Small Retransmission performance in next pages).
Summary HSUPA Load Test Result

TTI=10ms TTI=10ms + IC TTI=10ms + IC+Adaptive (RAN11) (RAN12) Retransmission (RAN12) Test Case Antenna UserNumber Cell Load(% Cell Tput(Mbps) Cell Load(%) Cell Tput(Mbps) Cell Load(% Cell Tput(Mbps) ) ) 1 50% 1.90 60% 1.90 50% 1.98 2 75% 2.00 75% 1.25 75% 2.30 3 75% 1.80 75% 0.92 75% 2.20 4 75% 1.40 77% 0.90 75% 2.00 5 75% 1.40 77% 1.28 75% 1.90 6 75% 1.40 77% 1.26 75% 1.90 7 75% 1.40 75% 1.09 75% 1.70 1RX 8 75% 1.40 77% 1.05 75% 1.70 1 (Indoor 9 75% 1.30 75% 1.70 Case) 10 75% 1.20 75% 1.60 11 75% 1.10 75% 1.50 12 75% 1.00 75% 1.40 13 75% 0.99 75% 1.40 14 80% 0.95 75% 1.30 15 90% 1.10 75% 1.30 16 92% 1.00 78% 1.20
TTI=2ms + IC TTI=2ms + IC+Adaptive (RAN12) Retransmission (RAN12) Test Case Antenna UserNumber Cell Load(% Cell Tput(Mbps) Cell Load(%) Cell Tput(Mbps) Cell Load(% Cell Tput(Mbps) ) ) 1 75% 3.50 70% 2.20 75% 3.90 2 75% 2.20 75% 1.50 75% 3.00 3 75% 2.00 75% 1.09 75% 2.40 4 75% 1.50 75% 1.10 75% 1.90 5 75% 1.20 75% 0.91 75% 1.90 6 75% 1.20 75% 0.98 75% 1.80 7 75% 1.10 96% 1.16 75% 1.60 1RX 8 92% 1.20 100% 1.20 75% 1.50 2 (Indoor 9 100% 1.10 75% 1.30 Case) 10 75% 1.20 11 75% 1.10 12 75% 1.10 13 90% 1.00 14 100% 0.95 15 16 TTI=10ms TTI=10ms + IC TTI=10ms + IC+Adaptive (RAN11) (RAN12) Retransmission (RAN12) Test Case Antenna UserNumber Cell Load(% Cell Tput(Mbps) Cell Load(%) Cell Tput(Mbps) Cell Load(% Cell Tput(Mbps) ) ) 1 40% 1.98 50% 1.80 40% 1.98 2 60% 3.90 75% 2.70 60% 3.90 3 75% 3.00 75% 2.25 75% 3.90 4 75% 3.00 75% 2.55 75% 3.20 5 75% 3.00 75% 2.15 75% 3.00 6 75% 2.40 75% 1.95 75% 3.00 7 75% 2.00 75% 1.95 75% 2.80 2Rxs 8 75% 2.40 75% 1.88 75% 2.40 3 (Outdoor 9 1.95 75% 2.50 75% 75% 2.50 Case) 10 1.76 75% 2.20 75% 75% 2.50 11 75% 2.00 75% 2.50 12 75% 2.00 75% 2.30 13 75% 2.20 75% 2.30 14 75% 1.50 75% 2.10 15 75% 1.70 75% 1.90 16
TTI=2ms (RAN11)
TTI=2ms TTI=2ms + IC TTI=2ms + IC+Adaptive (RAN11) (RAN12) Retransmission (RAN12) Test Case Antenna UserNumber Cell Load(% Cell Tput(Mbps) Cell Load(%) Cell Tput(Mbps) Cell Load(% Cell Tput(Mbps) ) ) 1 70% 4.40 75% 3.70 70% 4.40 2 75% 5.00 75% 2.20 75% 5.40 3 75% 4.00 75% 1.85 75% 4.20 4 75% 3.20 75% 1.90 75% 4.00 5 75% 2.50 75% 1.96 75% 3.50 6 75% 2.20 75% 1.98 75% 2.60 7 75% 1.90 75% 1.68 75% 2.30 2Rxs 8 75% 1.80 75% 1.71 75% 2.30 4 (Outdoor 9 75% 1.70 75% 2.20 Case) 10 75% 1.90 75% 2.20 11 80% 1.80 75% 1.90 12 85% 2.00 75% 2.00 13 100% 1.80 75% 1.80 14 75% 1.70 15 75% 1.70 16
Test Case 1: HSUPA TTI=10ms 1Rx Antenna without Rx-Diversity (Indoor Case)
Test Case 2: HSUPA TTI=2ms 1Rx Antenna without Rx-Diversity (Indoor Case)
Test Case 3: HSUPA TTI=10ms 2 RXs Antenna with Rx-Diversity (Outdoor Case)
Test Case 4: HSUPA TTI=2ms 2 RXs Antenna with Rx-Diversity (Outdoor Case)
Reference Charts from HQ (Simulation Result)
Large Retransmission compared with Small Retransmission (10ms TTI)

4000 3500 Cell throughput 3000 Cell Load 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 0 15 2 0 25 30 User Nmuber 35 40 4 5 50 51 52 53 20 0 80 60 40 120 100
C l Throug ut Sm l R el hp al etransmssi on i C l Load S al l R el m etransmssi on i
C l Throughput Large R el etransmssi on i C l Load Larg R el e etransmssi on i
Large Retransmission Compared with Small Retransmission (2ms TTI)

4500 4000 Cell Throughput 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1 2 3 4 5 10 15 User Number 16 17 20 25 29 120 100 Cell Load 80 60 40 20 0
Cel l Thr oughput Lar ge Ret r ansm ssi on i Cel Load Sm l Ret r ansm ssi on al i
Cel l Thr oughput Sm l Ret r ansm ssi on al i Cel l Load Lar ge Ret r ansm ssi on i
-In light cell load, small retransmission can give users higher throughput than large retransmission. -In medium and heavy cell load, large retransmission can achieve much more user numbers and cell throughput than small retransmission; the gain can be 20% ~30%. (Based on user numbers)
To achieve a maximum balance between cell capacity and peak rate of single user in uplink (2ms TTI bring the higher peak rate of single user, while 10ms TTI can bring the higher cell capacity). The operator can deploy another new feature (RAN12.0), HSUPA TTI Auto Reconfiguration together with Adaptive Retransmission. If the following condition has been fulfilled, this UEs TTI switch from 2ms to 10ms: The Uu Load on Congestion Status & the UEs bit rate < Rate threshold for 2ms to 10ms If both of the following conditions are fulfilled, this UEs TTI switch from 10ms to 2ms: the UEs bit rate > Rate threshold for 10ms to 2ms. UE Power is not limited. (If the 6A1 have been reported, the 6B2 shall be reported after that.)
3 CASE STUDY
3.1 Problem Description
Based on the customers feedback in 3G Network (RAN10.0) of Operator XXX, the customers had the difficulties to access the network ,sometime can access network but the data throughput is very low and the connections frequently dropped. This problem is appeared at operators office and nearby areas.
Symptoms: -Based on the Statistic, we observed same pattern of high RTWP and PS drop in all cells that circled in red. -These cells are located in the same areas, nearby operators office. -The highest RTWP appeared in Indoor cell, CHAMCHURI_C35-1 and the level of the uplink interference of other outdoor cells reduce upon the distant from this indoor cell. - Uplink interference (RTWP) increase very high reached the maximum value at -55 dBm during working hour (10:00 17:30 hrs) on working day. -We also conducted the FTP download and upload at the Indoor cell, both give a very low
throughput.
Operators Office
Mean RTWP vs HSDPA Drop Rate (CHAMCHURIC35-1)
Mean RTWP vs Mean number of HSPA user
3.2 Problem Analysis

Initially, we suspect that the uplink interference causing from the external source which may illegally use in the operators building. This assumption was based on the interference pattern that occurred in many cells in the same time.
In the first place, we did not expected that the issue related to traffic load due to based on statistic, found that at the same number of HSUPA users, the RTWP didnt always high. (Maximum =20 HSUPA users per cell, the HSUPA user number is limited by Maximum HSUPA user number setting at RNC) Troubleshooting Steps, we had proposed 2 troubleshooting steps as below (1) Use Spectrum Analyzer to search for External Interference source in operators building
(2)
Conduct Field Test (FTP upload) and open RNC LMT online trace measurement in the Indoor Cell Results (1) There was no external interference detected by Spectrum Analyzer
(2)
Based on the field test (FTP upload) and RNC LMT online measurement of indoor cell, we
detected huge increment of RTWP when R99 test user doing the FTP upload (the test user only can get R99 service due to HSUPA user number already hit maximum 20 based on the setting). Test Steps
(1) Condition before start FTP upload test, based on RNC LMT online measurement of
indoor cell, the HSUPA user was always at 20 (HSDPA user number was more than 20) with the RTWP above -95 dBm.
(2)
We started FTP Upload on R99 (from Genex Probe, observed the average throughput was around 300kbps) and the sudden increment of RTWP upto -55 dBm was observed via online measurement. (We randomly checked the RTWP of nearby outdoor cells, their RTWP also increased accordingly).
(3)
Next, we started FTP Upload on HSUPA (from Genex Probe, observed the very low throughput, most of the time was 0 kbps) during that time observed no increment of RTWP via online measurement.
(4) We checked the Load Control parameters setting of this indoor cell; found that the
LDR (Load Reshuffling) didnt turn-on. This is the reason why RNC still scheduled bit rate to R99 users although current uplink load was high (above -95 dBm).
(5)
For HSUPA user, the scheduling is based on Maximum Target Uplink Load Factor which set to 75%, thus the bit rate was not scheduled to HSUPA user consequently no increment of RTWP.
Genex Probe
Online Measurement (LMT)
(6)
We recommended to turned-on LDR (UL: BE RATE REDUCTION) for Indoor Cell and monitor. Based on statistic after turn-on LDR, there was some improvement on RTWP and PS drop but not on data throughput. However, high RTWP still observed during peak hour but at shorter period than before.
(7)
We suspect there might be some issue with HSUPA service as well (We implemented the HSUPA Phase2 (TTI 2ms) in this network) .Thus, we conducted the HSUPA Load Test, to check how many HSUPA user (simultaneous FTP upload) that the cell can support.
From the test result, shown that for indoor case (with 1 Rx antenna), only maximum 7 simultaneous upload users can supported. If the HSUPA user number is exceed 7, will cause over-high RTWP. (Please refer to test result in previous session) We got confirmation from HQ that this is product limitation, the performance of HSUPA Phase 2 with 1Rx antenna is limited and only can be improved with new features (refer to previous sessions) in RAN12.0.
3.3 Solutions and Recommendations

We provided the following recommendations to operators upon this issue as follows, (1) To turn-off the HSUPA phase 2 in current network and implement it later when upgraded from RAN10.0 to RAN12.0 with Interference Cancellation and Dynamic NHR features enabled.
(2)
To upgraded capacity of indoor site by adding 2nd carrier. This is to improve user experience especially on data throughput.
(3)
To turn-on Load Control (LDR) to control the interference level which generated from R99 users.

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